Lignocellulosic biomasses contain aromatic ring structures but have high oxygen contents. The key issue for the high value utilization of biomass-derived aromatic oxygenates is the activation and breaking of C— O bonds. There are various types of C— O bonds in biomass-derived aromatic oxygenated compounds, mainly including C_aryl—O(H) bonds connecting the carbon of the aromatic ring with the hydroxy-oxygen, ether bonds C_aryl—O—CH₃, and C\stackrel{}{̿}O bonds in the side chain of the aromatic ring. Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is an effective way for cleavage of C—O bonds of aromatic oxygenated compounds. This paper reviews the current research status of complete C— O bond cleavage and selective C—O bond cleavage of biomass-derived aromatic oxygenates, and describes the catalytic cleavage mechanism of C— O bond for typical aromatic oxygenates such as phenol, methylphenol, anisole, guaiacol, eugenol and vanillin. The roles of catalyst properties and structures such as hydrogenation ability, oxophilicity, acid sites, electronic structure and metal sites on C— O bond cleavage of aromatic oxygenated compounds are analyzed. Furthermore, some key issues and research focuses on the C— O bond breaking of aromatic oxygenated compounds are proposed.

Digital twin, as a key technology for the digital transformation and intelligent upgrade of industries, will be deeply integrated with the oil and gas industry under the guidance of national policies, driving the high-quality development of oil and gas field ground systems in the new era. In this paper, the research progress and prospects of the application of digital twins in oil and gas field ground systems are reviewed. Firstly, by sorting out the definition and evolutionary route of digital twin, functions of digital twin in oil and gas field ground system are elaborated based on core features of the full life cycle, real-time, and bidirectional. Secondly, using the bibliometric software VOSviewer, literature survey and keyword co-occurrence analysis on the research and application of digital twin in ground systems from China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) spanning 2010 to 2024 are conducted, which reveal that the exploration of digital twin in China's oil and gas field ground system has completed the transformation from conceptual analysis to practical application. Moreover, a detailed analysis of research hotspots at the device level, station depot level, and system level are provided, and currently, simulation, optimization, fault diagnosis, detection and monitoring are the most widely studied areas. Thirdly, according to the actual situation of the ground system, the future construction objectives, implementation paths, and the key links of ground system digital twins are discussed. It is proposed that ground system digital twin construction should accelerate progress from aspects of clarifying business needs, data integration and governance, three-dimensional modeling and simulation, artificial intelligence algorithm research, building control channels between digital twin bodies and equipment entities, and system iteration optimization. The research results provide reference for the study of intelligent operation of oil and gas field ground systems.

Natural gas has the advantages of clean and low-carbon, high calorific value, high efficiency and flexibility, which is of great significance for promoting the transformation of Chinese new energy structure. LNG receiving stations play vital role in natural gas storage and metering for export. As the key equipment of LNG receiving station, the vaporizer has received extensive attentions in recent years. Scholars have carried out relevant research on the structure and heat transfer performance of vaporizer through experiments and simulations and achieve many valuable results. However, new measures to intensify heat transfer still need to be proposed. In this paper, the operation mode and heat transfer mechanism of common vaporizer used in LNG gasification process are introduced, and the applicable conditions for each type of vaporizer are analyzed. The physical mechanism of the internal flow and heat transfer process of the SuperORV is emphatically introduced, and the influence of various operating parameters, structure designing and icing condition on the gasification performance is summarized. Then the measures and research directions to intensify heat transfer are put forward to provide some reference for the structure and process optimization of vaporizer.

The process of flare gas recovery encompasses an interdisciplinary spectrum, incorporating elements of energy, economics, and environmental studies. Based on the inherent methodologies of these disciplines, different disciplines have different focus points, objectives and evaluation indicators; there are contradictions among the objectives pursued by different disciplines, and incommensurability among the indicators provided by different disciplines due to different meanings and units. This brings difficulties to the quantitative analysis of multi-objective optimization for selecting flare gas recovery methods, yet there are few in-depth studies in existing literature on this aspect. The strategy for balancing the contradictions among the objectives and resolving the incommensurability among indicators based on the monetary form was discussed, it was proposed that the objectives and indicators be further transformed into a uniform monetary form. Therefore, a multi-objective optimization calculation method was developed which transformed the balance of contradictions among multiple objectives and the resolution of incommensurability among indicators into the analysis of the objective function value. Taking the optimization problem for FGR method selecting under varying flare gas emission volumes in a petrochemical enterprise as an example, the strategy and method were applied for quantitative calculation and analysis, and then the optimal solutions corresponding to different flare gas volume were obtained. The analysis showed that the strategy and method had objective, intuitive characteristics and were highly rational. Analysis also showed that the flare gas emission volume and initial investment of recovery system had a significant impact on the optimization for selecting recovery methods.

The production capacity of coal to ethylene glycol in China is rapidly expanding, and the high-value utilization of by-product mixed alcohols has become a major demand. In the paper, a sequential simulated moving bed (SSMB) high-efficiency separation process was proposed for the separation and purification of mixed alcohols. In the process, the IPE-18 was selected as the adsorbent and the ethanol/water (volume ratio 1∶9) was used as the eluent. A 6-column SSMB model was constructed using Aspen chromatography software. A dynamic simulation study on the continuous chromatographic separation of ethylene glycol and 1,2-butanediol was conducted. Using the optimal operating point of "triangle theory" as the initial parameter, the influence of eluent flow rate and sub-step switching time on the product purity and production capacity were explored through a single factor optimization method, and hence the optimal operating parameters and the mechanisms of dynamic change of concentration distribution in columns were obtained. The results showed that under the optimal parameters, the purity and capacity of ethylene glycol reached 98.29% and 0.4303kg/d, respectively. The purity and capacity of 1,2-butanediol could reach 98.11% and 0.0972kg/d, respectively. Consequently, the efficient separation of ethylene glycol and 1,2-butanediol was achieved. Finally, an economic analysis was carried out for the overall process, and the product unit capacity of the 6-column SSMB was 1.07kg/d with the solvent consumption of 4.04. The results of this article would provide effective support for the industrial scale up of sequential simulated moving bed separation of coal-based mixed alcohols.

An important challenge related to the photoelectrochemical water splitting is the reduction in the reaction rate caused by the bubble coverage on the electrode surface. In this study, in-situ observation of bubble evolution on the TiO₂ photoanode surface was achieved using an electrochemical system coupled with a high-speed camera system. The effects of reaction temperature on bubble dynamics and mass transfer were systematically explored. It indicated that both the photocurrent and gas evolution efficiency increased as the reaction temperature rise. Furthermore, the bubble growth coefficients during evolution also increased with temperature, consequently enhancing interfacial mass transfer through micro-convection, including single-phase natural convection and micro-convection induced by gas-liquid interface expansion. Although single-phase natural convection played a dominant role in mass transfer, the micro-convection induced by the expansion of gas-liquid interface gradually intensified with rising reaction temperature. Additionally, the bubble detachment size and growth period decreased with increasing reaction temperature. The dynamic model considering the temperature and concentration Marangoni force was established, and the predicted values matched well with the experimental results.

Acetone and n-heptane are frequently utilized solvents in the chemical industry and are commonly found in industrial wastewater. In this paper, 1-chlorobutane was used as an intermediate boiling point entrainer to separate acetone/n-heptane azeotropes using a sidestream extractive distillation (SSED) process and an extractive distillation with internally circulated (ICED) process, respectively. The two processes were optimized using a multi-objective genetic algorithm with total annual cost, CO₂ emission, and thermodynamic efficiency as evaluation indices, and the optimal equipment parameters and operating parameters were obtained. The optimization results indicated that the ICED process was more cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and thermodynamically efficient than the SSED process. In addition, the dynamic characteristics of the separation of acetone/n-heptane azeotropes using both methods were investigated. The dynamic characteristics of the separation of acetone/n-heptane azeotropes using both the SSED and ICED were investigated, and a reasonable control scheme was designed. After introducing disturbances in feed flow and feed composition, the products of both processes could be recovered close to the set values. The control effects of both processes were quantified using absolute deviation integrals, and the results showed that the ICED had better dynamic controllability.

The flash point of waste tire pyrolysis oil obtained by conventional indirect heat transfer condensation is low. A water spray quenching technology for the condensation of pyrolytic oil and gas was proposed in this paper to solve the problem. The flash point and composition of pyrolysis oil were analyzed by closed cup flash test and GC-MS technique, and the water spray quenching characteristics of waste tire pyrolysis oil-gas were obtained. The results showed that water spray quenching technology condensed the oil-gas rapidly and reduced its partial pressure, thereby reducing the content of low flash point components in the pyrolysis oil significantly and increasing the flash point of the pyrolysis oil. The results of GC-MS analysis showed that the water spray quenching process reduced the content of low carbon components and increased the content of high carbon components in the pyrolysis oil, resulting in a shift in the carbon number distribution of pyrolysis oil components from low carbon to high carbon. Water spray quenching reduced the content of aliphatic hydrocarbons, monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and heteroatomic compounds in the pyrolysis oil while the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was increased. The content of BTEX and D-limonene as high value-added products was also decreased. In addition, water spray quenching reduced the total content of components containing nitrogen or sulfur in the pyrolysis oil, wherein the content of nitrogen compounds and nitrogen-sulfur compounds decreased, while the content of sulfur compounds increased slightly. This study provided a reference for the research on the quality improvement and modification of waste tire pyrolysis oil.

Vacuum batch distillation experiments and simulation studies were conducted on a mixture of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) containing the acetal reactions. The experiments investigated the effects of operating pressure and reflux ratio on the removal efficiency of key impurities, 2-(4-hydroxybutyloxy)-tetrahydrofuran (BGTF) and γ-butyrolactone (GBL). Based on the impurity non-conservation such as BGTF, it was speculated that there was an acetal formation reaction during the distillation process. The vapor-liquid equilibrium data of BDO and the main impurity BGTF were measured at 3—10kPa, and the binary interaction parameters were regressed using the universal quasi-chemical model (UNIQUAC). A batch reactive distillation model was established, and kinetic parameters for the formation of reaction products, including 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran (2-HTHF), BGTF, and GBL, were optimized. Based on these parameters, the effects of operating pressure and reflux ratio on the separation performance were calculated by Aspen. The results showed that when the operating pressure was in the range of 3—5kPa, the separation factor of BDO-BGTF was larger, and increasing the reflux ratio significantly improved the removal efficiency of BGTF. However, as the operating pressure increased, the effect of the reflux ratio on BGTF removal gradually diminished. When the operating pressure increased to 10kPa, an increase in the reflux ratio led to a decrease in BGTF removal efficiency. In conclusion, the best distillation effect was achieved under the conditions of 3kPa and reflux ratio of 10∶1. When the extraction ratio was 0.24, the content of BDO product was 99.65%, which met the requirements of qualified products. At this time, the removal rates of impurities BGTF and GBL were 88.30% and 85.37%, respectively.

Hydrogen energy is critical to the realization of national dual-carbon goals. Due to the unique properties, hydrogen is extremely vulnerable to leakage during storage, transportation and use, which can lead to serious accidents and has become one of the major obstacles to the large-scale application of hydrogen energy. To address the safety challenges in the utilization of hydrogen energy, it is crucial to conduct risk studies. This paper briefly introduces the basic properties of hydrogen, discusses the numerical modeling methods of hydrogen and liquid hydrogen leakage, dispersion, jet flame and explosion, summarizes the evolution laws and internal mechanisms of hydrogen and liquid hydrogen in the processes of leakage, diffusion, jet combustion and explosion, deeply analyzes the key factors affecting the above processes, such as the gas type, storage conditions, leakage conditions, environmental conditions, ventilation conditions, etc., and focuses on the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method in the current research. It points out the shortcomings of current research and provides suggestions for future development directions, which are of guiding significance to promote the research on hydrogen safety and improve the accident prevention and emergency response mechanism.

Solar water splitting for hydrogen production is an effective method for storing solar energy and converting photons into chemical energy. TiO₂ is one of the best materials for solar-driven hydrogen evolution, but poor separation of electron-hole pairs limits its activity, and the combination of TiO₂ photocatalysts and co-catalysts improves hydrogen precipitation performance. Therefore, this paper reviewed in detail the studies related to the enhancement of TiO₂ photocatalytic hydrogen production by metal-based co-catalysts, focusing on noble metal-based co-catalysts, non-precious metal-based co-catalysts, metal-sulfide and metal-phosphide co-catalysts, and bimetallic-based co-catalysts. These studies revealed the key roles of various co-catalysts in enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO₂, demonstrating the broad application prospects of solar cracking hydrogeneration technology. In addition, for a more comprehensive understanding of this technology, this paper provided an in-depth description of the detailed evolutionary mechanism of semiconductor photocatalytic hydrogen production: including reactant adsorption, photoexcitation process, electron and hole migration, and reduction/oxidation reactions. The in-depth analysis of these reaction steps was expected to provide researchers with a clear theoretical framework for better preparation and optimization of co-catalysts in TiO₂ photocatalysis, as well as a deep understanding of the intrinsic mechanism of hydrogen evolution. Finally, the TiO₂-based photocatalysts were summarized and prospected: i.e., the advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of co-catalysts were compared and analyzed, and abundant ideas were provided for the customization of TiO₂-loaded active sites in photo-induced hydrogen precipitation catalysts.

Compared to Ziggler-Natta and Lewis acid catalysts, many characteristics, including better activity, higher molecular weight, single product distribution and greater environmental friendliness, have been found in metallocene catalysis for linear α-olefins (LAO) polymerization. However, its development is limited due to the complex preparation process and strict requirements for the content of water and oxygen in catalytic systems. Based on this, the types, reaction conditions and performance of metallocene catalysts used in previous studies on different LAO monomers were summarized firstly. Subsequently, the main reasons for different performance of catalysts were anal yzed in spatial structure, electronic structure and the cocatalyst influence such as spatial hindrance, β-H proportion and rigidity. Meanwhile, the suitable metallocene catalyst and optimal operating condition for the polymerization of different LAO were proposed. Finally, the construction of catalytic system using organoboron compound as cocatalyst, the subsequent study of the mechanism and influence factors, and the design synthesis of metallocene catalysts with hafnium as metal active center for LAO polymerization were discussed. This review intended to provide theoretical guidance for the development and design of metallocene catalyst for LAO polymerization obtaining high molecular weight products.

The synthesis of higher alcohols is a significant approach for converting non-petroleum resources like coal, natural gas, biomass, CO/CO₂, and others into liquid fuels and high-valued chemicals, which holds great importance in promoting the clean and efficient utilization of coal and CO₂. In recent years, there have been remarkable achievements in the research of modified Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts for higher alcohol synthesis, giving significant enhancements in catalytic performance and selectivity for higher alcohols. Fe-based catalysts have emerged as a research focus in recent years due to their low cost and easy access, and their reaction mechanisms can be drawn upon that of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. However, basic theoretical research still requires to be strengthened. This article presents an overview of the latest research progress on Fe-based catalysts, with a particular emphasis on the properties and reaction mechanisms of active sites in the synthesis of higher alcohols using Fe-based and FeCu-based catalysts. This article reviews the impact of alkali metals, transition metal additives, and non-metallic doping on the structure-activity relationship of catalysts, as well as on enhancing the catalytic activity, higher alcohol selectivity, and catalyst stability. Comparisons were made for commonly used carriers such as SiO₂ and Al₂O₃. A systematic analysis of the preparation methods of Fe-based catalysts is presented in terms of the impregnation method, special structure design, and material composite.

Methanol reforming for hydrogen production is an important development direction to realize the industrial application of hydrogen energy. As catalyst is the core material of methanol reforming, it's performance and life are very important. In this paper, the performance of Cu-based catalysts of commercial Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ were studied with reaction for 10h, 100h, 1000h, the reaction rates of methanol at different catalytic temperatures were analyzed, and the evaluation and prediction methods of catalyst life were innovatively proposed. The influence of high temperature deactivation on the performance of the Cu-based catalyst was systematically studied. Through the characterization of catalyst's specific surface area, Cu grain dispersion and TG-DTG, we found that high temperature sintering and carbon deposition were the main reasons for the deactivation. This research held significant importance for the development and design of long-life methanol reforming system for hydrogen production.

Utilizing the ammonia-evaporation method and employing silica (SiO₂) as a support, we synthesized Cu/SiO₂ catalysts with varying loadings. The influence of Cu catalyst particle size on the performance of methanol nonoxidative dehydrogenation for formaldehyde production was investigated. Characterization results revealed an increase in Cu particle size with Cu loading. The experimental results showed that the rate of methanol dehydrogenation increased with the increase in Cu particle size when the Cu particle size was less than 2.8nm. Accordingly, it was inferred that the active sites for methanol dehydrogenation to formaldehyde might reside on the planar surfaces of the Cu catalyst. Theoretical calculations unveiled that on the Cu (111) plane, the predominant pathways for formaldehyde generation involved the cleavage of O－H and C－H bonds, with the former as the rate-determining step. Furthermore, kinetic experiments were conducted on the 15%Cu/SiO₂ catalyst, which exhibited superior formaldehyde yield. The obtained reaction order and activation energy for methanol conversion were 0.42 and 32.42kJ/mol, respectively, while those for formaldehyde production were 0.45 and 30.23kJ/mol, respectively. These findings could provide valuable insights for the development of highly active and selective catalysts for methanol nonoxidative dehydrogenation.

Mg-modified PtMg/ZSM-22 catalyst with low-content Pt (Pt mass fraction 0.1%) was prepared by incipient wetness co-impregnation method using ZSM-22 as the support. N₂ adsorption, temperature programmed desorption of NH₃, Py-FTIR, OH-FTIR, and 2,6-DTBPy-FTIR were applied to characterize the catalysts. The results revealed that Mg-modification reduced the specific surface area, the micropore volume, the amount of medium-strong Brønsted sites, and the total acid sites on Pt/ZSM-22 catalysts. The hydroisomerization performance of the catalysts was evaluated using n-dodecane as the model reactant in a fixed-bed reactor. The results of n-dodecane hydroisomerization showed that the selectivity of the i-dodecane increases significantly after the modification of the Mg promoter. An i-dodecane yield of 84.3% were obtained on the Pt0.5Mg/ZSM-22 catalyst. According to the results of the reaction and catalyst characterization, the effects of the Mg promoter on the texture properties, acidity, and catalytic performance of the bifunctional catalysts were discussed.

The high activity and durability of three-way catalysts are key factors allowing vehicle exhaust emission to meet the increasingly stringent standards. However, SO₂ in exhaust gas is easily adsorbed by the three-way catalysts, leading to their deactivation. Cu/CeZrO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ and Cu/CeZrSnO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method and tested for three-way catalytic performance and SO₂ resistance. The results showed that the Sn-doped catalysts exhibited high three-way catalytic performance and SO₂ resistance. A combination of XRD, H₂-TPR, O₂-TPD, XPS, SO₂-TPD and TG characterization confirmed that Sn doping induced the generation of abundant Ce³⁺ and more oxygen vacancies, and accelerated the lattice oxygen migration, which led to the participation of a large amount of surface adsorbed oxygen in the catalytic reaction. In addition, Sn doping contributed to the generation of unsaturated sites that could accept electrons from Cu⁺, thus promoting the formation of Cu²⁺. Moreover, Cu²⁺ as the active site of the three-way catalytic reaction, had a high adsorption energy when it was in contact with SO₂, which effectively attenuates the adsorption of SO₂ on Cu/CeZrSnO₂/γ-Al₂O₃, and further protects the active component of three-way catalyst from sulfurization while improving the catalytic efficiency.

Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) is currently the most widely used industrial NO _x removal technology. TiO₂ supported vanadium-based catalysts are the most widely used commercial catalysts. However, there are still many problems to be addressed, such as poor low-temperature (<300℃) activity, narrow temperature activity window (300—400℃), and high vanadium toxicity, which limits their application in low temperature flue gas industry. Consequently, the development of high-performance low-temperature SCR catalysts is an important direction of research. Mn and Ce, due to their good low-temperature performance, were selected as the active components, and Mo doping was used to enhance the SO₂ resistance of the catalyst. The catalyst samples were characterized by N₂ adsorption and desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The results showed that the presence of SO₂ lowered the NH₃-SCR activity of the Mn_2.5Ce₁/SiC catalyst, while Mo modification could reduce the inhibitory effect. SO₂ would compete with NH₃ for adsorption on the catalyst surface, thereby inhibiting the NH₃-SCR activity of the catalyst. When the molar ratio of Mn∶Ce∶Mo was 2.5∶1∶0.07, the catalyst achieved the best performance, of which the denitrification performance and anti-SO₂ poisoning performance were better than that of the Mn_2.5Ce₁/SiC catalyst without Mo doping. The Mo modification increased the adsorbed oxygen content on the catalyst surface and weakened the poisoning effect of SO₂ on the catalyst surface.

Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction is an effective technology to mitigate CO₂ emissions and promote green energy development. However, the conversion of CO₂ into high-value compounds and fuels (C₂₊) on an industrial scale still faces many challenges. In this paper, Cu-Ag alloy nanoclusters were successfully loaded on carbon paper (CP) by magnetron co-sputtering technology, and five carbon-based Cu-Ag electrodes (Cu-Ag/CP) with different Cu/Ag ratios were prepared by adjusting the sputtering frequency of Ag targets, in which Cu-Ag20W/CP particle sizes ranged from 228nm to 285nm, and their electrochemical performance were evaluated. The results showed that Cu-Ag/CP could effectively inhibit the hydrogen evolution reaction and increase the production of C₂₊. Its Faraday efficiency of C₂₊ (\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{2}+}}) was 2.21 times that of carbon-based Cu electrode. Under constant potential of -1.07V vs. RHE and CO₂ gas flow rate of 5 sccm, the \mathrm{F}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{2}+}} could reach 78.74% and the current density could reach 67.92mA/cm². After continuous operation for 8h, its catalytic performance and surface structure were relatively stable. Cu-Ag/CP had a large electrochemical active area and electrical conductivity, and obviously had the characteristics of tandem catalyst. The introduction of Ag increased the formation site of *CO, and desorption *CO transferred to the Cu surface for *CO dimerization. Cu-Ag/CP was a promising electrocatalytic material, the synthesis method of this material was suitable for large-scale continuous production mode, and the product was a high-value C₂₊ product, which was expected to provide a technical reference for the industrialization of electrocatalytic CO₂ in the future.

The current excessive emission of carbon dioxide (CO₂) has led to global problems such as the greenhouse effect, glacier melting and climate anomalies. In order to solve this problem, CO₂ hydrogenation is proposed to prepare various high value-added chemicals. This solution can not only effectively reduce the problem of excessive CO₂ concentration, but also achieve the resourceful use of CO₂ to alleviate the energy crisis. In this study, Zn-modulated K-nFe/Zn catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation and isocratic impregnation for the hydrogenation of CO₂ to low-carbon olefins (C₂⁼—C₄⁼), with emphasis on the effect of Zn content on the catalytic activity. The results of catalyst evaluation showed that at 320℃, 3MPa, and H₂/CO₂=3, the catalyst exhibited the highest CO₂ conversion of 29.3% and low carbon olefin selectivity of 33.8% with Fe/Zn=1. The results of charging showed that the modulating effect of Zn could effectively increase the dispersion degree of Fe nanoparticles and reduce the reduction temperature of Fe-based catalysts, while Zn was also able to promote the formation of iron carbide, which enhanced the performance of CO₂ hydrogenation to low-carbon olefins.

In recent years, superamphiphobic surfaces have attracted widespread attention in various fields, surpassing superhydrophobic and superoleophobic. Expect for the micronano rough structure and the long chain fluorosilanes with low surface energy, it is necessary to design concave-curved surfaces (i.e. re-entrant structures) in micronano rough structure for the construction of superamphiphobic surface. This design allows more air to be stored, further supporting the liquid and achieving the hydrophobic behavior of liquids with low surface energy. According to the different application scenarios, this review firstly described and compared the current status of under-liquid superamphiphobic, under-air superhydrophobic/under-liquid superoleophobic and under-air superamphiphobic surfaces, including their respective advantage limitations. Then, the fabrication methods, research progress and their influence on the liquid repellency behavior of T-shaped re-entrants, double re-entrants, mushroom-shaped re-entrants and trapezoidal concave re-entrants were summarized. Finally, the challenges associated with superamphiphobic surfaces were discussed along with their future development directions, providing valuable insights for the research in this field.

Sustainable development is facing two major challenges: environmental pollution and energy crisis. Solar energy is a sustainable, clean and inexpensive green energy source. Therefore, the efficient use and conversion of solar energy have attracted widespread attention. Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) have gained extensive explorations as a highly versatile platform for functional applications in many research fields. Moreover, Heterostructured MOF-on-MOF composites are recently becoming a research hotspot, which are assembled by two or more different MOF with various structures and morphologies. Compared with single MOF, MOF-on-MOF composites display unprecedented tunability, richer active sites and synergistic effects, which exhibit great application potential in photocatalysis. Therefore, the article mainly reviewed the research progress on the preparation and photocatalytic performance of MOF-on-MOF composites from three aspects: photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, photocatalytic water splitting, photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and photocatalytic organic transformation. The synthesis strategies of MOF-on-MOF composites were summarized, including epitaxial growth, surfactant assistant growth, ligand/metal ion exchange and nucleation kinetic guided growth. The characteristics of various strategies were discussed. The advantages of MOF-on-MOF composites were analyzed in photocatalysis. It was pointed out that it was necessary to further improve the precise control and manipulation of MOF-on-MOF with high complexity, explore the clear photocatalytic reaction path and mechanism of MOF-on-MOF, expand the photocatalytic application field of MOF-on-MOF and lay a foundation for the industrial application of MOF-on-MOF.

Superhydrophobic surfaces have a wide range of applications in numerous fields and various preparation methods have been developed. As a green and efficient non-contact processing method, laser processing technology has unique advantages in preparing superhydrophobic surfaces. Based on the theory of surface wetting, this review outlined the characteristics and pattern types of laser-treated surfaces. It provided an overview of laser construction methods for superhydrophobic surfaces on various materials including laser one-step preparation, laser combined with chemical modification and laser combined with other technologies. The strengths and weaknesses of the different production methods were analyzed. Subsequently, the progress of laser technology to construct superhydrophobic surfaces of various materials in the anti-icing and fog collection was introduced. It was inspiring to expand the application and enhance the performance of materials. Finally, some problems of constructing superhydrophobic surfaces with laser processing at the present stage were pointed out. The studies on the effect of laser on the surface, wetting theory, large-scale application and surface repair mechanism still needed to be further explored to provide more possibilities for fabricating stable and durable superhydrophobic surfaces.

The widespread applications of oxidizer materials in industries such as industrial explosives, missiles and solid propellants underscore their undeniable importance for industrial society. However, due to the highly polar surfaces and unique structures of these oxidizer materials, they exhibit high susceptibility to moisture absorption, which significantly impacts their performance and reliability in solid propellants. Therefore, this paper first introduced the classification, structure and chemical composition of oxidizer materials, laying the groundwork for subsequent summarization. Secondly, the latest research advancements in moisture prevention of oxidizer materials were summarized for further exploring methods to improve their moisture resistance. Finally, after reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of oxidizer materials in the field of solid propellants, several suggestions for research on the anti-hygroscopic properties of oxidizers were offered: conducting an in-depth study of the molecular structure and surface properties of oxidizer materials; introducing nanotechnology and developing composite materials that enhanced these properties; exploring new surface coating technologies or encapsulation processes to improve oxidizer materials; taking into account factors such as thermal stability, low sensitivity and compatibility with other components of solid propellants (like adhesive matrix networks); and focusing on the industrial production and practical application feasibility of these advancements. This would significantly enhance the oxidizer material's performance for the advancement of China's missile and aerospace industries.

The global sulfur production has reached more than 70 million tons, of which about 10% cannot be effectively used. The reverse vulcanization method provided a new way for high value-added conversion of sulfur. Vegetable oil is a kind of abundant, cheap and renewable green resource. It is of great significance to study the preparation of high sulfur polymer from vegetable oil and sulfur through reverse vulcanization. This paper introduced the basic principle of preparation of high sulfur polymer by reverse vulcanization of vegetable oil, and the progress of preparation of high sulfur polymer by different types of vegetable oil such as rapeseed oil and soybean oil was summarized. The application and mechanism of plant oil-based high sulfur polymer in heavy metal adsorption, self-healing, slow release fertilizer, crude oil adsorption and other fields were introduced. It was pointed out that the sulfur content of vegetable oil-based high sulfur polymers had certain limitations and further exploration of the structure-activity relationship was needed. The amount of sodium chloride used for pore formation was large and further optimization of the pore formation process was necessary. The mechanical properties of the polymer were poor, and other materials should be introduced and the synthesis process needed to be improved. Finally, it was suggested that the future research direction was to study the synthesis of high sulfur polymer from soybean oil and gutter oil, and slow release fertilizer had great application potential.

The self-repairing anti-corrosion coatings is a type of advanced special functional coatings that can realize automatic repair of minor coating damage, providing long-term corrosion protection function for metals. In recent years, although the research on the self-repairing anti-corrosion coatings in the field of coatings has attracted much attention, there is still insufficient detailed classification and in-depth exploration of it, which to some extent limits the comprehensive understanding of its function and application potential. This manuscript provided an in-depth analysis of the operating principle of the self-repairing anti-corrosion coatings, elaborated on its diverse types, and systematically reviewed the research achievements in this field. While affirming its ability to achieve continuous coating integrity and significantly improve corrosion resistance, it also pointed out potential defects in current coatings such as low self-repairing efficiency and high requirements for self-repairing conditions. In response to these issues, this article proposed a series of optimization suggestions, hoping to provide valuable references for the future development of coating technology. With the continuous progress of technology, the self-repairing anti-corrosion coatings was expected to play a more important role in automotive manufacturing, marine engineering, hydropower and nuclear power, and other fields, providing solid guarantees for the long-term and stable anti-corrosion protection of metal substrates, and promoting the sustainable development of related industries.

Nanomaterials can reduce the formation of water cluster structures and significantly reduce injection pressure. Due to their nanoscale nature, they can form a wedge-shaped separation pressure in the three-phase contact area, greatly reducing oil displacement resistance. In addition, they also have oil displacement mechanisms such as reducing interfacial tension and improving wettability, which can effectively enhance the recovery of low-permeability reservoirs. The shape of nanomaterials has a significant impact on oil displacement performance. The commonly used nanomaterials were reviewed and a detailed summary of the mechanism by which nanomaterials enhanced oil recovery was provided. The focus was on the research progress and development prospects of different shaped nanomaterials in enhanced oil recovery field. It indicated that compared to spherical nanomaterials, sheet-like nanomaterials had a clear orientation arrangement, lower interfacial free energy, stronger adsorption and great potential for application. However, the long-term stability of some sheet-like nanomaterials such as molybdenum disulfide could not be guaranteed in geological conditions, which limited their application in low-permeability reservoirs. For sheet-like nanomaterials, it was necessary to conduct in-depth research on their modification strategies and modified material properties, especially their stability in extreme high temperature and high salt condition in order to promote the development of nanomaterials in enhanced oil recovery field.

Air pollution is a serious threat to human health, and the respiratory-protection masks can effectively prevent the damage of air pollutants to health and the spread of respiratory infectious diseases. However, the traditional micron fiber masks have disadvantages such as non-reusable and single function. The nanofiber membrane respirator protective masks prepared by electrospinning technology shows many advantages such as high efficiency, low resistance and multi-function. In this review, the research progress of respiratory protective masks based on electrospun nanofiber membranes in recent years was reviewed from the perspectives of research background, working principle, preparation method and practical application. The research directions of electrospun nanofiber masks included durable nanofiber membrane masks, antibacterial nanofiber membrane masks, volatile organic compounds adsorption nanofiber membrane masks and degradable nanofiber membrane masks. Finally, the challenges and future research directions of electrospun nanofiber membrane respirator protective masks were discussed, and the new development directions of respirator protective masks in the future were pointed out, including good moisture resistance, excellent comfort and multi-pollutant integrated removal performance. The results showed that electrospun nanofiber mask had tremendous development potential and application foreground in respiratory protection and can better cope with the increasingly complex and diverse respiratory protection applications.

With the rapid development of industry, the emission of industrial by-product gypsum has increased sharply. At present, the stacking-landfill-based treatment method not only wastes a lot of resources, but also seriously pollutes the ecological environment. Therefore, large-scale consumption of industrial by-product gypsum is imminent. Among the gypsum phases, α‍-hemihydrate gypsum has excellent properties which has been widely applied in various practical projects. Using industrial by-product gypsum to prepare α‍-hemihydrate gypsum, realizing the high value-added utilization of gypsum, has great application value. Whereas, the pretreatment method of industrial by-product gypsum, the preparation method of α‍-hemihydrate gypsum as well as the crystal form regulation are important influencing factors for the preparation of α‍‍-hemihydrate gypsum. Based on this, in this paper the industrial sources of α‍-hemihydrate gypsum and the key technologies of preparation at home and abroad were reviewed. The effects of pretreatment methods such as physical and chemical methods on the purification of industrial by-product gypsum were summarized, the crystallization mechanism of α‍-hemihydrate gypsum was discussed, and different preparation methods were compared and evaluated. The crystal form control methods such as stirring and ball milling were reviewed, the effect of crystal modifier on the crystal form of α‍-hemihydrate gypsum was analyzed, and the crystal transformation mechanism was pointed out.

With the continuous progress of science and technology and the increasing diversification of application needs, flexible sensors have become a research hotspot due to their unique advantages. As a commonly used polymer material, polyacrylate has become an ideal substrate material for manufacturing flexible sensors due to its excellent water resistance, weather resistance and scene adaptability. However, polyacrylate-based flexible sensors still face some challenges in practical applications. For example, the adhesion of the sensor affects its contact stability with the skin, while the in vivo adaptation problem is related to the safety of the sensor in the human body. In this paper, the latest research progress of polyacrylate-based flexible sensors in recent years was introduced, the sensing mechanisms of piezoresistive, capacitive and piezoelectric sensors were expounded, and the research progress of polyacrylate flexible sensors was analyzed and summarized according to the conductive fillers. As a high-tech product with a wide range of application prospects, the future development trend of polyacrylate-based flexible sensor would be the integration and application of multi-functional, self-powered and wireless transmission technology. Through continuous technological innovation and research, it was believed that polyacrylate-based flexible sensors would play a more important role in many fields such as medical health, smart equipment and environmental monitoring, and make greater contributions to the development of human society.

EP/PPO/BDP flame retardant composites were prepared by modifying epoxy resin/the low molecular weight polyphenylene (EP/PPO) with bis(diphenyl)phosphate (BDP). Through LCR bridge, TGA, UL-94, LOI, cone calorimetry and mechanical tests, the effects of liquid flame retardant BDP on dielectric properties, thermal degradation properties, flame retardancy and mechanical properties of EP/PPO composites were studied. The results showed that the dielectric constant of the composites decreased from 2.81 to 1.27 (2M) when the loading of BDP was 10%. Although the initial degradation temperature of the composites decreased slightly, the char residue increased obviously at the high temperature. Only adding 5% BDP could make EP/PPO materials reached UL-94 V-0, which reduced the heat release rate, the smoke release and the toxic gas release of EP to a great extent. The fire hazard of EP composites was effectively reduced at the same time. The excellent mechanical properties of the EP/PPO composites were maintained, which indicated that the compatibility of the BDP and the EP/PPO composites was good.

Electroplating copper within through-holes serves as a crucial technique for interconnecting high-performance printed circuit boards (PCBs). Improving the throwing power (TP) of copper plating through these holes is essential for advancing PCB technology. This article explored the influence of methyl red (MR) on three key aspects: the electrochemical behavior of the plating solution, the surface morphology of the electrodeposited copper layer and the uniformity of through-hole copper plating. Firstly, electrochemical assessments were conducted to examine how methyl red and flow velocity affect the performance of acidic copper electroplating systems. Subsequently, copper layers were electrodeposited within through-holes, and the effects of methyl red on the surface morphology of these copper layers were investigated through roughness measurements and X-ray diffraction analysis. Finally, to evaluate the effect on plating uniformity, cross-sections of the through-holes were prepared and analyzed by using a metallographic microscope. Within the range of 0—1600r/min, increasing convective velocity accelerated the copper deposition rate. Additionally, as the concentration of methyl red increases from 0 to 9mg/L, the deposition rate initially increased and then slowed down. Under the condition of a current density of 2A/dm², the addition of 6mg/L MR could enhance the brightness of the copper layer surface, reduce the roughness to 0.287μm, and improve the TP of the plated through hole to 0.978. To summarize, methyl red was a special copper electroplating leveler with a depolarization effect.

The efficient, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective synthesis of zeolites holds significant importance in both academic and industrial applications. Traditionally, the synthesis of pure silicon MFI zeolite (Silicalite-1) through hydrothermal methods employing non-organic amine systems posed substantial challenges due to weak directing abilities and competitive growth of impure phases. In this study, Silicalite-1 zeolite was successfully synthesized in a methanol system, and particular attention was paid to the role of methanol and the crystallization conditions (water-to-silica ratio, alcohol-to-silica ratio, etc.) during the hydrothermal synthesis process. Computational and characterization techniques such as Monte Carlo simulations, XRD, SEM, TG, N₂ adsorption-desorption, and NH₃-TPD were employed. The results indicated that the introduction of seed crystals significantly improved the initial nucleation difficulties in the methanol system; a pure phase of Silicalite-1 with high crystallinity was directly synthesized when the seed crystal input was 3% and the alcohol-to-silica ratio was 3.3, showing excellent catalytic activity in the MTP reaction. Lastly, the low-cost synthesis strategy for Silicalite-1 proposed in this paper has notable research value and industrial application prospects.

In order to solve the problems of high energy consumption, low production efficiency and poor product quality caused by high reaction temperature and long reaction time in the process of semi-aromatic polyamide polymerization, powder semi-aromatic polyamide PA12T was prepared by direct solid state polymerization (DSSP) with PA12T salt as raw material. The influence of polymerization process on the intrinsic viscosity and nascent state of the product was systematically studied, and the optimized process conditions were obtained. Different heating rates were also used to ensure the material being always in a solid state during the polymerization process, the room temperature rose to 180℃ at the rate of 3℃/min (180℃ was the first predetermined temperature), and then rose from 180℃ to 210℃ (210℃ was the second predetermined temperature) in the way of step heating with heating rate of 5℃ within 30 minutes. The volume ratio of water consumption and equipment was 25g/L and holding time in the negative pressure stage was 1—6h. The maximum reaction temperature was 210℃ and the time was 7—12h in the whole polymerization process. The intrinsic viscosity of the product was 0.80—1.73dL/g, the melting point was 317℃, the initial thermal decomposition temperature was 392℃, the tensile strength was 76.1MPa, the elongation at break was 39.4%, the bending strength was 42.6MPa and the notch impact strength was 9.47kJ/m².

To achieve carbon peaking and neutrality targets, the development of efficient carbon capture technologies is essential. Membrane absorption, which integrates chemical absorption with emerging membrane technology, holds advantages of both methods. However, its absorption performance is restricted by membrane wetting. In this study, a superhydrophobic PVDF membrane was prepared via in-situ FeOOH growth and low surface energy substance grafting. The successful modification of superhydrophobic FeOOH/PVDF membrane was confirmed through scanning electron microscope, Fourier infrared spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle analyzer, etc. The static water contact angle of the modified membrane was 152.6° and the rolling angle was 8.2°, proving it's superhydrophobic. CO₂ membrane absorption experiments revealed that the modified membrane held CO₂ removal rate that higher than 50% under various operating conditions, showing good absorption performance. In a 40-hours membrane absorption experiment, the modified membrane consistently maintained an average absorption flux of 4.4mmol/(m²∙s), while the pristine membrane got wet within 20hours and its flux decreased to 2.8mmol/(m²∙s), proving the significant role of superhydrophobic modification in enhancing the membrane's lifespan.

A thorough investigation on the quantitative impacts of grating geometric parameters on the detection performance of smart hydrogel grating sensors is an essential prerequisite for rationally designing their geometric structures. In this study, the N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) monomers and tetra-arm polyethylene glycol acrylamide (tetra-arm-PEGAAm) regarded as large-molecule cross-linking agent were used to synthetize temperature-responsive smart hydrogel grating sensor, and three various heights of hydrogel gratings were fabricated by microcontact printing to explore their influences on the detection performances. The results indicated that, the fabricated hydrogel gratings exhibited highly regular and ordered surface microstructures under both dry and wet conditions, and always possessing with high transparency and real-time reversible response properties. Besides, as the height of hydrogel grating increased, the diffraction signals of smart hydrogel grating sensors could be obviously enhanced under the same temperature stimulus, thus exhibiting more pronounced changes in diffraction efficiency and signal amplification. These findings in this study provided valuable guidance for the rational design of the geometric structures of smart hydrogel grating sensors.

There is structural heterogeneity in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films prepared by solvent evaporation. In this study, PVA with molecular weights (M_w) of 27000, 47000, 75000 and 98000 were used for experiments. It was focused on the process of formation, structure and properties of PVA films, and the influence of polymerization degree (DP) on the rheological properties, structural homogeneity, hygroscopic and water-resistant properties of the PVA films, as well as its mechanical properties and optical properties were investigated. The results showed that with the increase of DP, the required concentration for liquid-solid transformation of PVA aqueous solution decreased and the structural heterogeneity of PVA films in the longitudinal section also decreased. Besides, the contact angle of PVA film increased with the increase of DP, which was attributed to the decrease of surface roughness. PVA-1 (M_w≈27000), the lowest DP, had the highest sensitivity to moisture and the worst water resistance. Both the DP and the moisture content indicated the significant impact on the mechanical properties of PVA film. When the moisture content reached to 5%, the yield point just disappeared, resulting in the obvious stress whitening phenomenon during the tensile process. It was attributed to the water in the PVA film which was treated as a stress concentration point during loading, resulting in micropores formation.

Using amphoteric aluminates coupling agent DL-411 (ACA) as the modifier, potassium bicarbonate (PB) was modified by ethanol dissolution followed by evaporation and high-temperature melting methods, and the high-temperature potassium bicarbonate foaming agent (ACA@PB) prepared was applied to the production process of polypropylene microfoam materials to meet the functionalization needs of lightweight and high-performance polypropylene microfoam materials. And the thermal decomposition properties, preparation conditions and microcosmic morphology of ACA@PB were investigated by using thermogravimetric (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared (FTIR) characterization methods. The results showed that when the mass ratio of ACA and PB was 3∶5, the thermal decomposition temperature of PB was increased from 155.9℃ to 203.9℃, and the decomposition temperature interval was shortened from 78.0℃ to 40.0℃; When the addition amount of ACA@PB was 4%, the tensile strength of polypropylene microfoam was 30.30MPa, the elasticity modulus was 1.73GPa, and elongation at break was 9.67%, the unnotched impact strength of simply supported beam was 63.07kJ/m², which was in line with the processing and application of industrialised polypropylene microfoam.

Due to different aging levels of reclaimed asphalt pavement, it is difficult to meet the requirements of pavement performance with one rejuvenator used in the mixing proportions of asphalt mixture. Base oils, plasticizers, tackifying resin and anti-aging materials were used to prepare the rejuvenator. Based on extremum difference analysis and response surface methodology, the performance of rejuvenator was tested by flash point, thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry and four-component experiments. Penetration, ductility and rheological properties of rejuvenated asphalt were tested to verify aging quality resistance and rejuvenated effects. The results indicated that mixing proportions of rejuvenator under multiple influencing factors could be effectively improved with the combination of extremum difference analysis and response surface methodology. As the asphalt aging level increased, the tackifying resin content decreased and plasticizers content increased in requirement of rejuvenator. it was required that rejuvenator should contain at least 45% or more of heavy components to ensure its thermal stability. Residual needle penetration and ductility could be used to evaluate the anti-aging performance of rejuvenator.

With the continuous development of industrialization, human society's exploitation of mineral raw materials is deepening, and many resources are facing supply crises. In order to better calculate the criticality of the mineral and meet low-carbon needs, numerous research teams have developed methods for studying the criticality of raw materials. This study provided a detailed discussion of four typical critical evaluation methods for raw materials in the United States, the European Union and China, as well as eight other methods with significant research value. A thorough analysis of the advantages, disadvantages and applicability of each method was conducted for 73 critical raw materials. By sorting out the evaluation framework of the evaluation method, summarizing the evaluation results, comparing the presentation forms of the evaluation and summarizing the specific applications of the method, the results showed that most critical evaluations included three major indicators: supply risk, vulnerability to supply constraints and environmental impact. The presentation methods were roughly divided into weighted sum method and matrix analysis method. Analysis indicated that there were limitations in the evaluation objects, incomplete indicators and low accuracy in each evaluation method at the current stage. On this basis, the current research status of the criticality of raw materials was discussed and 28 recognized key raw materials such as lithium and cobalt were identified. Finally, it was proposed that the future development of critical evaluation of raw materials needed to possess four basic properties, namely comprehensiveness, customizability, predictability and accuracy in order to promote the popularization of critical evaluation in industrial production processes and provide theoretical and data support for promoting industrial green and low-carbon.

Asphalt materials will release a large amount of solid particles and harmful gases during the mixing, transportation and paving stages, collectively known as asphalt fumes. In order to alleviate the adverse effects of asphalt fumes and promote the rapid development of green transportation, domestic and foreign scholars have carried out extensive research on the indoor and outdoor detection methods, release characteristics and suppression measures of asphalt fumes. Due to the differences in fumes detection methods and evaluation indicators adopted by different scholars, the correlation between detection data and evaluation results is low. Additionally, there is a lack of systematic research on the formation mechanism of asphalt fumes and the mechanism of fumes suppression, which makes the fumes suppression asphalt insufficient in terms of inhibition effect and road performance. This paper reviewed the research status of asphalt fumes at home and abroad, summarized the existing asphalt fumes detection methods, and compared the advantages and disadvantages of each detection method and the scope of application. The release characteristics of asphalt fumes were described from three aspects: asphalt type, temperature and heating time. The fumes suppression effect and suppression mechanism of various suppression measures were compared and analyzed. Finally, it was proposed that the future asphalt fumes suppression technology should be studied from the aspects of developing efficient and standardized fumes detection technology, exploring the evolution mechanism and transformation relationship of various substances in fumes, developing new composite porous suppression materials, and environmental benefits and health risk assessment, which laid a foundation for achieving efficient emission reduction of asphalt fumes.

Recycling of waste plastics for asphalt modification is important to achieve the resourceful use of waste plastics and improve base asphalt properties. Therefore, it has received wide attention in the field of waste plastics processing and asphalt pavement. This paper focused on the compatibility and the performance of waste plastic modified asphalt. Current situation of waste plastics and its application in the field of asphalts was systematically described. The characterization and enhancement methods of compatibility of waste plastic modified asphalt were summarized. Moreover, the research results of high and low temperature properties, rheological, fatigue and aging properties of waste plastic modified asphalt were reviewed and analyzed. Comprehensive asphalt performance and the research status put forward the research recommendations. In the future, the mechanism of waste plastics used in asphalt modification should be clarified through multi-scale methods. The constitutive relationship between waste plastic structure and asphalt properties should be investigated. In addition, low-cost ways to improve the compatibility and low-temperature performance of waste plastic modified asphalt should be identified and the performance evaluation system should be enriched by combining the characteristics of modified asphalt including compatibility and aging property.

In the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is the most ideal strategy to achieve flue gas decarbonization in coal-fired power plants. As for CCUS technologies, microalgae-based carbon sequestration is a promising CO₂ utilization method. Microalgae grow fast and convert CO₂ into high value-added microalgal products/bioproducts. However, due to the low utilization of light energy and CO₂, the current economic feasibility of microalgae-based carbon sequestration has not met the requirements of commercialization, and further research is still needed. Based on the relevant research at home and abroad, this review firstly illustrates the process of dissolution, transformation and utilization of flue gas in microalgae suspension and the phenomenon of light attenuation. Meanwhile, the effects of CO₂, light quality and intensity on the growth and carbon sequestration performance of microalgae are discussed. Secondly, the methods to improve CO₂ fixation efficiency and photosynthetic efficiency of microalgae are reviewed from three aspects: breeding algal species with high carbon fixation capacity, enhancing CO₂ mass transfer and optimizing light supply strategies. The principle is briefly elucidated to provide constructive ideas for the follow-up research. Finally, the utilization direction of microalgal biomass is prospected to provide essential reference for the application of microalgae-based carbon sequestration in the process of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in China.

As a typical microporous material, ZIF-8 (zeolitic imidazolate framework-8) has a single pore structure and limited metal loading, which affects its catalytic degradation performance. The addition of ZnO as a template can effectively adjust the pore size and pore structure of ZIF-8, and has the characteristics of large specific surface area, high metal loading and rich pore structure. The morphology, chemical composition and bimetallic loading of the materials were analyzed in detail by means of SEM, ICP-OES and BET. The characterization test results showed that in the hierarchical porous (micro/mesoporous) Co-Ni-N-C material derived from the addition of ZnO template, the double metal elements were highly dispersed, not easy to agglomerate, and contained abundant active sites. The results of degradation experiments indicated that the degradation rate of levofloxacin (LEV) could reach 97.02% at t=30min when the dosage of Co-Ni-N-C and peroxonosulfate (PMS) was 0.30g/L and pH=9. In the Co-Ni-N-C/PMS catalytic system, the active species such as hydroxyl radical (·OH), sulfate radical (·SO₄^-), superoxide radical (·O₂^–) and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) produced by the catalytic system reacted with LEV in water, resulting in the decomposition or conversion of LEV into other substances, making it a smaller molecule or harmless compound.

Using Na₂CO₃, NaOH, modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA1788), PAC, and Na₂SiO₃ as raw materials, a water-soluble double-layer granular water treatment agent was developed for treating high hardness water. The modified PVA1788 was prepared through an addition reaction to enhance its water solubility. Microscopic analysis of the modified PVA1788 was conducted using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, and Fourier infrared spectrometry. Subsequently, the removal efficiency of the reagent was assessed, and the impacts of storage time, reaction water temperature, pH, and reaction time on the reagent were explored. The outcomes demonstrated that Na₂CO₃ and NaOH effectively eliminated water hardness, while the modified PVA1788 exhibited improved water solubility, enhancing the reagent’s overall solubility. The double-layer granular agent was resilient to environmental variations, exhibiting versatility in usage. Even after storage for 5—30 days post-use, it remained effective, maintaining a stable hardness removal efficiency of 92%—94%. The two-layer granular reagent released its inner and outer layer components sequentially, revolutionizing the conventional step-by-step addition method in water treatment processes and streamlining the treatment procedure.

Supercritical water oxidation is an effective technology capable of efficiently and harmlessly treating toxic and complex organic wastes. However, inorganic salt solubility decreases dramatically near the critical point of water, and deposited salt can lead to reactor clogging, which has become a fundamental bottleneck for the large-scale application of this technology. Therefore, the dissolution characteristics and mechanisms of typical sulphates Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄ in sub-/supercritical water were investigated in this study. Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄ solubilities in water were obtained over a wider temperature and pressure range. It was found that the solubilities of Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄ increased about 8931 times and 36211 times in the water density range of 84.13—540.46kg/m³, respectively. The solubility of K₂SO₄ was higher than that of Na₂SO₄ under the same conditions. Solubility did not strictly increase with increasing water density. Na₂SO₄ solubility (64.375mg/L) at high density (215.18kg/m³ at 25MPa and 663.15K) was significantly 13 times lower than that (906.141mg/L) at low density (195.73kg/m³ at 21MPa and 643.15K). Because the former was in the supercritical state while the latter was in the subcritical state. The decreasing rate of solubility at 643.15—663.15K was much higher than that at 663.15—723.15K, which was consistent with the trend of water density and dielectric constant with temperature. Micro-mechanisms such as ion nucleation properties in the binary brine system of Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄ were revealed by molecular dynamics. Cl^- had a lower charge/radius ratio than SO₄^2- and SO₄^2- with polyatomic ionic structure had more coordination layers than Cl^- with monatomic, thus the solubility of chloride salts was higher than that of sulphate salts. Hydrated Na⁺, K⁺ and SO₄^2- ions could be formed at room temperature and pressure, and water molecules had a strong electrostatic shielding effect on salt ions. The electrostatic shielding effect was weakened under supercritical conditions, and ions collided and aggregated to form clusters, resulting in salt crystals. The results could provide a guidance for the further development of supercritical water technology.

Melting is an efficient method for harmless disposal of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. Experimental study on the co-melting of silica-aluminum additives with fly ash was carried out to analyze the effects of different silica-aluminum mineral components on the melting characteristics and the solidification of heavy metals of fly ash. It was found that the silica-aluminum components and thermal treatment temperature had significant impacts on the melting of fly ash and the chlorinated volatilization of heavy metals. Among them, the addition of SiO₂ could effectively reduce the melting temperature of fly ash. When the addition amount was 20%, a large number of amorphous vitreous bodies began to appear in the product. The addition of a moderate amount of Al₂O₃ helped the solidification of heavy metals, but it had no obvious promotion effect on the melting of fly ash. High temperature and the addition of Si-Al mineral components were conducive to the promotion of the direct or indirect chlorination of heavy metals, making them volatilize in the form of chlorides, while alkali metal silica-aluminates were produced. In addition, montmorillonite was superior to kaolin in promoting the melting of fly ash and solidifying heavy metals, and the continuous leaching toxicity of the thermal treatment products could meet the standards.

In this study, natural clinoptilolite was used for the first time as a raw material to synthesize analcime (ANA) by a hydrothermal method without the need for additional silicon-aluminium sources. The resulting ANA was further modified using NaOH and NaCl to obtain OH-ANA and Na-ANA. The synthesized zeolites were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, BET, zeta potential and ICP-OES. The adsorption performance of the synthesized zeolites for Pb²⁺ was investigated. The results showed that the specific surface areas of modified Na-ANA and OH-ANA were higher than those of ANA. The maximum adsorption capacities of Na-ANA and OH-ANA for Pb²⁺ were 96.00mg/g and 125.54mg/g, respectively, both higher than that of ANA (71.95mg/g), indicating an improvement in the adsorption performance after modification. The adsorption of Pb²⁺ by ANA, Na-ANA and OH-ANA was an endothermic spontaneous process following pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models. The adsorption rate was controlled by both external and intraparticle diffusion. Material characterization results showed that the adsorption mechanisms involved the synergistic effects of electrostatic attraction, ion exchange and chemical complexation for ANA, Na-ANA and OH-ANA towards Pb²⁺. Regeneration cycle experiments showed that OH-ANA had good renewable properties. In conclusion, ANA, Na-ANA and OH-ANA had potential applications in the removal of heavy metal ions.

In this study, solid waste based composite cementitious materials were prepared using coal gasification slag, circulating fluidized bed fly ash and cement. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) were selected as chemical admixtures. The effects of single admixture and the NaOH-Na₂SO₄ mixed admixture on the compressive strength, fluidity, setting time and shrinkage of composite cementitious materials were investigated. The hydration mechanism was analyzed using isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), simultaneous thermal analysis (TG-DTG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that the incorporation of all three chemical admixtures could shorten the setting time of the composite cementitious system and reduce the fluidity of the system. The moderate addition of NaOH and the Na₂CO₃ could significantly improve the early strength of the composite cementitious system, the addition of Na₂SO₄ could significantly improve the 28d and 90d strength of the system, and the addition of NaOH-Na₂SO₄ composite admixture could improve the strength of different ages.

The separation of residual carbon and slag particles from coal gasification slag is a key prerequisite for its extraction and utilization. This paper studied different types of carbon-rich and slag-rich products obtained by using sieving, airflow classification and acid washing/calcining methods. The characterization of carbon and slag in the products was discussed and their reinforcing and filling properties for rubber as fillers were investigated. The results showed that the carbon-rich or slag-rich products obtained by different methods had different properties. Sieving could realize a certain degreed of separation of carbon in gasification slag. Airflow classification could obtain carbon-rich particles with smaller particle size and larger specific surface area. High purity of carbon and slag was obtained from acid washing and calcining. The large specific surface area of the residue carbon in coal gasification slag provided abundant contact sites for its combination with rubber, which played a reinforcing effect similar to carbon black. The microsphere particles in the carbon skeleton could reduce the adsorption of sulfidation accelerators and sulfidation agents, and shorten the curing time. Calcium sulfate in gasification slag could promote the generation and transfer of active sulfur and increase the crosslinking density of rubber compound. Compared with rubber composites without fillers, rubber filled with gasification slag could significantly improve the mechanical properties of rubber composites. Among them, the carbon-rich slag obtained from airflow classification had the best reinforcing properties after filling, the tensile strength of the prepared rubber composites was increased to 13.92MPa, and the 300% modulus was 3.75MPa, which were better than other types of carbon-rich or ash-rich raw materials. This study improved the understanding of the properties of carbon and slag of the gasification slag, and contributes to the development of the technology for the preparation of gasification slag-based rubber reinforcing fillers.

In order to overcome the unstable and unrecyclable problem of free laccase, mesoporous metal-organic framework PCN-333(Al) with high specific surface area and pore size similar to laccase was selected as the carrier of immobilized laccase, and PCN-333(Al) immobilized laccase [Lac/PCN-333(Al)] was prepared through physical adsorption for reactive brilliant blue KN-R (RBBR) degradation. The results showed that Lac/PCN-333(Al) had extremely high laccase loading (688.9mg/g), and its activity recovery was 70.9%. The pores of PCN-333(Al) provided good protection for laccase, and the pH stability, thermal stability and storage stability of Lac/PCN-333(Al) were improved compared with free laccase. Besides, the Michaelis Menten constant (K_m) value of Lac/PCN-333(Al) was 97.6μmol/L, which was much lower than that of free laccase, indicating the affinity of laccase for the substrate became higher after being immobilized. Finally, the degradation efficiency of RBBR by Lac/PCN-333(Al) reached 89.0% within 200min when 0.2mL of ABTS (0.2mmol/L) was added, the degradation rate was 4.5 times higher than that of free laccase, and the degradation efficiency maintained 78.5% after repeated use for 5 times, indicating it had good reusability. This study provided a reference for the development of new immobilized laccase and its application in the treatment of dye wastewater.

To efficiently utilize cottonseed black liquor, this study employed extracts of cottonseed black liquor as fillers, which were blended with high-density polyethylene and then molded using compression molding techniques to prepare wood-plastic composite (WPC) materials. The morphology, water absorption properties, thermal stability and mechanical performance of the materials were characterized using techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water absorption tests, water contact angle measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), flexural testing and tensile testing. A comparison was made with traditional materials such as corn stalks and lignin-based wood-plastic composites. The results revealed that the density of the cottonseed black liquor-based wood-plastic composite was 1.057g/m³ with a water contact angle of 97.75° and a water absorption rate of 0.95%, all meeting national standards. The onset decomposition temperature was 213℃ with a residual char yield of 12.04% at 500℃. The flexural strength was significantly higher than that of corn stalks and lignin-based wood-plastic composites, while the tensile properties fell between the two, indicating excellent mechanical performance.

Afterburning in rocket engine exhaust plumes significantly impacts flight stability, increase the difficulty of thermal management and reduce the stealth characteristics of rocket engines. The lack of pressure-dependent characteristics in afterburning reaction kinetics models has led to significant discrepancies in the predictions of exhaust temperature, CO concentration and spectral radiation intensity across different reaction kinetics models. Therefore, the development of high-precision combustion kinetics is crucial for predicting the combustion characteristics of afterburning. Laminar premixed flames, characterized by their simple structure, could avoid the influences of turbulence on the combustion process, making them particularly suitable for combustion kinetic studies of afterburning in rocket engines exhaust plumes. Flame-sampling molecular-beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) could perform laminar premixed flame experiments within a pressure range of 2—100kPa, reproducing working conditions of rocket engines from ground level to altitudes of exceeding 10000 meters. Moreover, the concentration of combustion intermediates, including short-lived radicals, can be detected by MBMS. This method could support the development of high-precision combustion kinetics for afterburning in rocket engine exhaust plumes across wide range of pressures, thereby providing theoretical backing for enhancing the stable operation of rocket engines and improving the stealth performance of missile systems.