FeCu-ZSM-5 heterobimetallic zeolite exhibits a broad application prospect in the selective catalytic reduction with ammonia (NH₃-SCR) due to the advantage complementary and synergistic effect of different metals, however, its preparation faces serious problems of high material and energy consumption as well as environmental pollution. In view of this, a synthetic study was conducted to explore a new green preparation process for hierarchical FeCu-ZSM-5 zeolite using natural minerals as precursors and without templating agents. During the synthesis process, natural minerals served as the sole source of silica, alumina, and iron, with no organic templating agents added, and a crystal seed inducing synthesis approach was employed. The optimal synthesis conditions were determined by systematically investigating the key influencing factors. The NH₃-SCR performance of the synthesized hierarchical FeCu-ZSM-5 was examined, and various characterization techniques were used to probe the structure-performance relationship of the hierarchical FeCu-ZSM-5. The results indicate that the incorporation of Cu significantly enhances the low-temperature denitration activity of the FeCu-ZSM-5 zeolite, thereby expanding its temperature window. The introduction of Cu does not alter the topology of FeCu-ZSM-5 but can modulate the location and distribution of Fe and Cu within the zeolite, as well as its reducing and acidic properties. The presence of higher framework Fe, isolated Cu²⁺ ions, and good redox capacity and suitable acidity collectively contribute to the superior denitration performance of the FeCu2-ZSM-5 zeolite.

Co-pyrolysis of municipal sludge and sawdust was conducted, followed by activation modification using different activators (KOH, K₂CO₃) and various activation methods (ball milling activation, impregnation activation). A series of sludge-sawdust-based activated carbons were prepared, and the adsorption behavior of benzene-series VOCs on these prepared carbon materials was studied through adsorption experiments. The study found that all four types of sludge-sawdust-based activated carbons contained abundant microporous and mesoporous structures. Among them, KOH-ball- milling-modified co-pyrolysis carbon (H-SBBC) possessed the highest specific surface area (1640.21m²/g) and pore volume (1.0384cm³/g), with a surface exhibiting a honeycomb-like three-dimensional pore structure conducive to the adsorption of gaseous pollutants. The results of dynamic adsorption experiments showed that H-SBBC had the highest saturated adsorption capacities for toluene and p-xylene, being 270.80mg/g and 312.86mg/g, respectively. Its excellent adsorption performance stemmed from its developed pore structure and abundant surface functional groups. The static adsorption experiments indicated that the adsorption processes of toluene and p-xylene on H-SBBC conformed to the Langmuir-Freundlich (L-F) model, primarily involving physical adsorption, with H-SBBC showing higher affinity towards p-xylene. After six cycles, the adsorption capacities of H-SBBC for toluene and p-xylene remained above 85%, demonstrating good regeneration performance and high potential for industrial applications.

Sodium percarbonate (SPC, Na₂CO₃·1.5H₂O₂), known as solid hydrogen peroxide, has garnered increasing attention in recent years. In this study, a nanotubular cobalt-nitrogen-carbon catalyst (Co-N-C) with abundant active sites was prepared using a simple method and utilized to activate SPC for the effective removal of tetracycline (TC). The morphology of the material was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental distribution and valence state changes were analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The characterization results indicated that a nanotubular Co-N-C with abundant active sites was successfully synthesized. Under the conditions of a TC concentration of 10mg/L, SPC concentration of 2mmol/L, Co-N-C content of 0.2g/L and pH of 7, nearly 100% degradation of TC was achieved within 20 minutes. Radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests revealed that ·OH, ·CO₃^- and ·O₂^- were the primary active species for TC degradation in the Co-N-C/SPC system. Changes in the valence state of cobalt before and after the reaction, as well as the Co²⁺/Co³⁺ cycling process, facilitated the activation of SPC, and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy analysis indicated that TC was degraded in the Co-N-C/SPC system.

With the rapid development of industrialization, the problem of environmental pollution has become increasingly prominent. Oily sewage has attracted much attention because of its wide source, large processing capacity and difficult treatment. Due to its wide range of sources and complex components, it poses a great threat to the ecological environment and human health. For this kind of oily wastewater, the traditional treatment methods have the disadvantages of non-recyclable materials, high energy consumption and easy to cause secondary pollution. In view of the above problems, the development of efficient, convenient and environmentally friendly oil-water separation materials has become a key research direction in the field of oil-water separation. Inspired by the phenomenon of superwetting in nature, SA/TiO₂ composite porous materials were prepared by directional freezing/freeze-drying and ion crosslinking with sodium alginate as the substrate and titanium dioxide nanoparticles as heterogeneous reinforcements. The physical properties, chemical properties and microstructure of ST composite porous materials and their application in oil-water separation were analyzed. The addition of TiO₂ nanoparticles constructed a micro-nano rough structure on the surface of ST porous material, which can form a solid-water phase composite oil repellency. The contact area between oil and ST composite porous material was reduced. The oil-water separation efficiency of ST composite porous materials for different oils was more than 99.6%, and it was efficient and reusable in any environment, which had broad application prospects in the field of oil-water separation.

It is important to improve the absorption capacity of sunlight and charge separation efficiency to achieve efficient CO₂ photoreduction with TiO₂-based photocatalyst. In this paper, TiO_2-x -Au clusters were constructed by introducing oxygen vacancy and Au clusters into TiO₂ nanosheets simultaneously. The synergistic interaction between TiO_2-x and Au clusters enhanced visible light absorption, photoinduced charge separation and migration processes, which had important significance for promoting CO₂ photoconversion. The photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to CO was enhanced by the synthesized TiO_2-x -Au clusters. The TiO_2-x -Au_4.985 clusters displayed the CO yield of 9.45μmol/(g·h), which was significantly better than that of pure TiO_2-x and TiO₂. Our findings provided new insights and implications for the development of novel TiO₂-based photocatalysts.

In this study, iron-based nitrogen-deficient three-dimensional carbon nitride catalysts [Fe(Ⅲ)/3D CN-Nv] with varying loadings were synthesized via a thermal shrinkage polymerization impregnation method. A photocatalytic self-Fenton system was constructed by coupling photocatalysis with Fenton technology for the efficient degradation of recalcitrant tetracycline hydrochloride pollutants. The results demonstrated that under visible light irradiation, the 1.5% Fe(Ⅲ)/3D CN-Nv catalyst achieved a 75.8% removal efficiency within 60min, which was 5 times higher than that of bulk g-C₃N₄ and 1.8 times higher than the catalyst without Fe(Ⅲ) impregnation. The enhanced performance was attributed to the formation of Fe-N bonds within the triazine ring structure, facilitating electron transfer from Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ and improving the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons. Additionally, the system generated H₂O₂insitu under visible light, which reacted with Fe²⁺ to produce hydroxyl radicals (·OH) for efficient pollutant degradation. The reaction conditions were optimized by investigating the effects of pH and Fe loading, and the primary reactive species responsible for tetracycline degradation were identified. This photocatalytic Fenton system demonstrates significant potential for applications in environmental remediation.

To enhance the photocatalytic activity and recyclability of BiOBr, electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/SiO₂ organic-inorganic hybrid nanofibers were employed as supports for loading of amorphous TiO₂ (A-TiO₂) doped BiOBr (designated as A-TB) by a solvothermal method, successfully constructing a series of A-TB@PVA/SiO₂ composite nanofibers photocatalysts. The performance of the photocatalysts toward rhodamine B (RhB) degradation was then explored. The results indicated that the introduction of A-TiO₂ could effectively inhibit the recombination of photogenerated carriers, thereby improving the photocatalytic activity. Among them, A-TB0.75@PVA/SiO₂ achieved a visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 82.5% for RhB within 180min, and the photocatalytic rate was enhanced by one time compared to that of the undoped A-TiO₂ counterpart. Meanwhile, the immobilization of A-TB onto electrospun nanofibers significantly increased the exposure of active sites, leading to a 1.93 times promotion in photocatalytic rate compared to powdered A-TB. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity only decreased by about 7% after 5 cycles, underscoring its excellent stability and reproducibility. This study provided an effective strategy for the construction of recyclable and efficient BiOBr-based photocatalysts.

Using the electricity generated by renewable energy such as wind energy and solar energy to electrocatalyze the reduction of CO₂ into high value-added materials and chemical raw materials is an effective way to achieve carbon balance. By grafting alkynyl polymer on the surface of CoTBrPP metal porphyrin crystal through Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling reaction, a novel CoTBrPP-PTAB-Cu catalyst was synthesized. The catalyst has a high selectivity for methane, and the Faraday efficiency of methane can reach 54.6% when the current density was -200mA/cm². It was found that the surface of metal porphyrin crystal was coated with triacetylene benzene polymer by grafting reaction, which effectively improved the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of metal porphyrins, thus reducing HER competition reaction. At the same time, the copper ions introduced in the coupling reaction can interact with the metal ions in the porphyrin center to achieve the regulation of the reduction products.

In Fenton-like reactions, the chemical environment surrounding the active sites of iron-based catalysts profoundly influences the mechanism of the reaction system. In light of this impact, this study functionalized the surface of the two-dimensional layered iron-based material FeOCl with the electron-withdrawing organic compound nitroterephthalic acid (NTPA) to synthesize an easily separable and recoverable iron-based catalyst (NTPA-FeOCl). The morphology and microstructure of the catalyst were characterized using SEM, XRD, XPS and FTIR. The catalytic performance was assessed by activating persulfate (PMS) to degrade acetaminophen (ACT). Furthermore, by controlling experimental variables and introducing a variety of antibiotics, endocrine disruptors, and personal care product organic pollutants, the study systematically examined the efficacy and characteristics of the NTPA-FeOCl activated PMS system in degrading organic compounds. The results demonstrated that under the conditions of 0.2g/L NTPA-FeOCl, 2mmol/L PMS concentration, and an initial pH of 7.0, ACT (0.1mmol/L) was degraded by 99.69% within 30 minutes, exhibiting selectivity in the degradation of different organic substances. Quenching experiments revealed that the degradation of ACT within the system was mediated by both radicals and selective oxidative activity non-radicals of the system, with singlet oxygen being the predominant reactive oxygen species, thereby further the towards electron-rich organic compounds. After modification with NTPA, some Fe atoms on the FeOCl surface were in an electron-deficient state, which attracted the terminal O atoms of PMS for reaction, consequently enhancing the generation of singlet oxygen within the system and fortifying the non-radical pathway for organic degradation.

In response to the inefficient Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption of traditional titanium-based MXene materials, the MXene aerogel was successfully prepared by crosslinking titanium-based MXene dispersion with waterborne polyurethane through a simple freeze induced co-assembly method in this paper. Its Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption performance was investigated in simulated Hg(Ⅱ) containing wastewater, and the influence of initial pH of solution, heavy metal ions, anions, etc. were investigated. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm fitting were also carried out. In addition, the physicochemical properties of MXene aerogel were characterized and the Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption mechanism was preliminarily discussed. The results showed that MXene aerogel exhibited high Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption efficiency and good anti-interference ability against impurity ions in the pH range of 5—11. Its Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption process was more in line with the pseudo first order kinetic model with the q_e of 150.89mg/g. The Langmuir model could accurately describe the adsorption behavior of Hg(Ⅱ), which belonged to monolayer adsorption. The characterization results indicated that the Al layer in the Ti₃AlC₂ phase of MXene aerogel was replaced by surface active functional groups (—O, —OH, etc.), thus providing rich active sites for Hg(Ⅱ) adsorption. Hg(Ⅱ) was mainly adsorbed and removed by surface complexation with functional groups such as —O and —OH. The research results can provide basic data and theoretical support for the application of MXene aerogel in mercury pollution control of desulfurization wastewater from coal-fired power plants.

The oily wastewater produced across various sectors poses a grave threat to both the aquatic environment and human health. Concurrently, the extensive application of synthetic polyester fibers has resulted in significant production of waste fibers, leading to substantial environmental pollution that cannot be overlooked. To develop and repurpose waste fiber fabrics, this study employed a simple impregnation technique to effectively deposit polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and nano titanium dioxide (TiO₂) onto the surface of polyester (PET) fiber fabrics, thereby creating hydrophobically modified PET fiber fabrics. These were then utilized for the separation of oil-water mixtures, realizing the objective of using waste to manage waste. This research employed scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to characterize the physicochemical properties of hydrophobically modified PET fabrics, and subsequently evaluated their anti-fouling capabilities, chemical durability and oil-water separation performance. The results indicated that modified PDMS and TiO₂ nanoparticles were successfully immobilized onto the surface of PET fiber fabric, achieving a water contact angle of 142°, thereby imparting anti-fouling and self-cleaning properties along with excellent chemical stability. In addition, when the separation was carried out with a mixture of chloroform and water with a volume ratio of 1∶1, the separation efficiency was up to 98.3% and the flux was up to (16997.27±1499.46)L/(m²·h), and after 10 repetitions of the separation, the separation efficiency was still able to reach more than 95.7% and the flux could still be stabilized at (16551.41±1725.66)L/(m²·h). In summary, the hydrophobic PET fiber fabric exhibited a robust self-cleaning effect, high flux capacity and effective oil-water separation, offering innovative approaches for the reuse of waste fiber fabrics.

In order to realize efficient synchronous nitrogen and phosphorus removal from the domestic wastewater, a zero-valent iron coupled anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) system was constructed, and the short-term effects of zero-valent iron on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficacy of anammox, the characteristics of granular sludge, and the key enzyme activities were investigated, and the mechanism of the system's efficient synchronous nitrogen and phosphorus removal was analyzed. The results showed that when the dosage of zero-valent iron was 1.0g, the temperature was 35℃, and the reaction time was 12h, the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 0.82mg/L, 5.36mg/L and 0.66mg/L, respectively, and the removal efficiencies of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were higher than those of the control group by 14.8% and 70.3%, respectively. At this time, the surface of granular sludge was covered with a small amount of zero-valent iron and its oxides and precipitates. The color became darker, the texture became harder, the structural strength increased, and the proportion of iron reached 35.4%.The decrease of loosely bound EPS and the increase of tightly bound EPS in the granular sludge were favorable to improve the settling performance of the granular sludge and resist the influence of external unfavorable factors. The increase of oxygen-containing functional groups, such as hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, on the surface of granular sludge promoted the metabolic activities in the anammox system. The activities of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and hydrazine synthase were increased in the anammox system, which improved the nitrogen removal efficiency of the system. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the efficient and low-carbon simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from domestic wastewater.

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) is an effective way to achieve zero emission of carbon dioxide. CO₂ reduction reaction involves a multi-proton electron coupling transfer process, and the development of efficient electrocatalysts remains the key point. A polyaniline (PANI) modified metal-organic framework (MOF) derived electrode was prepared. PANI was deposited on the surface of carbon paper, and Cu₂O nanoparticles were loaded on the surface of PANI. The experimental results showed Cu₂O produced by the controllable pyrolysis method was the main reactive substance for the electroreduction of CO₂ to ethylene (C₂H₄). At -0.98V vs. RHE, the Faraday efficiency of ethylene could reach 38% and the current density of C₂H₄ was -8.5mA/cm². In the synthesis process, polyvinylpyrrolidone modification could construct a rich pore structure, which was beneficial for CO₂ diffusion. Cu²⁺ on the surface of PANI was converted into Cu⁺ in the annealing stage. At the same time, the strong electron groups in PANI accelerated the electron transfer process. DFT calculations showed that PANI could adjust the d-band structure of Cu₂O, which was conducive to increasing the adsorption capacity of CO₂ and promoting the C—C coupling process.

Converting CO₂ into fuels and high-value chemicals through catalytic hydrogenation is an effective strategy to control CO₂ emissions and achieve sustainable energy development. A series of iron-based catalysts modified with Na and S were synthesized using a precipitation method, and the effect of promoter content on catalytic properties and the performance of CO₂ hydrogenation to C₂₊ alcohols was investigated. The Na-S dual promoters can alter the active phase composition and the electronic properties of involved Fe sites, which in turn influence the activation ability towards reactants and CO intermediates, and ultimately affect the catalytic activity and product distribution. Moderate addition of Na and S helped balance the dissociated and non-dissociated CO activation on iron catalysts, which could promote the coupling of alkyl and *CO species and consequently enhance the production of C₂₊ alcohols. The NaS-Fe-3 catalyst achieved 12.8% selectivity for C₂₊ alcohols at a CO₂ conversion of 32%. Iron is generally regarded as an active component for CO dissociation and mainly contributes to hydrocarbon production. Selective synthesis of C₂₊ alcohols over monometallic iron catalysts was rarely reported. The Na-S co-modification to modulate catalytic properties and product distribution, provides new insights into catalyst design and reaction pathway optimization.

Twisted tapes, as one of the core inserts for enhancing convective heat transfer within pipes, has attracted significant attention due to their simple configuration and ease of engineering implementation. However, the structural design of twisted tapes typically relies on a trial-error method, leading to a persistent deviation from the ideal longitudinal vortex field based on heat transfer optimization theory. This article reviewed the research progress of twisted tape structures and highlighted that the fine regulation of vortex structures was key to balancing the enhancement of heat transfer performance and flow resistance. It further discussed the hydrodynamic characteristics of heat exchangers that were enhanced by the compound techniques involving the combination of twisted tape with vortex generators or shaped tubes, granular flow and external field. It suggested that the deep coupling of vortex flow, oscillating flow, and secondary flow was critical for achieving fine control of the vortex field, which could effectively take into account the disturbance in heat transfer near the pipe wall and in the central region. Subsequently, in the context of typical industrial applications, such as the use of short-length twisted tape in the enhancement of hydrocarbon pyrolysis reaction processes, it was pointed out that under the extreme harsh conditions characterized by high heat flux, short residence time, and easy coking, the decaying vortex structure with rigid swirling flow and induced secondary longitudinal vortices was the ideal flow field for adapting to this special heat exchange system. Therefore, how to properly handle the competitive and synergistic relationship between the rigid swirling flow near the pipe wall and the secondary vortices in the central region has emerged as a new challenge that needs to be urgently resolved in the development of efficient, low-resistance, and reliable twisted tape-enhanced heat transfer technology.

Due to ever-increasing energy crisis and environmental issues, the development of efficient and environmentally friendly catalytic technologies becomes a major research area. Plasma (containing highly energetic species) has shown significant potential in fields of catalysis and environmental protection. This review provided a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-arts on dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma catalytic reactors, especially their contributions to process intensification of catalytic reactions with advantages such as reducing reaction activation energy and creating new reaction pathways. Based on the critical comparative review of different cases of conventional DBD reactors, coupled plasma-structured catalyst reactors, coupled plasma-separation reactors, coupled plasma-fluidized bed reactors and other new reactor designs, the uniqueness of different DBD systems was identified. In detail, structured catalysts significantly improved mass and heat transfer, separation-coupled reactors achieved efficient product separation and fluidized beds exhibited excellent processing capability for specific reactions. Additionally, relevant challenges existing in the field and possible future research directions were discussed and proposed for progressing the plasma technology for practical adoptions in the future.

Traditional manual procedures in the realm of chemical synthesis are often inefficient and exhibit several drawbacks including excessive energy consumption and substantial waste generation. The increasing adoption of automation technology within this field allows machines to perform time-consuming and repetitive tasks, thereby providing scientists with greater opportunities to focus on high-value activities. The advancement of intelligent algorithms is streamlining this process, and when combined with real-time reaction analysis and automation, it is generating unparalleled opportunities for chemical synthesis. A thorough understanding of flow and reaction processes through the automated optimization of continuous synthesis technology positions it as a cutting-edge application method across various domains. This paper aimed to investigate the effects and optimization strategies associated with the automated optimization of continuous synthesis technology in areas such as biopharmaceuticals, material synthesis, organic chemistry and reaction kinetics. The findings presented herein suggested that the automated optimization of continuous synthesis technology possesseed significant application potential within chemical synthesis. Furthermore, future research endeavors could explore additional applications and optimization strategies for automation technology across other fields.

The frequent occurrence of chemical process reaction safety accidents poses a huge threat to the sustainable development of the chemical industry. Currently, China’s chemical industry is facing severe challenges in reaction safety management. Although the current standard, “Specification for safety risk assessment of fine chemical reactions” (GB/T 42300—2022), provides basic guidance for reaction safety, it has several shortcomings in areas such as risk identification, model accuracy, data measurement, early warning and prevention, reaction process and process coverage. To address these issues, a “1+N” model for a reaction safety technology system was proposed in the present study. This system emphasized the use of “data + models” in the risk assessment process to improve the ability to identify and manage high-risk working conditions. This system was based on the “1” standard of GB/T 42300—2022, supplemented by “N” evaluation methods. It used appropriate models to make judgments and adopted appropriate safety risk assessment methods for reactions of high-risk, medium-risk and low-risk hazard levels and different reaction systems to determine safety thresholds and safety boundaries. And controllable explosions should be kept in the laboratory to avoid large-scale accidents in the factory. This reaction safety technology system not only helps reduce the accident rate but also will effectively improve safety standards of the entire industry in the future, promoting the healthy and stable development of the chemical industry.

Hydrogen energy, recognized as a clean and pollution-free alternative energy source, has attracted significant attention globally. However, hydrogen storage technology remains a critical bottleneck hindering its widespread adoption. Among various approaches, the methylcyclohexane-toluene-hydrogen (MTH) system has emerged as a promising liquid organic hydrogen carrier technology due to its safety and cost-effectiveness, making it well-suited for large-scale applications. Despite its advantages, the dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane (MCH)— a pivotal step in the MTH system, presents considerable challenges, including stringent reaction conditions and high energy demands. To address these issues, understanding the reaction mechanism, developing high-performance catalysts, and optimizing the reaction process have become focal areas of research. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the kinetics, catalyst design, and process intensification of methylcyclohexane dehydrogenation. It emphasizes progress in the development of precious metal Pt-based and non-precious metal Ni-based catalysts, with particular attention to performance enhancement strategies such as carrier modulation, innovative preparation methods, and additive incorporation. Moreover, it examines process intensification efforts through reactor design and the optimization of operating conditions. By synthesizing these insights, this review offers theoretical guidance and technical support for advancing the MTH system. It also outlines future research directions, aiming to facilitate breakthroughs in hydrogen storage technologies.

Polyolefin plastic products have attracted much attention due to their good chemical stability in the structure of the hydrocarbon chain and are difficult to degrade naturally. Catalytic pyrolysis technology is considered a green method for recycling waste plastics. Different from the low efficiency and low yield of conventional pyrolysis technologies, microwave catalytic pyrolysis can significantly improve microwave conversion efficiency and improve the yield and quality of high-value chemicals due to its fast heating rate, uniform heating and high energy conversion rate. Based on the application of conventional and microwave catalytic pyrolysis, this paper systematically explained the effect of transition metal (Fe, Co, Ni, etc.) supported catalysts on gas-liquid solid three-phase products produced by conventional catalytic pyrolysis polyethylene, as well as the selectivity differences between iron-based composite metal catalysts and molecular sieve catalysts on hydrogen, carbon nanotubes and aromatic oils produced by microwave catalytic pyrolysis polyethylene, sorted out the product distribution rules of conventional and microwave catalytic pyrolysis waste plastics, compared the selectivity of iron-based composite catalysts on conventional and microwave catalytic pyrolysis products, and explored the reaction mechanism and development trend of conventional and microwave catalytic pyrolysis waste plastics. In response to the performance of microwave catalytic pyrolysis waste plastic catalyst, it was proposed to develop catalysts with good wave absorption performance and catalytic capabilities to improve microwave utilization and catalytic activity, and further to improve the quality of high-value-added products of microwave catalytic waste plastics. Finally, the controllability and purity of microwave pyrolysis waste plastic products were expected.

This study implemented the structure optimization and operational status evaluations on the cyclone separation system of the 3.6 million tons per annum catalytic cracking unit through a combined approach of numerical simulation and industrial experiments, with the aim of ensuring that the separation efficiency complies with operational requirements and industry standards. Firstly, numerical simulation was employed to optimize the flow field within the third stage cyclone separator (three-cyclone). The simulation results indicated that when the cone angle was 19°, the overall pressure drop within the three-cyclone and the energy consumption required for the pressure drop were minimized. The tangential velocity of the fluid was maximized, enhancing the centrifugal separation effect. The axial velocity of the fluid was minimized, prolonging the residence time of the particles within the separator, and the overall separation performance was quite satisfactory. Subsequently, industrial experiments were carried out based on catalytic cracking systems with a third stage cyclone separator with a 19° cone angle. The results demonstrated that the concentration of catalyst particles in the flue gas at the outlet of the two-stage cyclone separators within the regenerator was relatively stable and decreased over the operation time. The particle concentration was 320.16mg/m³ (wet basis under operating conditions), and the maximum particle size was less than 53.94μm, which was far below the threshold stipulated in the design, indicating that the separation efficiency of the regenerator cyclone for catalyst particles met the production operation requirements. The catalyst concentration at the outlet of the three-cyclone was stable within a narrow distribution range of 75.34—83.71mg/m³ (wet basis under operating conditions), and the concentration under standard conditions (dry basis) was 83.77—91.45mg/m³. The maximum particle size was less than 10 microns, suggesting that the separation efficiency of the three-cyclone met the index requirements for the concentration and particle size of the catalyst at the inlet of the gas turbine in the "Technical conditions for gas turbines" (HG/T 3650—2012) of China's chemical industry standard. Simultaneously, the particle size distribution of the equilibrium agent in the reaction-regeneration system was reasonable. The catalyst particles were regular in shape without obvious fragmentation. The catalyst experienced relatively light abrasion during the circulation process, and the device operated in a favorable state.

The synthesis of isocyanate by non-photogas process generates an intermediate product, 1,6-hexamethylene dicarbamate (HDC), which contains 5%—15% of water and needs to be reduced to less than 300mg/kg. In this work, the feasibility of deep dehydration of HDC by vapor permeation (VP) and vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) was investigated using NaA molecular sieves and PTFE membranes. The melting point range of HDC was firstly tested, and the operating temperature for HDC dehydration was determined to be in the range of 118—120℃. And the optimal NaA tubular membrane and PTEE porous hollow fiber membrane were screened based on the membrane flux and running stability. The effects of feed temperature and permeate pressure on membranes' dehydration performance were further investigated. The experimental results showed that both NaA and PTFE membranes could reach the dehydration target of 300mg/kg at 118℃ and 10kPa. In the long- time drying experiment, the drying rate of NaA membrane was 1185g/(m²·h), and membrane fouling appeared at 36h and membrane performance could not be recovered. While PTFE membrane had a higher drying rate of 1712g/(m²·h), and the drying rate kept stable in an 80h test, showed better stability and anti-fouling resistance. Finally, the drying models of VP and VMD were established, and the factors of mass transfer resistance in the VP and VMD process were analyzed during HDC dehydration. Membranes, especially NaA-coated ones, exhibited particularly high resistance.

A cavity-shaped porous solar receiver (CPSR) with a cavity at the inlet section was proposed to solve the mismatch between the mass velocity of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) and the distribution of concentrated solar flux (CSF), as well as the issues of high solid peak temperature and significant infrared radiation losses. Based on a coupled heat transfer model and validation through a small-scale solar simulator, the influence of cavity shape and geometric dimensions on optimization objectives (thermal efficiency and solid peak temperature) was analyzed using orthogonal optimization. The results indicated that the divergent cavity-shaped receiver exhibited higher thermal efficiency compared to the convergent and cylindrical cavity designs. The opening radius had the most significant effect on thermal efficiency, while the depth was the key factor determining the solid peak temperature. Comprehensive range and variance analyses revealed that the optimal geometric dimensioned for the CPSR. At the standard mass flow rate of 5g/s, the solid peak temperature of the optimal CPSR decreased by 488K compared to the solid porous solar receiver (SPSR), while the thermal efficiency increased by approximately 21.48%. The findings provide a valuable reference for improving the heat transfer performance of PSR.

Centrifugal fans are widely utilized in fluid transport, and optimizing their internal flow fields can significantly enhance efficiency and reduce energy consumption. This study employed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in combination with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the Entropy Weighting Method to conduct a multi-objective optimization of centrifugal fan performance. Key optimization variables included blade number, blade outlet angle, and volute width, while fan efficiency and outlet pressure were selected as optimization targets for numerical analysis. The results revealed that the blade outlet angle exerted the most pronounced effect on fan performance. In the optimized model, turbulent kinetic energy at the impeller was reduced, airflow uniformity improved, radial velocity increased by 23.8%, and fan efficiency at rated operating conditions improved by 2.7%, with a peak efficiency gain of 10.64%. Additionally, outlet pressure decreased by an average of 8.56%, leading to further energy savings and supporting the efficacy of the optimization approach. These findings offer valuable insights for the multi-objective optimization of other rotating mechanical equipment in chemical processes.

Mixing is a critical process in modern industry, and efficient mixing serves as the core of the phosphoric acid extraction and purification process in wet-process phosphoric acid manufacturing. This paper conducted a preliminary investigation into the mixing characteristics of micro-vortex mixers and explored the feasibility of enhancing the wet-process phosphoric acid extraction process through micro-vortex mixers. Using the Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase flow model, simulations were performed on Kenics mixers, single tangential-inlet micro-vortex mixers, and two tangential-inlets micro-vortex mixers under different inlet Reynolds numbers. A comprehensive comparison was made of the mixing performance, vorticity, turbulent kinetic energy, and pressure drop among the three mixers. The results indicated that micro-vortex mixers exhibit higher vorticity and turbulent kinetic energy, which were more conducive to mixing. The coefficient of variation (COV) at the outlet of the single tangential-inlet micro-vortex mixer was on average 0.15 lower than that of the other two mixers, demonstrating the best mixing uniformity. As the inlet Reynolds number increases, the pressure drop correspondingly rises. At an inlet Reynolds number of 7400, the dual tangential-inlet micro-vortex mixer exhibits the maximum pressure drop of approximately 12782.5Pa, representing 14.7% higher than that of the other two mixers. Considering the two key indicators of mixing uniformity and pressure drop, the single tangential-inlet micro-vortex mixer demonstrates superior performance.

Utilizing renewable energy for the electrolysis of water to produce "green hydrogen" for the synthesis of ammonia, methanol, and other chemical productions is a key measure in the low-carbon transformation of the chemical industry. Process Systems Engineering (PSE) comprises a range of tools, including Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Process Simulation, Optimization, and Control, which have been extensively utilized in the research and optimization of traditional chemical industries. These tools are equally capable of optimizing the operation, enhancing efficiency and improving economic performance in the green hydrogen chemical sector. The unique challenges and operational characteristics of green hydrogen chemistry can be addressed by applying the principles of PSE. A substantial corpus of research have validated the efficacy of PSE methodologies in tackling the novel challenges and operational traits of green hydrogen chemistry. Therefore, this article presents a systematic review of the advancements in green hydrogen chemistry from the perspective of PSE. This paper first overviews the technical status of the electrolytic hydrogen production section in green hydrogen chemistry, and then sorts out different green hydrogen downstream process routes, followed by sorting out the various tools applied in green hydrogen chemistry and their characteristics from the perspective of process system engineering. Subsequently, it sorts out the development and application of process system engineering in green hydrogen chemistry against the backdrop of artificial intelligence development. Finally, it looks forward to the development direction of process system engineering technology promoting green hydrogen chemistry and proposes the direction of promotion for the progress and transformation of related technologies by artificial intelligence.

Energy and chemical engineering is a crucial industry that transforms primary energy sources such as oil and coal into secondary energy and chemical products, supporting national economic development and strategic security. Currently, this sector is undergoing profound changes driven by the need for low-carbon, intelligent, and sustainable development. This review systematically summarizes the advancements and key technologies in the decarbonization of traditional energy and the practical application of low-carbon energy. In the context of traditional energy decarbonization, the development of efficient processes is promoted through precise characterization of energy molecules and modeling of conversion processes, alongside directional catalytic conversion technologies for the green transformation of fossil fuels. In addition, the progress and application of long-duration, large-scale energy storage technologies are explored to enhance the utilization of renewable energy and support the construction of low-carbon energy systems. The application of intelligent technologies in optimizing energy storage performance, exemplified by flow batteries, is also discussed. Furthermore, the development of new catalytic reaction mechanisms and process equipment based on electromagnetic energy supply and multi-physical field coupling technologies fosters a deep integration of decarbonization and intelligence in traditional energy. Ultimately, the review concludes by envisioning the future of "energy and chemical engineering+artificial intelligence," advocating for a collaborative approach to advance low-carbon and intelligent transformations across molecular, process, equipment, and system optimization levels and integrating Chain-of-Thought-driven reasoning-oriented large language models, aiming for a more efficient and greener energy system to address global climate change and resource scarcity challenges.

Pervaporation (PV) has a promising application in the field of organic separation because of high separation efficiency, energy conservation, environmental protection and simple operation, while the key technology is the design and preparation of pervaporation membrane. The two-dimensional nanomaterial-based mixed matrix membranes combined advantages of both polymer membrane and two-dimensional nanomaterial, which has good industrial application prospect in pervaporation separation membrane, and thus it becomes the research hotspot. This paper introduced the pervaporation separation technology, organic pervaporation separation mechanism and the preparation methods of two-dimensional nanomaterial-based mixed matrix membranes, and the different types of two-dimensional nanomaterial-based mixed matrix membranes in the field of organic separation were presented. According to the separation mechanism of pervaporation, the characteristics of organic and the demand of industrialization, the development of two-dimensional nanomaterials with new structure, easy preparation and high selectivity was proposed. According to the film-forming principle and two phases interfacial interaction mechanism, the preparation method of mixed matrix membrane for organic separation was suggested. Based on the interactions between organic molecules and membrane microstructure, a new idea for the study of separation mechanism was proposed in combination with computer simulation technology.

Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) is one of the fundamental chemical reactions in nature, and accurate prediction of its reactivity and selectivity is essential for the rational design of related chemical reactions. One important approach is to study the reactivity and selectivity by predicting the activation energy barrier of the reaction. This paper reviews the current research progress in predicting the activation energy barriers from the perspectives of both empirical models and machine learning models. Empirical models are based on experimental data and chemical laws of known reactions and are fitted using empirical formulas (e.g., linear equations), which have good interpretability, but have some limitations in terms of applicability and accuracy. Machine learning models, on the other hand, are capable of handling much larger amounts of data and more complex reaction mechanisms, and have more potential for accurately predicting activation barriers, but the predictions are dependent on the quality of the data and are less interpretable. Finally, this paper provides an outlook on how to develop more accurate and interpretable activation energy barrier prediction models in the future, and looks forward to improving the understanding of the factors influencing reactivity by improving the interpretability of activation energy barrier prediction models.

In low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis slurry bed reactors, three types of multiphase separation challenges are involved, including the separation of liquid products from catalyst particles, the separation of liquid (solid) entrained in the gas at the top of the reactor, and the removal of catalyst fines in slurry. Efficient solution of these three separation challenges is paramount for the continuous and stable operation of slurry bed reactors. The paper reviewed the application and research advancements of various separation techniques in addressing three types of multiphase separation challenges. For the separation of liquid products and catalyst particles, in-vessel filtration was a commonly employed technique in industrial plants, but there existed issues such as gas leakage. External filtration can avoid the issues existing in in-vessel filtration, yet the research thereon was relatively lacking. The innovation of gravity sedimentation equipment and its combination with other techniques can effectively shorten the separation cycle. Magnetic separation and supercritical fluid extraction had potential advantages due to their relatively high separation accuracy, but the current research was still in the laboratory stage. For the separation of liquid (solid) entrained in gases, cyclone and baffle-plate separator were primarily employed. According to industrial recommendations, the combined use of the two equipment can effectively enhance the separation performance. For the removal of catalyst fines in slurry, the filter units with different pore sizes were impractical due to the inability to accurately control the size of the removed particles, while the hydrocyclone "dialysis" continuous classification technology can efficiently remove catalyst fines and recover coarse catalyst simultaneously. Finally, the subsequent research was prospected. Guided by industrial application, broader and deeper research is the key direction in the future.

Catalyst loss significantly affects the long-term operation of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units. However, system analysis and summarization of the characteristics of different catalyst loss faults are lacking. This study aimed to address this gap by summarizing changes in the average particle size (APS) of equilibrium catalysts during catalyst loss. The changes in APS could be categorized into fluctuation, increase, and decrease, influenced by factors such as raw material nature, unit operating conditions, catalyst addition rate, and cyclone efficiency. These factors served as the basis for analyzing catalyst loss faults. Physical properties of catalysts were investigated during catalyst loss in three industrial FCC units. Unit A exhibited significant APS fluctuations due to catalyst poisoning and fresh catalyst replacement. Unit B experienced a 13.3% increase in APS due to the cyclone separator wear and perforation. In unit C, APS decreased to 52μm due to catalyst abrasion and fragmentation caused by the broken steam distributor in the stripper. These cases validated the reliability of fault source analysis theory based on equilibrium catalyst APS changes, guiding fault evaluation and operation adjustment in FCC industrial units.

Based on the flow characteristics of single-disc fully mixed flow and multiple fully mixed flow series in horizontal single-shaft rotating disc polycondensation reactor, coupled with the shear rheological model of copolyester, the complex reaction kinetics model based on functional group model and the diffusion mass transfer model of volatile small molecules, a disk-by-disk simulation of the polycondensation process of industrial-scale poly(1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate glycol) (PCTG) was realized. The co-polycondensation process and product variation within the conditions of reaction temperature of 270—285℃, pressure of 50—300Pa, residence time of 150—240min, disc rotation speed of 2—8r/min and production load of 150—300t/d were analyzed. The simulation results showed that the residence time was benefit by the increasing liquid level and the decreasing of the production load. The increasing disk rotation speed could accelerate the surface renewal of the melt. High temperature, low pressure, extended residence time and accelerated surface renewal all contributed to the increase of the degree of polymerization. The modeling and simulation of the polycondensation process of PCTG copolyester in this typical polycondensation reactor could predict the progress of polymerization reaction and product changes. It would help to solve the key problems of equipment design in the engineering of complex reaction systems for multi-component copolymerization in high-end copolyesters, and guide the engineering scaling up and production process control optimization of the polycondensation reactor.

Simplifying particle shapes to spheres in simulations can lead to significant discrepancies between simulations and real-world scenarios. The polyhedral particle method (PPM) offers more accurate geometric representation and collision detection. This study modeled non-spherical particles using PPM coupled with the discrete element method (DEM), incorporating the non-spherical Ganser drag coefficient and the Di Felice drag model, resulting in the Di Felice-Ganser drag model suitable for non-spherical particles. The DEM-PPM method was employed to simulate the flow of non-spherical particles in a bubbling fluidized bed and analyze their motion characteristics. A comparison between the motion of non-spherical and spherical particles in the fluidized bed revealed distributions of particle count, particle velocity, and particle rotational velocity, along with the Lacey mixing index over time. Results indicated that the bed height of cylindrical particles was greater than that of spherical particles, and the rotational velocity of cylindrical particles significantly exceeded that of spherical particles. Spherical particles exhibited a more uniform distribution, whereas cylindrical particles tended to aggregate. With increasing bed height, the velocity and rotational velocity of cylindrical particles increased. Cylindrical particles predominantly accumulated on the sides, displaying higher velocities and rotational speeds. When the number of cylindrical particles in each bed layer reached a certain threshold, further increases led to reduced particle velocity and rotational speed, and increased drag force. The generation and breakup of bubbles enhanced the mixing of cylindrical particles, resulting in better mixing efficiency within the fluidized bed.

When optimizing the synthesis of heat exchange networks, the optimization of integer variables, which are structural variables, is a major challenge due to the mixed integer nonlinear nature of the problem. It is found that the dominant position of the pre-generated heat exchange units, the strong coupling relationship between the units and the limitation of accepting the difference solution are the reasons for the optimization falling into local extremum. To tackle these issues, a strategy for strengthening the competitiveness of heat exchange units was proposed. This strategy involved generating competitive heat exchange units at specific intervals, disrupting the original stable network structure, and redistributing the heat load of flow heat exchange units to enhance the viability and competitiveness of the competitive units. It diminished the advantageous position of the original structure and reinforces unit competition by imposing heat load gaps and mandating the acceptance of competitive structures. This approach eliminated disadvantaged structures, enriches structural diversity, and broadened the search domains. The influence of the generation cycle of competitive units, the quantity of competitive units, and the reallocation ratio on the strategic role was also examined. Verification using 20sp and 10sp examples produced results of 1717757.75USD/a and 5586693USD/a, respectively, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Falling film de-volatilization has the advantages of large phase contact area, high de-volatilization efficiency and good economy, and is often used as an important means to remove volatile substances from polymers, and its de-volatilization effect is closely related to the state of the descending film of the fluid on the falling bar. In this paper, a molasses solution was selected to simulate the polymer system, and the free film descent process of the fluid along the smooth circular bar was analyzed by the funnel film descent element, and the effects of fluid viscosity, flow rate, and annular slit width on the film descent were investigated. The results showed that when the liquid level pressure at the ring slit of the funnel holder was greater than the surface tension, the fluid formed a descending film on the circular strip through the ring slit, and the larger the fluid viscosity was, the weaker the wettability was, and the larger the ring slit width corresponded to the stabilized film. When the ring slit widths were 1.5mm and 2.5mm, the fluids with different viscosities could be stabilized to form a film, which was the preferred ring slit width. At a definite fluid viscosity or ring slit width, the stabilized descending film under the determined fluid viscosity or ring seam width, the stable falling film height had an increasing relationship with the falling film flow rate. The larger the ring seam width, the smaller the fluid viscosity, and the larger the flow rate corresponding to the stabilized descending film. With the increase of syrup viscosity and descending film flow rate, the film thickness gradually increased, and the film thickness ranged from 0.94mm to 3.48mm within the investigated range of syrup viscosity and descending film flow rate, which provided the basic data support for the descending film de-volatilization.

Natural gas, hydrogen and other gas energy sources are an important part of the energy transition, and the storage and transportation of gas energy is the key to restricting their development. Hydrate gas storage is a new type of solid-state gas storage method with high economy, environmental protection and high safety, which has great development potential. However, slow growth kinetics and low gas storage efficiency are the main technical problems restricting the industrial application of hydrate gas storage. Focusing on the research of hydrate gas storage technology, this paper summarizes the research history and research progress of porous media (carbon-based materials, metal-organic frameworks, silica sand and metal foams) as hydrate accelerators. The particle size, pore size and arrangement, surface chemical properties, thermal conductivity and water content of porous media, as well as the effects of chemical accelerator on hydrate formation induction time, gas storage rate and gas storage density are summarized. The mechanism of some porous media to promote hydrate formation is described. The advantages and disadvantages of different porous media as hydrate accelerators are compared, and the development trend and current technical bottlenecks of porous media as accelerators are analyzed, so as to provide further analytical basis for the application of porous media as hydrate accelerators. Finally, some suggestions are put forward on the key points and development directions of porous media as accelerators.

Biomass, as a renewable energy source, holds a significant position in the global energy due to its potential for producing syngas through thermochemical conversion processes. However, tar formation during this process severely hampers the quality of synthesis gas and impedes the commercialization of biomass gasification technology. Among various tar removal methods, catalytic reforming has garnered substantial attention because it can effectively decompose tar into valuable gaseous products. Notwithstanding, catalyst deactivation under high-temperature conditions remains a critical challenge to be addressed. The synergistic use of non-thermal plasma (NTP) catalysis stands out as particularly promising due to its capability to efficiently decompose tar at lower temperatures. By coupling with heterogeneous catalysts, NTP can significantly enhance catalyst activity and stability, reduce the formation of unfavorable byproducts, and improve product selectivity. This paper systematically reviews the optimization of tar reforming catalysts in conventional catalytic systems, including their deactivation mechanisms, and further delves into the synergistic effects of different combinations of NTP and catalyst systems on tar reforming efficiency and mechanisms. Ultimately, the paper discusses the prospects of applying NTP catalytic technology in the field of biomass gasification tar reforming, emphasizing the importance of catalyst design and preparation, as well as the optimization of practical operating parameters, in order to propel the sustainable development and technological advancement of the biomass gasification industry.

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are energy conversion devices that directly use liquid methanol as fuel and convert the chemical energy of methanol into electrical energy. They have significant advantages, such as high energy conversion efficiency, low cost, and convenient storage and transportation. In this paper, based on the mechanism of electrocatalytic methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), the research progress of electrocatalytic MOR over Pt single crystal and Pt-based alloy catalysts is systematically reviewed. The influence of structure and properties of Pt-based catalysts on its electrochemical performance is summarized. Typical preparation methods of Pt-based electrocatalysts are described. It is found that the intermediate species CO_ads produced during the methanol oxidation process have high adsorption energy and reaction activation energy on the surface of Pt active sites, which leads to a decrease in the overall performance of the Pt catalysts. In addition, the possible electrocatalytic oxidation paths of methanol are analyzed. The idea of improving CO_ads poisoned Pt catalysts by regulating the methanol dehydrogenation step is proposed, which provides necessary theoretical support for optimizing the microstructure of Pt-based catalysts and analyzing the microscopic mechanism of MOR, and laies a theoretical foundation for promoting the large-scale application of DMFCs.

A novel building cooling system was proposed, namely the PDVD-cooling system, which integrated a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) hot water system, a desiccant wheel dehumidifier, a vacuum membrane dehumidifier, and a dew point evaporative cooling system. The PDVD-cooling system focused on improving energy efficiency while utilizing renewable energy. A thermodynamic model of the PDVD cooling system was constructed, the sensitivity and regulation characteristics of the performance operating parameters of the PDVD cooling system were analyzed, and an economic analysis of the PDVD cooling system was conducted. The results indicated that regenerated air temperature, regenerated air mass flow rate and solar irradiance were the main parameters affecting the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system. The regenerated area ratio, regenerated air temperature and supply air mass flow rate were the main parameters that affected the total latent heat cooling capacity of the system. Ambient humidity, supply air mass flow rate and ambient temperature were the main parameters that affected the total sensible heat cooling capacity of the system. COP decreased with the increase of regenerated air temperature and regenerated air mass flow, and increased with the increase of solar irradiance. The total latent heat cooling capacity increased first and then decreased with the increase of regenerated area ratio, and increased with the increase of regenerated air temperature and supply air mass flow rate. When the solar irradiance was 800W/m², the ambient temperature was 30℃, the ambient humidity was 70%, and the regeneration area ratio was 0.25, the maximum latent heat cooling capacity existed as 4.09kW. The total sensible heat cooling capacity decreased with the increase of ambient humidity, increased with the increased of supply air, and first increased and then decreased with the increase of ambient temperature. When the solar irradiance was 800W/m², the ambient temperature was 22℃, the ambient humidity was 70%, and the regeneration area ratio was 0.5, the maximum sensible heat cooling capacity was 1.89kW. The payback period was 0.9272 years when the cost of the dehumidification membrane was 600USD/m².

Hydrocracking is an important process for directional conversion of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in catalytic diesel into high value-added monocyclic aromatic compounds, which shows the features of simpler process, energy conservation and lower cost than thermal cracking process. This article reviews research progress on bifunctional catalysts for the hydrocracking reactions of PAHs to high-value chemicals (BTX, benzene, toluene and xylene). The effects of active metal components and acidic supports on the catalytic performance are discussed first. Transition metal sulfides, phosphides, carbides and nitrides catalysts exhibit high hydrogenation activity similar to noble metals. The combination of noble and transition metals or the use of transition bimetals not only exhibit superior hydrogenation activity and selectivity, but also saves the cost. The hierarchical silica-aluminum zeolites, modified mesoporous zeolites and the micro-mesoporous composites of acidic zeolites and silica are considered as the highly concerned support for hydrocracking catalysts as they possess acidic sites for the skeleton cracking of reactant molecules, and pore structure properties facilitating the diffusion and mass transfer. The effects of metal-acid equilibrium and synergism on product selectivity are also discussed, and the metal-acid sites at near nanoscale possess optimal bifunctional synergism. Finally, the influence of different catalyst loading methods on metal particle size, dispersion and catalyst structure and performance are explored. The highly dispersed metal nanoparticles are crucial to the preparation of efficient hydrocracking catalysts and the selectivity of target products.

Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) technology is a promising solution for hydrogen storage and transportation. Methylcyclohexane can be used as an excellent hydrogen storage carrier because of its high hydrogen storage density and stable chemical properties under storage and transportation. Hydrogen storage and release can be effectively realized through the reversible hydrogenation-dehydrogenation reaction of methylcyclohexane-toluene-hydrogen (MTH) system. At present, the toluene hydrogenation technology is relatively mature, but the activity and stability of catalysts in the methylcyclohexane dehydrogenation technology still cannot meet the needs of industrial applications. This study analyzes the current research status of catalytic systems for methylcyclohexane dehydrogenation at home and abroad, introduces the research progress of noble metal catalysts and non-precious metal catalysts in terms of the selection of active components and supports, preparation methods, and dehydrogenation performance, and looks forward to the future direction of dehydrogenation catalysts. The development of dehydrogenation catalysts with good catalytic activity, selectivity and stability is the key to the application of MTH systems to hydrogen storage technology.

In the pursuit of dual carbon targets, catalytic dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene emerges as a cost-efficient and eco-friendly non-petrochemical industry path, holding immense promise for future development. In this work, reactor-pellet coupled model and particle-resolved model had been established to optimize operating conditions and catalyst particle shapes, respectively. The results indicated that increasing inlet temperature, reducing space velocity, and elevating inlet pressure all contributed to high ethane conversion, but concurrently led to increased reactor temperature rise, which in turn inhibited the selectivity of ethylene. Optimal operating conditions had been determined as follows: inlet temperature of 633K, gas hourly space velocity of 2000h^-1 and inlet pressure of 1.25bar (1bar=10⁵Pa). Among the four types of packings sphere, cylinder, Raschig ring and trilobe), the sphere and Raschig ring packing structures exhibited respectively the highest and lowest reactor temperature rises (31K and 12K), as well as the corresponding highest and lowest ethylene yields (48.6% and 43.6%). The trilobe packing which maintained a tradeoff between ethylene yield and temperature rise, was the optimal particle shape for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane.

Biomass straw has attracted much attention in the field of materials due to its abundant yield, variety, low cost and renewable degradation, as well as good specific strength and specific stiffness, etc. The utilization of straw resource has positively contributed to the protection of the environment and the realization of the dual-carbon goal. This paper reviews the technological progress of straw powder and straw fiber resource utilization, especially the preparation technologies of straw powder/fiber derivatives and the performance optimization of straw powder/fiber-based composites, and analyzes the application status of straw powder/fiber in the fields of bio-fuel, nano-cellulose, foaming materials, and environmental materials, while looking forward to the development prospect of the high-value and resource utilization of straw powder/fiber in the fields of chemical materials. Additionally, the paper points out the key issues that urgently need to be addressed in the preparation of derivatives, construction materials,and wood-plastic composites using straw powder/fiber, aiming at providing insights for the research of straw resource utilization technologies.

Organic solar cells (OSC) have made dramatic advancements during the past decades owing to the innovative material design and device structure optimization with power conversion efficiencies surpassing 20% for single-junction OSC devices. Interface engineering, by modifying interface properties between different layers for OSC and improving charge transfer efficiency, has become a vital part to promote the device efficiency. It is essential to elucidate the intrinsic working mechanism of interface layers, as well as the related physical and chemical processes that manipulate device performance and long-term stability. In this review, the advances and multiple aspects regarding to cathode interface engineering for developing high-performance OSC were highlighted, focusing on interfacial materials, interface processing techniques and post-treatment. Firstly, the specific functions and corresponding design principles of cathode interface layers (CIL) were summarized. Then, starting from the classification of the CIL of single-junction OSC, the mechanism of interface engineering to enhance the efficiency and stability of the device was discussed, and the development and design of various types of new cathode interfacial materials were introduced in detail. Finally, the challenges and prospects associated with application of interface engineering were discussed with the emphasis on large-area, high-performance and low-cost device manufacturing.

BN-OH nanosheets were prepared by using glucose-assisted ball milling of hexagonal boron nitride (BN), and glucose was successfully grafted onto BN molecules through B－O chemical bonding. Uniform isolated network structures were obtained by co-precipitation of different contents of BN-OH nanosheets with natural latex (NR) particles prepared by latex co-precipitation, and physical cross-linking between BN-OH nanosheets and NR molecular chains was formed by hydrogen bonding assisted by the proteins around the NR latex particles. The effects of the content of BN-OH nanosheets on the crosslink density, mechanical properties, thermal conductivity and gas barrier properties of BN-OH/NR nanocomposites were investigated. In a certain range, with the increase of BN-OH nanosheets, the tensile strength and constant tensile stress of BN-OH/NR nanocomposites increased, the energy storage modulus rose and the loss factor decreased, which indicated the good reinforcing effect of the BN-OH nanosheets and strong two-phase interfacial bonding force between BN-OH nanosheets and NR molecular chains. The good dispersion of the BN-OH nanosheets, the formation of the segregation network structure and the strong interfacial interactions formed by protein-assisted physical cross-linking blocked the diffusion of gas molecules, while heat was released along the lapped BN-OH nanosheets, resulting in the good thermal conductivity and gas barrier properties of the BN-OH/NR composites. Thermal conductivity of 20% BN-OH/NR nanocomposites was 0.319W/(m·K), which was improved by 94% compared with that of pure NR. The volume resistivity of BN-OH/NR nanocomposites with different contents was still much higher than the insulating critical resistivity standard, which meant that the rubber composites prepared in this paper with insulating, high mechanical properties, high thermal conductivity and good sealing performance were expected to be used as thermal interface materials in electronic components, batteries, automobiles and other fields.

Blueberry anthocyanins were utilized to prepare into freshness indicator films, which were made of chitosan and sodium alginate by solution casting method. The color changes of anthocyanins under different pH buffer solutions were analyzed, and the effects of different anthocyanin additions on the chitosan/sodium alginate composite film in terms of thickness, mechanical property, water content, solubility, water solubility, infrared spectroscopy, surface microstructure, light transmittance, contact angle and antioxidant activity. The experimental results showed that the indicator film exhibited the strongest antioxidant performance when the content of anthocyanin was 10mg, while its water content was the lowest. The best sensitivity was found when the added amount of anthocyanin was 50mg. It indicated from the experiments that the data of Fourier infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that there was a good compatibility between the blueberry anthocyanin and the two membrane materials it was coupled with, and that it could enhance the affinity between the components. The performance and feasibility were analyzed under ambient conditions, and the color of the indicated membranes changed from red to dark green. The results of the study were aimed to provide reference for the application of anthocyanin smart indicator film in the specialty pork in Gansu region.

The efficient recycling of valuable metals in spent lithium-ion batteries is the key to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of key metals. In this paper, the precursor of LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂ ternary electrode material was prepared by leaching-sol-gel method using waste lithium-ion battery as raw material. The internal crystal structure and lattice morphology of electrode materials were analyzed and the electrochemical properties of the materials were also characterized. Results showed that the electrode material presented high sphericity and uniform particle size distribution, and the yield of -25μm particle size was 96.76% after calcination at 850℃ for 6h in CO₂ environment. Through the structural property analysis of the electrode material, it could be seen that the prepared material had a complete layered α-NaFeO₂ crystal structure, and the cation mixing degree was low, the layered structure was good, and the crystal structure of the material was clear lattice fringes and good crystallization degree. The electrochemical performance test results indicated that the prepared ternary materials exhibited excellent reversible discharge capacity and cyclic stability. The first discharge capacity of the electrode material reached 157.5mAh/g, and the reversible capacity remained at 141.6mAh/g after 160 cycles with a retention rate of 87%, which had the application prospect of commercial electrode materials.

The efficient and low-cost removal of trace NF₃ impurities in the preparation of CF₄ by fluorocarbon synthesis method has important application value for the development of electronic grade CF₄. In this paper, a series of MOF-74 materials with high density open metal sites were prepared as adsorbents. Based on the strong interaction of active sites on NF₃ inside the one-dimensional channels, the ultra-high adsorption capacity of NF₃ under low partial pressure (up to 50.3mL/g at 298K and 10kPa) and excellent NF₃/CF₄ selectivity (the IAST selectivity of MOF-74-Mg can reach to 245.6 at 0.001 molar ratio of NF₃) were achieved. The theoretical results showed that the unsaturated metal sites in the pores of MOF-74 had stronger affinity for the polar molecule NF₃, and the fixed-bed breakthrough experiment further verified that the materials could capture trace NF₃ in CF₄ under dynamic conditions. In summary, the above results confirmed that MOFs materials with open metal sites could be served as an efficient and economical adsorbent, providing a new strategy for the separation and purification of trace NF₃ impurities in CF₄ prepared by fluorocarbon synthesis.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) system is considered one of the most promising low C/N wastewater treatment technologies due to its high efficiency and low energy consumption in the nitrogen removal process. However, with the exacerbation of global warming and the proposal of the national "two-carbon" strategy, the problem of a large number of strong greenhouse gases (N₂O) released by Anammox system during the nitrogen removal process has gradually become a bottleneck restricting the application of the system in the field of depth nitrogen removal for wastewater. Based on existing research findings, this article first sorted out the N₂O production pathway of the Anammox system and comprehensively discussed the impact factors and regulation strategies on potential N₂O producing enzymes, strains, and their yields. The results showed that although N₂O production in Anammox system could be controlled by these methods, they might lead to instability of nitrogen removal function and even secondary pollution. Considering that the characteristics of the colony structure distribution within the Anammox system is an internal factor directly affecting N₂O yield and nitrogen removal effectiveness, this article proposed combining immobilization method of embedding simultaneously AnAOB bacteria and "hybrid bacteria" inhibitor within the Anammox system, and suggested using the simulation functions of activated sludge mathematical model and modern molecular biological methods to deeply understand the changes of N₂O generation kinetics in the coupling technology as well as the potential succession rules of N₂O generating bacteria, in order to provide a scientific foundation for developing an efficient nitrogen removal of the Anammox system suitable for carbon emission reduction.

The mixture of sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) and nitrogen (N₂) is one of the most important emerging insulating media in the electric power industry, and it is of great significance to separate and recover SF₆ from scrap equipment and waste gas. The adsorption separation is environment-friendly and energy-saving, for the reason that it avoids the phase change process. However, SF₆ and N₂ are both inert nonpolar molecules, making the exploiting of adsorbents that can accurately capture SF₆ very challenging. The currently employed adsorption materials have evolved from traditional zeolites to new types of adsorbents, with metal-organic frameworks as the main type which are highly structurally tunable and can be predictably engineered to exhibit excellent selective adsorption of SF₆. This paper focuses on summarizing the structural characteristics, modulation strategies, separation performance and mechanisms of these materials, and at the same time points out the existing notable problems, including insufficient researches on the kinetic diffusion, mass transfer mechanism and materials stability, incomplete evaluation of the potential of the materials, etc., which should be paid attention to in the future research.

Bacterial leaching method offers significant advantages in the leaching of chalcopyrite, including low cost, low energy consumption, simple equipment requirements, and zero emissions, making it more aligned with the sustainable development needs of modern industry. However, a prominent issue in the practical application of bacterial leaching is its relatively low leaching efficiency, which is mainly caused by the passivation phenomenon occurring during the bacterial leaching process, thus reducing the efficiency of copper extraction. This paper provides an overview of the mechanisms of action, passivation mechanisms, and enhancement methods in the bacterial leaching of chalcopyrite. It first elaborates on the three modes of action in the bacterial leaching of chalcopyrite: contact, non-contact, and synergistic actions, as well as the composition of the passivation layer formed during the leaching process and the mechanisms of passivation phenomenon formation, involving jarosite, elemental sulfur, and copper poly-sulfides. Then, it summarizes various enhancement methods for improving the efficiency of bacterial leaching of chalcopyrite according to the classifications of chemistry, physics, and biology, including adjusting the redox potential, adding metal cations, using chlorides, mixed culture of bacteria, physical field enhancement, surfactants, light, and carbonaceous materials. The core of these methods is to control the redox potential to avoid the formation of mineral surface passivation layers. Finally, the advantages and limitations of these methods are summarized, providing important references for the development of novel, environmentally friendly, and efficient chalcopyrite bacterial leaching technologies.

Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication mechanism that regulates gene expression by producing and responding to autoinducers, thereby controlling cell population density. In biological treatment processes, QS significantly influences the function and structure of microbial communities. This study reviewed the three main types of QS signal molecules: acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs), autoinducing peptides (AIPs), and autoinducer-2 (AI-2), and discussed their roles within the QS mechanism. Additionally, the article systematically summarized methods for enhancing and inhibiting QS, as well as the application of QS in the field of biological treatment, including activated sludge, biofilm processes, granular sludge processes, algae-bacteria symbiotic technology, and membrane bioreactors. Although QS has made certain progress in the application of biological treatment processes, the field still faces many challenges and unresolved issues. For example, the production of multiple signal molecules increases the complexity of understanding the QS mechanism; research on QS regulation in biological treatment is mostly still in the laboratory stage and has not been applied on a large scale in actual wastewater treatment. Therefore, in-depth study of the QS regulatory mechanism in biological treatment is of significant importance for developing new biological wastewater treatment strategies and improving the efficiency of wastewater treatment.

Electrochemical water softening represents an innovative and green approach for the descaling of industrial circulating cooling water system. However, in the undivided electrolytic cell, the generated H⁺ and OH^- at anode and cathode, respectively, cannot effectively separate, causing low water softening efficiency and high energy consumption. In this study, an asymmetric cathodic electrochemical water softening with zero electrode space was developed, which was consisting of a unilaterally insulated asymmetric cathode and particles packed anode. In this electrolytic reactor, the directional motion of H₂ bubbles from the asymmetric cathode could drive OH^- diffusion to the solution at the back of the cathode, while H⁺ could be carried away from the interface between anode and cathode by the gravitational seepage in the three-dimensional anode region. Theoretical calculations based on a mathematical model proved that transport rates of OH^- and H⁺ away from the electrodes induced by the H₂ bubble and gravitational seepage, respectively, were greater than their corresponding electro-migration rates. Thus, H⁺ and OH^- were effectively separated with high utilization of OH^- for hardness precipitation. The experimental results showed that the calcium hardness removal efficiency and removal rate were as high as 89.2% and 267.5g/(h·m²), respectively, at a current density of 15mA/cm² and a flow rate of 15mL/min, with an energy consumption of only 3.27kW·h/kg. An efficient electrochemical water softening reactor with using bubble motion and flow regulation strategies was developed, providing new idea for the design of electrochemical circulating cooling water descaling reactor.

In order to study the performance of the new efficient composite wet dedusting, the smokeless coal powder was taken as the research object, and the experimental system of chord grid water film dedusting with synergistic effect of composite surfactant and inorganic salt was designed and built. The proportioning scheme was determined by optimizing the combination of surfactant and inorganic salt. Three composite solutions of 0.4%SDBS/0.5%SDS/0.07%MgCl₂, 0.5%SDS/0.3%AEO-9/0.05%MgCl₂ and 0.4%SDBS/0.3%AEO-9/0.07%MgCl₂ were selected to carry out the chord grid water film dedusting experiment. The influence of wind speed, spray pressure, nozzle chord grid spacing, dust concentration and composite solution type on the dedusting performance was studied. The research results indicated that the dust removal efficiency of wet chord grid under different wind speed conditions was significantly improved compared to single chord grid filtration dust removal. Increasing the wind speed within a certain range could effectively improve the dust removal efficiency. When the wind speed exceeded 0.8m/s, the dust removal resistance significantly increased and the chord grid film-forming effect decreased, leading to a decrease in dust removal efficiency. The water consumption and dust removal efficiency would increase with the increase of spray pressure, which needed comprehensive consideration. As the distance between the nozzle and the grid and the inlet dust concentration increased, the dust removal efficiency first increased and then decreased. When the distance between the nozzle and the chord grid was 100mm and the dust concentration was 500mg/m³, the highest dust removal efficiency can reach 95.54%; Among the three composite solutions, 0.4%SDBS/0.5%SDS/0.07% MgCl₂ had the best wetting performance for dust and the best dust removal effect.

A polydopamine (PDA) coating strategy was used to adhere the cross-linked lattice structure formed by the reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) with glutaraldehyde on the surface of a stainless steel mesh after mixing with augite and titanium dioxide to adhere nanoparticles. The superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic PTAS mesh was successfully fabricated. The surface wettability of the stainless steel mesh was optimized by preferred reaction conditions. The functional groups, chemical structure and microscopic morphology of the mesh film surface were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM, and their wettability, chemical stability, oil-water separation performance, reusability and oil resistance were evaluated. The results showed that when the polydopamine solution was soaked for 12 hours, the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol was 0.03g/mL, the addition of eggplant powder was 0.02g/mL and the addition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles was 0.01g/mL, the WCA of the PTAS mesh was 0°, and the UWOCAs of n-hexane, methylene chloride, gasoline, kerosene and diesel were more than 154°, which had excellent separation efficiency of the five oil-water mixtures with higher than 99% and the flux was up to 21156L/(m²·h). After 20 experimental cycles, the separation efficiency was still over 97.2% and the flux attenuation was less than 10%, showing excellent reusability. The mechanisms of oil resistance, wetting modification and oil-water separation of the PTAS mesh were analyzed from the perspective of chemical reaction and physical force, combined with the improved Young's, Cassie equations and the Young-Laplace equation.

The active layer of thin-film composite (TFC) membranes was modified in situ by introducing an additive in the aqueous phase to regulate the interfacial polymerization process in order to break through the "trade-off" effect and improve the anti-pollution performance of the membrane. Initially, the polysulfone (PSF) support layer was prepared via phase inversion. Subsequently, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was incorporated into the aqueous phase during interfacial polymerization to construct TFC-β-CD modified forward osmosis membranes. There were hydrophilic hydroxyl groups outside β-CD, which can be interfacial polymerized with acyl chloride groups to produce polyester structure and be firmly retained in the membrane. Moreover, the nanocavity structure carried by β-CD was an efficient mass transfer channel so that it can improve the membrane water flux while maintaining a high retention rate. The surface structure, composition and roughness of the membranes before and after modification were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The mass transfer properties and structural parameters of the membranes were examined using a cross-flow experimental setup, and the antifouling performance for organics and fouling reversibility were evaluated. The results indicated that the water contact angle of the TFC-β-CD (1.5) modified membrane decreased from (62.6±1.52)° to (44.9±0.52)°, demonstrating a significant enhancement in hydrophilicity and a reduction in roughness. During the antifouling experiments, compared to the TFC membrane, the flux recovery of the TFC-β-CD modified membrane was above 90% when the feed solution was three model organics respectively with Ca²⁺. When the feed solution contained Ca²⁺, the irreversible fouling of the TFC-β-CD modified membrane was less severe, exhibiting better antifouling properties.