As the world's largest refining country, the development status of the USA refining industry was analysed. Its refining capacity was concentrated in five major regions. The Gulf of Mexico in the PADD3 was not only the USA but also the world's largest refining center. Since 2013, the USA refinery's utilization has been maintained at around 90%, and the margin led the world. With the change of crude oil quality and the continuous upgrading of oil quality, the proportion of catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming was decreased, meanwhile, the hydrogenation capacity was significantly improved, and the plant configuration was continuously optimized. Meanwhile, the newest development trend was summarized. First, thanks to the success of the shale oil and gas revolution, the crude output, production and exports of oil products continued to grow. In 2017 the crude oil dependeny fell to 42.07% and the net export of USA oil products was 438000 barrels/day. Second, in order to improve the competitiveness of the industry and enterprises, the elimination of backward refining capacity and the pace of mergers and acquisitions was further accelerated, and the internationalization was continued to promote. The third was to pay more attention to the overall regionalization and basement development, especially the PADD3 and PADD2 with resources, logistics and market advantages. The forth was to continuously innovate and upgrade traditional refining technologies such as catalytic cracking, hydrocracking and treatment, and alkylation etc, and increase the research and development of cutting-edge technologies including molecular refining, crude oil to chemicals, intelligent refineries etc. In view of the status and development of the USA refining industry, therefore, to achieve high-quality development of the China refining industry in the future, the most basic condition should ensure national oil security. What’s more, under the active guidance of national policies, some measures should be implemented in order to fulfill the "Chinese dream" of refining power, including continuing to advance supply-side structural reform, promoting the base, regional and integrative development, carrying forward internationality, attaching great importance to safety and environmental protection and quality upgrading, and continuous strengthening the scientific and technological innovation through the internal strength.

By constructing the inertial separation device test platform and combining the data acquisition of the relevant detection equipment, the performance analysis of a certain type of inertial demister was carried out. It was found that the separation efficiency of the two-channel baffled inertial separation device was proportional to the droplet diameter. For droplets with a fine particle size of 5μm to 10μm, the separation effect was not good, and the wind speed had little effect on the separation efficiency. The droplet separation effect was better for 30μm or more, and the overall efficiency exceeded 80%. In terms of system inlet and outlet pressure drop loss, the change of particle size was approximately negligible to the whole device. The pressure drop curve under different particle size conditions was basically the same, and the wind speed was the main influencing variable of pressure drop change. In order to break through the limitation of poor separation of small particle size droplets, the separation efficiency and pressure drop of different size parameters were analyzed from the aspects of plate spacing, bottom height and plate shape. The calculation results showed that the larger the plate spacing value, the lower the separation efficiency and the smaller the system pressure drop. The change in bottom height and efficiency was not generally related, and there was fluctuation and local correlation. When the best height was 30mm, the system pressure drop was also small. The more channel stages, the higher the separation efficiency, but the larger the pressure drop. The streamlined wall separation effect was better, and the ability to control the pressure drop was also stronger.

The finite element analysis of the two-phase laminar flow in the microchannel with cross-shaped and cylindrical auxiliary structures was carried out by Comsol software. Meanwhile, liquid-liquid extraction experiments were carried out with three cases including the smooth microchannel. Copper sulfate was used as the aqueous phase, and DZ988N extractent diluted to 30% by 260^# solvent oil was used as the organic phase. The cylindrical auxiliary structure promotes the diffusion of Cu²⁺ in the aqueous phase, and the extraction efficiency was the highest, which can reach more than 90%. The cross-type auxiliary structure sometimes promotes and inhibits of Cu²⁺ diffusion in the aqueous phase, and the extraction efficiency was unstable, with the highest being 89.8% and the lowest being 74.6% when the given flow rate was in the range of (0.5×10^-3) ~(5×10^-3) m/s. If chemical reaction was not considered and the two phases in the microchannel were laminar in the experiments, the diffusion of Cu²⁺ depended only on the concentration gradient , and the diffusion efficiency could characterize the extraction efficiency. The diffusion efficiency obtained by the finite element method agreed well with the experimentally obtained extraction efficiency values, and the flow characteristics such as the two-phase flow field distribution was further obtained, and the difference of diffusion efficiency under different auxiliary structures was explained.

A multi-channel microfluidics extraction reactor with complex structure was designed and manufactured by combining the microfluidics extraction technology with the emerging 3D printing technology. The extraction capacity can be enlarged by increasing the number of mixing channel in the microreactor. We expect the “3D printing multi-channel microreactor” to inherit the high extraction efficiency advantage of microfluid at a single stage, and to greatly expand its processing capacity at the same time. The main feature structures of the microreactor include inlet, droplet sieve plate, mixing channel, mixed liquid gathering chamber and mixed liquid outlet. The microreactor was used for the extraction and separation of In³⁺ and Fe³⁺ from sulfuric acid solution under different initial conditions. The results showed that the extraction rate of In³⁺ reduced at first and then rose with the increase of the contact time of two phases. The separation coefficient of In³⁺ and Fe³⁺ reached the highest value 381.9 at the following conditions: the initial aqueous pH was 0.7, contact time of the two immiscible phases was 90s, and the volume fraction of the extractant P204 was 30%. The effects of the initial pH , the volume fraction of the extractant in the oil phase and the contact time of the two phases on the extraction rate and the separation coefficient of the In³⁺ and Fe³⁺ were investigated in detail.

The particles circulation flow rate between the two beds is the key to ensure the normal operation of the dual circulating fluidized bed. The study of relationship between circulating flow rate (G _s,mix) and various control parameters (gasification chamber gas velocity, riser gas velocity, initial bed material mass, quartz sand particle diameter and rice husk quality in the mixture) were carried out on a self-designed dual circulating fluidized bed (DCFB) experimental system，and the change of rice husk mass fraction(X _r) in circulating materials was analyzed. In addition, based on the experimental measurement data, the KELM model was established to predict the G _s,mix and the X _r of the circulating materials, and compared with the ELM model. It was found that the KELM model had smaller predicted MAPE and RMSE values, and the required time of complete prediction was shorter than ELM. This indicated that KELM model can achieve good prediction of G _s,mix and X _r under various control parameters and provided a new method for the research of DCFB system and similar gasification system.

The discrete element method (DEM) was used to simulate the flow and mixing of binary particles in rotary retorts with stirring internals. The cylindrical stirring internals, front semicircular stirring internals, rear semicircular stirring internals and rectangular stirring internals with same radius of circumscribed circle were installed in rotary retorts according to the location and size of core region. The influence of the stirring internals′ shape on averaged velocities and mixing of binary particles was analyzed. Results showed that there were leftward wake flow, approximately symmetrical wake flow and right wake flow existed when the stirring internal traversed the particles. The sizes of wake flows were different at the same moment for different stirring internals. The fluctuation ranges of particles′ averaged velocities were small for the rotary retort without internals or installing rectangular stirring internals. For the rotary retort with cylindrical stirring internals, front semicircular stirring internals or rear semicircular stirring internals, the fluctuation range of particles′ averaged velocities were wide, and the fluctuation was regular. One fluctuating process included one major fluctuation and one small fluctuation. For the cylindrical stirring internals and front semicircular stirring internals, the small fluctuations were in the low value range of the fluctuation range. For the rear semicircular stirring internals, the small fluctuations were in the median value range of the fluctuation range. The mixing enhancement of rectangular stirring internal was worst and that of rear semicircular stirring internal was best, when the radii of circumscribed circles were same, for the binary particle in rotary retorts. The energy consumption of rotary retort with rear semicircular stirring internals was fastest and that of rotary retort with front semicircular stirring internals was slowest. Higher terminal angle of unloading was beneficial for mixing enhancement.

A test bed on flat plate heat pipe was built in order to study heat pipe performance with different filling ratios. Then the heat pipe with the best filling ratio was taken into account as the research object, the influences of increasing heating power, decreasing heat power, cooling water temperature and mass flow rate on heat pipe performance were analyzed. The results showed that heat pipe with filling ratio of 20% and 30% presented a good performance. The minimum thermal resistance was 0.18℃/W and 0.19℃/W, with the maximum effective thermal conductivity of 8158W/(m·℃) and 8540W/(m·℃), respectively. Compared to heat pipe performance with the increase heating power, the performance with the decrease heating power was better because of boiling hysteresis phenomenon, and evaporation section temperature was lower at the same heating power. The effect on thermal resistance of evaporation section was great with increasing and decreasing heating power, but the thermal resistance of condensation section was almost unaffected. The heat pipe evaporation section temperature with cooling water temperature of 17℃ and 22℃ was about 2℃ lower than that with cooling water temperature of 7℃ and 12℃. Compared to cooling water temperature of 22℃, evaporation temperature of heat pipe reached a stable value more quickly when cooling water temperature was 17℃. Thus, the heat pipe performance was best when cooling water temperature was 17℃. Synthesizes evaporation temperature, the time achieving a stable and water pump power consumption, the best mass flow rate for heat pipe was 5.81g/s.

In this paper, the evaporative mass and heat transfer process and the two-phase flow characteristics of the packing evaporator were studied. The method of coupling discrete and continuous phases in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate mass and heat transfer of the evaporative process in the internal channels of the structured packing. The two-phase mass and heat transfer process in the packing evaporator and visualization of the droplet flow were realized. A new simulation method for studying the flow of gas-liquid two-phase in structured packing was provided. By comparing with the experimental results, the turbulence model of RNG k-ε was determined, and the mass and heat transfer and flow of gas-liquid two-phase inside the structured packing were analyzed. By changing the plate spacing of structured packing, the effect of gas-liquid two-phase mass and heat transfer and droplet movement inside the packing was simulated and analyzed. It was found that with the increase of plate spacing, the pressure drop inside the packing was gradually reduced, the content of water vapor in the outlet air was continuously reduced, the evaporation rate of the droplets was reduced, the difference between the droplet inlet and outlet quality was reduced, and the temperature at the outlet of the gas phase decreased. The efficiency of evaporation of mass transfer and heat transfer decreased. As the gas velocity increases, the content of water vapor in the outlet air decreased, the evaporation rate of the droplet increased, and the temperature at the outlet of the gas phase decreased. The efficiency of evaporation of mass transfer and heat transfer in gas-liquid two-phase decreased.

To improve the quantitative feeding performance of electromagnetic vibratory feeder, the simulation model of vibrator under the dual control method of amplitude and gate opening was established based on the discrete element method. The influence of control parameters on the stability and accuracy of the feeding flow was studied from the perspective of the particle group motion state and mechanical properties, and the reliability of the model was validated by experiments. The results showed that the mean value of the feed flow respectively appears a quadratic curve and linear growth with the increase of amplitude and gate opening, and the change of feeding velocity caused by the change of layer thickness makes the interaction factor between amplitude and gate opening. With the increase of amplitude, the turbulent flow area of the outer layer particles of the inner side of the gate increases, and the velocity of the arc flow at the gate is also accelerated. When the amplitude is reduced to 2.0mm or the gate opening is increased to 16mm, the normal and tangential average contact force and the maximum contact force between particle-particle and particle-groove can be effectively reduced, and the flow density of the particle group can be increased. The force of the particle system is more uniform, the flow consistency is better. Furthermore, the variation coefficient of the feeding flow is reduced, and the comprehensive performance of the rapidity and stability of the quantitative feeding is improved.

A magnetic cyclone was designed for the central adsorption of iron. The magnetic field strength and separation performance of the magnetic cyclone were compared and analyzed by means of experimention and numerical simulation. In the experiment, the magnetic structure of the magnetic cyclone was simplified, the thickness of the magnetically conductive iron sheet, the core structure and the magnetic system structure were changed, and the adsorption capacity of the magnetic system on the iron containing compounds was analyzed. The magnetic field intensity of the magnetic system was obtained by numerical simulation, which provides a basis for the prediction of separation capacity. The results showed that the magnetic field strength is inversely proportional to the thickness of the magnetically conductive iron sheet. With the increase of the thickness of the magnetic field, the magnetic field strength decreases, and the adsorption capacity of the magnetic particle is weakened. The separation effect is best when the thickness of the guide magnet is 2mm in the test. The squeezed magnetic system has greater magnetic field strength than the common magnetic system. The increase of the thickness of the magnetic iron sheet will reduce the magnetic flux leakage at the end of the magnetic system and increase the magnetic leakage on the side of the core. The magnetic flux leakage of the magnetic core of the iron bar core is relatively small, and the leakage flux of the squeezed magnetic system is relatively small.

The aggregation of asphaltene is closely related to its phase behavior, fluidity, coking and precipition in heavy oil processing. The high aromaticity and high heteroatom content in molecular structure, which make they have many active sites are the main reason for asphaltene aggregation. Various models describing asphaltene aggregation behavior, including Yen-Mullins model, supramolecular assembly model, linear-like aggregation model and solubility model, were introduced in detail, and the characteristics of various models were analyzed. The Yen-Mullins model showed the dominant molecular and colloidal structures containing asphaltene nano-aggregates and clusters. The supramolecular assembly model was based on supramolecular chemistry, and it was considered that asphaltene aggregation formed the supramolecular structure with the accumulation of various interactions. Both the linear polymerization model and the solubility model were simplified model that mainly used to predict the molecular weight and dissolution behavior of asphaltene. The molecular structure of asphaltene was the basis of various interactions and aggregation behaviors, and the current separation and characterization were mainly based on asphaltene aggregates. Therefore, efficient separation and accurate characterization on asphaltene to get monomolecular structure was the key point of research on the interaction and aggregation mechanism of asphaltene.

As a value-added chemical product derived from renewable biomass, the furfural has many promising applications. In this paper, recent advances in the furfural production from biomass via hydrolysis were summarized, and the important derivatives of furfural and their applications were discussed. Based on the mechanical analysis of hemicellulose hydrolysis reaction and xylose dehydration reaction, the production advances of furfural via hydrolysis were discussed from the aspects of feedstock, solvent system, catalyst, and separation process. Furthermore, the shortcomings and possible solutions of the current furfural production method were proposed. In addition, the synthesis of high value chemicals via the hydrogenation, amination, oxidation, acetal or polymerization of furfural was summarized. In order to realize the green and efficient production and application of furfural, the reaction system with low cost, low energy consumption, low pollution, and high efficiency should be designed. At the same time, it’s very important to develop an economic and environmentally-friendly method to achieve the complete utilization of furfural-derived products.

Shengli brown coal was gasified at 800℃ under O₂, H₂O, H₂O+O₂ atmospheres comparatively by using a entrained-flow reactor with ?80× 3000 mm and a fluidized-bed reactor with ?40mm×200mm. Besides, in the fluidized-bed reactor, situ char gasification experiments under O₂, H₂O, H₂O+O₂ atmospheres and complete gasification experiments (coal conversion is close to 100%) under H₂O atmospheres were carried out to investigate the promoting effect of oxidation reaction on steam gasification reaction in different reactors. The rate equations of steam gasification reaction in two reactors were deduced based on unreacted shrinking core model. The results showed that the lignite conversion under H₂O+O₂ atmospheres was greater than the sum of those under H₂O atmosphere and O₂ atmosphere with a difference of 2.11%—4.01% in the entrained-flow reactor. In contrast, only 0—0.75% difference was observed in fluidized-bed reactor. The obtained difference can be explained that in the fluidized-bed reactor the mass transfer rate of steam to the carbon particles surface was 11%—25% of that in entrained-flow reactor and the steam gasification reaction occurred in the membrane diffusion controlled regime. This poor mass transfer led to a low steam concentration on carbon particles surface and some idle micro-/mesopores created by O₂. However, in entrained-flow reactor the steam gasification reaction happened in chemical kinetic controlled regime, and the rich steam can be absorbed by pores (created by O₂) on carbon particles surface to promote steam gasification. Moreover, it was verified that the volatile-char interaction was not main reason of the weak promotion of oxidation reaction to steam gasification reaction in the fluidized-bed reactor.

The full utilization of low-temperature waste heat can effectively improve the efficiency of energy use and reduce the energy consumption. The waste heat generated from the production process of sulfur-containing natural gas purification plants was the object of current study, and the quality of waste heat resources and the potential for waste heat recovery were analyzed and evaluated．Compared with the existing waste heat power generation schemes，a multi-grade heat recovery power generation scheme (MG-ORC) based on ORC was proposed, and thermodynamic analysis of the power generation scheme was conducted．The performance of the MG-ORC power generation scheme under different cycle conditions was compared using the orthogonal experiment method．The results showed that the comprehensive properties of R-600 were the best among other working media. The thermal efficiency of MG-ORC was 17.7%，and the net output power was about 2600 kW．The study confirmed that the MG-ORC power generation scheme can effectively and rationally utilize the waste heat generated from the sulfur-containing natural gas purification plant through cascade utilization of energy．

Reusing the retired batteries in stationary applications can not only reduce the cost of batteries for electric vehicles (EV) but also ease the environment pollution pressure. To quantitatively determine the retiring point of batteries for the EV, a quantitative method based on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was proposed in this paper. The life cycle of the reused battery was divided into 5 processes, including manufacturing, using in EV, re-manufacturing, reusing in stationary applications, and recycling phases. The LCA model was combined with the capacity degradation model and the changes in battery’s carbon emission as the state of health (SOH) of retiring point changed under different second-use scenarios. The study showed that when the SOH of 85%—90% was adopted, a lower carbon emission of battery in its whole life could be achieved. In addition, for a given stationary application scenario, the battery’s life was lengthened and the carbon emissions changed slightly as the depth of discharge (DOD) decreases. This paper is expected to provide a quantitative analysis method for determining the retiring point of batteries for EV.

The effect of reaction temperature (260—340℃) and reaction time (0—120min) were explored in the liquefaction in supercritical methanol and ethanol solvent, respectively. The difference were analyzed between feedstock conversion, bio-oil yield and component in the process. Results showed the conversion and yield of lignin were higher in ethanol than those in methanol. The conversion and bio-oil yield in ethanol were 16.23% and 11.54% higher than those in methanol, respectively. The residue yield was lower 16.23%, when reaction at 340℃ lasted 60min. GC-MS and FTIR characterization revealed the aromatic content in bio-oil was very high, reached 66.13% and 58.84%, respectively in methanol and ethanol solvent. And the ether-bond functional group of residue in methanol gradually increased with the extension of reaction time, while it was enhanced firstly and then weakened in the ethanol solvent. In the process of lignin degradation, ethanol and methanol could produce hydrogen free radicals as hydrogen donors firstly, then attack lignin and its group bonding in macromolecular fragments. At the same time, it could inactivate the active fragments in the liquefied products, weaken the heavy polymerization reaction, and facilitate the generation of aromatic products. However, the methanol could easily undergo de-hydro-condensation reaction with phenol intermediates, which were produced in the process of liquefaction. Long-chain aromatic compounds could be produced through ether bond polymerization, forming residues, and reducing bio-oil yield.

Proton exchange membrane is the core component used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). In recent years, inorganic proton conduction materials have attracted more and more attention because of their good performance at high temperature. Small molecular phosphoric acid, inorganic zeolite, solid acid, and inorganic ceramic oxide were introduced in this paper. It was concluded that small molecule phosphoric acid has higher conductivity, but it is easy to leak out. Inorganic zeolite material has good chemical stability but the proton conductivity still needs to increase. Inorganic oxide ceramic material has good mechanical properties and chemical performance, yet the proton conductivity is also relatively low. Among them, the solid acid, has the best proton conductivity and high temperature stability, and thus is considered to be the most promising material for PEMFC applications.

Anode materials is one of the key factors for the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and the related in-depth research in recent years has led to some breakthrough. However, the large radius of sodium-ion has a great impact on the battery performance. This article systematically reviews the new results of anode materials for SIBs in the preparation and performance characteristics, covering carbon-based materials, titanium-based compounds, alloy materials, metal compounds and organic compounds and the focus is on the structure-performance relationship. The key issues and strategies related to the research and development of SIBs anode materials are highlighted. In addition, the perspective and new directions of SIBs are briefly outlined. It is necessary to develop new modification methods to realize carbon coating, nanostructure, porous morphology and element doping in order to meet the requirements of different energy storage fields.

Environment protection and environment-friendly energy development are very important for human and society. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has attracted much interest from battery researchers due to its high energy conversion rate and zero emissions in recent years. Graphene oxide (GO) can be combined with ionic polymers to prepare composite proton exchange membranes due to the presence of reactive oxygen functional groups. The GO composite membranes can ensure the proton conductivity at high temperature and low humidity，reduce methanol permeability in methanol fuel cells and improve power density. In this paper, firstly, the preparation method of graphene oxide is introduced. Then, starting from the composite proton exchange membranes of different ionic polymer matrix, the application and mechanism of GO in different kinds of ionic polymers such as Nafion, PEEK, PBI and CS are described in detail, and the main problems and developmental trend are also discussed.

Gas separation plays a crucial role in petrochemical engineering and chemical production. Zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs), as a new type of porous material, has become a research hotspot in gas separation because of its large surface area, high porosity, various structural compositions, and super high chemical and thermal stability. In this paper, the synthesis methods of ZIFs and its applications in adsorption and separation are reviewed. This article focuses on the progress in industrial CO₂ capture and separation, light hydrocarbon separation, gas chromatography, ZIFs based membrane, inert and toxic gas separation. It is also pointed out that the application of ZIFs in the gas adsorption and separation field still needs further study, such as developing novel low-cost ligands, exploring more synthesis methods to adjust the crystal structure, and enhancing the adsorption efficiency.

This paper introduces the common preparation methods of nickel nano-powder such as the plasma, liquid phase reduction, spark discharge erosion and high energy ball milling. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are summarized. There are however still several problems in the preparation of nickel nano-powder. For instance, it is difficult to achieve large-scale production and the purity and performance are difficult to meet the application requirements. The research trends are concluded as analyzing the nucleation and growth mechanism, and finding the best synthesis conditions to prepare the nickel nano-powder controllably. In addition, this paper describes the application status and demands of nickel nano-powder in MLCC and catalysts and points out that the problems of easy oxidation, poor matching with other materials need to be overcome. It is necessary to optimize its performance by surface modification or by other ways. At last, the research tendency of nickel nano-powder in the future are to bind the application of nickel nano-powder with its preparation method, that is using the most suitable preparation method to meets the application requirement.

BaTiO₃ is widely used in functional ceramics, multilayer ceramic capacitors due to its high dielectric constant, ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity. It also has potential applications in biomedicine and dry diagnostics due to its high whiteness and high reflectivity. The preparation methods of spherical BaTiO₃ ultrafine powders with uniform particle size were introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods such as hydrothermal method, sol-gel method and precipitation method were illustrated. New synthesis methods in recent years including combined traditional wet chemical method, combined new technology-wet chemical, and complete new wet chemical synthesis method, were briefly discussed. The precipitation method with the advantages of simple operation, simple process, low cost and easy availability can still have industrial development prospects. On the basis of the supergravity precipitation preparation technology, spherical BaTiO₃ ultrafine powder can be obtained, which is beneficial to subsequent industrial production. Microchannel technology is expected to produce BaTiO₃ ultrafine powders with promising development prospects. The mechanism of BaTiO₃ synthesized by new technologies still needs to be further researched. At present, most researches on uniform spherical BaTiO₃ ultrafine powder are in small-scale laboratory production, and the synthetic device required for industrial scale production needs further exploration.

Acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives (APSA) have many advantages, such as excellent adhesion strength, good aging resistance, well stability, low-cost, and easy preparation. They are used in a broad range of fields, including self-adhesive tape, labels, pharmaceuticals, homecare and auto parts. However, the poor heat resistance of the APSA has always limited their further applications at higher temperatures. Therefore, it is of great significance to research the APSA with high temperature resistance (HTRAPSA). In this work, recent advances in improving both solvent-based and waterborne HTRAPSA were reviewed, and several major modification methods for HTRAPSA including crosslinking, introducing modified monomers and heat-resistant materials, improving feed-type and polymerization process, blending were stated, as well as the shortcomings and the existing problems of those modification methods for HTRAPSA were discussed. Finally, the future development of HTRAPSA was prospected.

M50J and M55J grade high modulus carbon fibers were prepared by using carbon fiber of self-made T800 grade polyacrylonitrile(PAN)-based high strength carbon fibers as raw material. In the conversion of high strength carbon fiber to high modulus carbon fiber, the evolution of graphite characteristic features such as microcrystallites, orientation, the relative content of micropore and graphitization degree were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Raman. The relationship between the graphite characteristic features and the mechanical properties of carbon fiber was also studied in detail. Results showed that with decreases in the value of interlayer spacing d ₀₀₂ and increases in the value of graphite thickness L _c, the tensile modulus of carbon fibers were significantly increased. It was also found that the interlayer spacing and crystallite orientation were two important parameters which could affect the tensile strength of high modulus carbon fiber. The tensile strength increased with increasing d ₀₀₂ value and improving crystallite orientation. In the conversion of high strength carbon fiber to high modulus carbon fiber, increased graphitization degree took place which led to decreases in voids or cavities. After high temperature graphitization, decreases in the tensile strength of carbon fiber were accompanied with decrease in the intensity ratio of disordered induced D-band to the graphite structure G-band.

MnO₂/NaY composite for desulfurization was prepared by precipitation method with NaY molecular sieve as the carrier and MnO₂ as the active component. The structure of the MnO₂/NaY composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), nitrogen adsorption desorption(N₂-adsorption desorption), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetry (TG). The capacity method was used to test the desulfurization performance of the composite material and the influence of different loading capacity of MnO₂ and different reaction temperature were studied. The results showed that the larger the pore volume of MnO₂/NaY composite, the better the desulfurization performance. Porous coral MnO₂ has better desulphurization performance than rod-like MnO₂. The desulfurization performance of MnO₂/NaY increased first and then decreased with the increase of MnO₂ loading amount and reaction temperature. MnO₂/NaY-41% showed the best desulfurization performance at 400℃, and the desulfurization capacity reached 114.56mg {}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_2} /g_Materials in 1h. The decline in desulfurization performance at 500℃ is due to the decomposition of MnO₂ into Mn₃O₄ during the desulfurization process. The MnO₂/NaY showed better desulfurization performance than pure MnO₂. When the reaction temperature reached 300℃ and 400℃ respectively, the desulfurization performance of MnO₂/NaY-41% was higher than that of pure MnO₂ by 28.3% and 56.1% in 1h. The composite is expected to be applied in the desulfurization of marine exhaust gas.

Thermal management in functional outdoor protective materials is one of the important aspects. For functional fabric development, coating finishing technique is one of commonly used methods, but the balance between functionality and breathability is the key point. The novel polyvinye alcohol/ antimony-doped tin oxide (PVA/ATO) nano-composite fiber mats were designed by using electrospinning process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were applied to characterize the properties and structure of the mats. Thermal insulation property and air permeability of PVA/ATO/viscose wet-laid laminated functional materials were also tested and evaluated. Results showed that ATO particles were well dispersed in the PVA matrix and some mosaic particles were found on the nanofiber surface. The warmth retention of PVA/ATO/viscose laminated functional materials was 28.9% higher than that of pure viscose wet-laid nonwoven, reaching 37.1%, corresponding heat transfer coefficient of 12.62 W/m²·℃ and CLO value of 0.32. The addition of ATO nano-particles can directly improve the stacking structure of PVA/ATO nanofiber mat, making the permeability of PVA/ATO/viscose laminated functional materials significantly higher than that of PVA/viscose laminated materials, but the trend decreased with the increase of the thickness of PVA/ATO nano-composite fiber layers. The PVA/ATO nano-composite fiber mats can be composited on a variety of substrates, providing an idea for the development of thermal insulation and ventilation based on nanofiber functional materials.

As a new micro-nano manufacturing technology, melt direct-write electrospinning is widely used for the controllable preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds, and ordered fiber deposition is a prerequisite for application in this field. For the exploration of stent forming precision, the biodegradable material polycaprolactone (PCL) was used, and the self-designed melt electrospinning three-dimensional controllable molding equipment was applied for the experiment. The effects of fiber spacing on the morphology and molding accuracy of two-dimensional parallel fiber deposition, as well as the influence of spinning voltage and mesh size on the shape and precision of three-dimensional grid structure were investigated. The results showed that with the increase of setting distance of parallel fibers, the deposition error of fibers decreased and eventually stabilized. For the three-dimensional grid structure, as the voltage increases, the maximum number of deposited layers first increased and then decreased. When the spinning voltage was 6 kV, the maximum number of deposited layers was 15. The molding accuracy error first reduced and then increased. When the spinning voltage was 7 kV, the highest precision error was less than 5%. As the length of the grid increased, the number of layers continuously increased and the molding accuracy was gradually improved. When the side length of the mesh was greater than or equal to 1.5 mm, the deposition error tended to be stable and was maintained at about 5%.

The utilization of calcium ions is an important index and parameter in microbially induced calcium carbonate deposition. The key to this technology is whether it can participate in the mineralization reaction. In this study, UV absorbance, conductivity measurement and EDTA titration were used to analyze the time-varying law of bacterium concentration and urease activity, and also the effects of different cementing ratios on the utilization of calcium ion in the mineralization process were discussed. The results showed that, the concentration and urease activity of the bacteria gradually decreased during the cementing process. Within a proper concentration range, calcium ion utilization increased with the increase of bacteria concentration and cementation concentration, and the highest value was 99.73%. The formation mechanism of mineralization products was revealed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The analysis showed that the sphere-like calcium carbonate crystals are formed by the enrichment and mineralization of calcium ions at the nucleation sites on the surface of the bacteria under the control of organic matter. The size and morphology of the calcium carbonate crystals are affected by the concentration ratio of the bacterial liquid and the cement liquid. This research has particular reference value for the application of calcium carbonate in mineralization induced by microorganisms and its application in engineering materials.

Polylactic acid/thermoplastic polyurethane（PLA/TPU） blends with different contents of MDI were prepared by melt-mixing with using 4,4'-diphenyl methane diisocyanate（MDI） as reactive compatibilizer. The reaction mechanism，mechanical properties，morphology，thermal properties and rheological properties of PLA/TPU blends were studied by FTIR，universal testing machine，impact tester，SEM，DSC and rotational rheometer. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the blends can be improved obviously. The comprehensive mechanical properties of the blend was the best when MDI content was 1% with increased notch impact strength and elongation at break to 40 kJ/m² and 214.1%, respectively，about 4.3 times and 5.8 times greater than the corresponding values of blend without MDI，while the tensile strength decreased a little. Fracture surface morphology of blends changed from sea-island structure to core-shell encapsulation structure and the compatibility of blend was improved. The glass transition temperature，cold crystallization temperature and melting temperature of the blends increased with the increase of MDI content through DSC test. The rheological test showed that the blend indicated a more significant shear thinning behavior with the increase of MDI content. Reaction mechanism of blending was that the chain extension of PLA，branching of PLA and crosslinking of TPU occured sequentially in the blends with the increase of MDI content.

Hydrogen production by catalytic ethanol steam reforming (ESR) is deemed to be a highly promising hydrogen-production pathway due to its high efficiency, sustainable ethanol source and low toxicity. The deficiencies in efficiency, selectivity and stability of existing catalysts have hindered the extensive application of hydrogen production from ESR. Herein, recent progress in the studies of metallic catalysts for ESR reaction were reviewed, especially on the effects of elemental composition of active species and support on the performance of catalysts. The influence of catalysts, reaction temperature and water/ethanol ratio on the product selectivity of ESR, the mechanism of coke formation during the ESR reaction, and the strategies of removal of carbon coke to improve the durability of catalysts were systematically reviewed and analyzed. Experimental and theoretical insights into the mechanism of catalytic ESR reaction in literature were also summarized. In summary, ESR reaction mechanism and the synergistic effect between metallic catalyst and the catalyst support are proposed to be the focus in the development of catalysts of high-efficiency and high-selectivity in future.

Nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) are one class of the major air pollutants, which has brought serious problems to human health and ecological environment. Low temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology is the main research direction of flue gas denitrification in recent years. Carbon-based materials have been extensively studied as catalyst carriers in SCR field because of their large specific surface area, porous structure and many other characteristics. The researches about the carbon-based materials including activated carbon (coke), activated carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and about the carbon coated catalysts in the field of low-temperature ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) denitrification are reviewed. The effects of surface functional groups, reaction conditions and rare earth elements on the denitration performance of carbon-based supported catalysts are described. The catalytic reaction mechanism of carbon-based materials is also discussed. The future research focuses of the carbon-based SCR catalysts should be placed on modifying them by various methods, optimizing the denitrification performance and stability under moderate and low temperature conditions and further exploring the adsorption-activation behavior and catalytic pathway of the reaction species on the catalyst surface.

The progress in the alkylation of C₄ hydrocarbons catalyzed by liquid acid coupling systems, including liquid super acids， organic acid-heteropoly acids， and ionic liquid-acid coupling systems, in last decade is reviewed. The conversion of olefins， selectivity of trimethylpentane and research octane number of alkylated gasoline during the alkylation of C₄ hydrocarbons catalyzed by different catalytic systems were compared. The advantages and disadvantages of different catalytic systems were also summarized. The effects of the anions and cations of ionic liquids and the coupling acid types on the alkylation of C₄ hydrocarbons in ionic liquid-acid coupling catalysts are mainly discussed. Organic amine ionic liquids have superior alkylation effects to imidazoles. Anions and modified ionic liquids could form specific structures to maintain the acid strength of the reaction systems and reduce side reactions so as to extend the life of the catalysts. The coupling acids provide acidic sites for the reaction and cooperate with ionic liquids. Finally, the ionic liquid-acid coupling catalytic system which has the advantages of low acid consumption, good stability, resistant inactivation and easy recycling， is one of the development directions of the C₄ alkylation catalyst in the future.

Deactivation is inevitable for Fischer-Tropsch catalysts because of their intrinsic chemical properties. To keep the production stable and consistent, deactivation models should be established in order to replace and regenerate the deactivated catalyst in time. This article summarized the research progress on the catalyst deactivation model for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The characteristics of general deactivation model and the reaction mechanism model were discussed. The general deactivation model has no direct correlation to the catalyst type and deactivation mechanism, and consists of linear model, simple power law model, general power law model, Weibull distribution model, and sigmoidal pattern model. On the other hand, the reaction mechanism based deactivation model has correlation to the catalyst type and deactivation cause, which includes sulfur poisoning model, sintering model, surface oxidation model, etc. General deactivation model is accurate and easy to establish, but is relatively rough, which is suitable for production management and process simulation. The reaction mechanism based model is complicated to establish and can only be applied to specific catalyst. The future development of Fischer-Tropsch deactivation model is to combine the two kinds of models together and to investigate the meaning of the parameters in general deactivation models through the view of deactivation mechanism.

SAPO-34 molecular sieve was synthesized by using a dual-template (TEAOH and DEA), under the conditions of low silica content [n(SiO₂)∶n(Al₂O₃)=0.2] and low template content[n(template) : n(Al₂O₃)=1.9] in the starting gel. The effect of TEAOH/DEA ratio on the physicochemical properties of SAPO-34 molecular sieve and its catalytic performance in the methanol to olefin (MTO) reaction were investigated. It has been found that the ratio of TEAOH and DEA have significant effect on the crystal size, Si distribution and coordination environment of framework Si. The crystal size and Si distribution are the major factors to determine the catalytic lifetime of MTO. Due to its short diffusion pathway, small crystals prolong the catalytic lifetime, while SAPO-34 with Si-rich surface leads to more carbon deposition on the surface than interior, which causes the “fictitious” deactivation of molecular sieves. Si distribution also determines the product profiles of MTO reaction, for example, the crystals with Si-rich surface would favor the non-shape selectivity catalysis, leading to more C₄～C₆ hydrocarbon products and thus suppressing the selectivity of ethylene + propylene.

A series of catalyst samples were prepared by incorporating or impregnating of different amounts of active vanadium species on the phosphate mesoporous sieves Na_0.1Zr_0.9PO which was synthesized in advance by evaporation–induced self–assembly. The pore structure of the prepared samples was characterized by N₂ adsorption-desorption and small angle X-ray diffraction as well as transmission electron microscope. Meanwhile, the state of vanadium species on the Na_0.1Zr_0.9PO was explored by Raman spectrum, which was used to interpret their catalytic performance with an eye toward properly building the catalytic active sites on the phosphate mesoporous sieves. The experimental results showed that the vanadium species introduced by incorporating exist in both isolation and aggregation states. Furthermore, the vanadium species are highly dispersed without the formation of crystalline V₂O₅ even with more than 8% of vanadium loading. In summary, the catalyst samples prepared by incorporating vanadium species into the phosphate mesoporous sieves showed better catalytic activity and selectivity for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene than the samples obtained by impregnating. Furthermore, the activity of oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene declined over the vanadium catalysts supported on phosphate mesoporous sieves doped with Na, but the selectivity was increased.

Ni/Nd₂O₃ catalyst was prepared by hydrothermal method, and its performance in hydrogen production was investigated. The effects of the catalyst synthesis condition and NaOH concentration on the catalytic performance were discussed, and the catalyst was characterized by XRD, XPS, TEM and TG. The results show that when the catalyst with a Ni/Nd molar ratio of 94∶6 and reaction time 8h at 120℃,the highest H₂ selectivity of 95.9% could be achieved. The crystallinity of Ni of the catalyst is fairly high and the Nd species exist in the form of Nd₂O₃, which is beneficial for promoting particle dispersion, exposing active sites and assisting the electron transfer between Ni and Nd. NaOH with varied concentration can change the alkaline state of the system, compared with the reaction system without NaOH solution. When the NaOH concentration is 1.3mol/L, the hydrogen production rate is increased about 3.7 times. After 5 times of catalyst cycling, the selectivity of H₂ is still up to 94.4%, which indicates that the catalyst by hydrothermal synthesis has good stability.

Crystallization, a traditional method for separation, is widely used in pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry, materials, and other fields. With the deep study on crystallization technology and the strict requirement for the quality of product, crystallization is no longer only used for the separation and purification, but also for the preparations of the crystals with specific structure to fabricate specified functional products. As an important part of crystallization, anti-solvent crystallization has attracted much attention because of its simple operation and relatively low energy consumption and suitability for heat sensitive substances. In this paper, starting from the differences between anti-solvent crystallization and other kinds of solution crystallization, the thermodynamics and kinetics were introduced. The thermodynamics was focusing on the determination method of solubility and suitable operating conditions through phase diagram. The kinetics, described the way to establish batch or continuous crystallization kinetics model, and the process of anti-solvent crystallization, including the mixing of anti-solvent and solution, control and optimization of crystallization process, as well as the supercritical fluid technology and spherical crystallization technology that is the methods related to anti-solvent crystallization. Finally, the future development is prospected.

In recent years, using ionic liquids instead of traditional solvents to regurate various interactions in the crystallization process to obtain novel crystal structures is the research front of pharmaceutical crystal engineering. In ionic liquid systems, researchers have produced new pharmaceutical crystal forms or crystal habits which were not achievable with traditional solvents, and the corresponding mechanisms have also been studied preliminarily. In this review, the achievements of the use of ionic liquids in pharmaceutical crystal engineering were summaried, including the compositions and properties of ionic liquids, pharmaceutical solubilization, pharmaceutical polymorphs, crystal habits and formation of pharmaceutical co-crystals, and salts directed by ionic liquids. According to the intermolecular interaction, the mechanisms of these achievements were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulation and other means, in which hydrogen bond and van der Waals interaction have played an important role. The existing problems in this field include the selection of ionic liquids, the corresponding mechanism, and practical applications. The selection criteria for ionic liquids and in-depth mechanism research shall be the main research direction in the future.

Strain evolution engineering is an important strategy for green bio-manufacturing. High-throughput screening methods and techniques can be used to quickly obtain ideal strains. In view of the high-throughput screening methods in strain evolution engineering, this paper focuses on the important advances in high-throughput screening techniques based on color or fluorescence, cell growth, biosensor, and droplet microfluidic platforms. At the same time, the application range and characteristics of various high-throughput screening technologies were introduced, providing theoretical guidance for researchers to obtain ideal strain having physiological or metabolic capacity significantly improved from different evolutionary libraries, so the screening efficiency can be greatly improved and the time and cost can be reduced. Finally, to the future studies shall focus on the important influence of the development of artificial intelligence, synthetic biology and bioinformatics on high-throughput screening technology, in order to improve the accuracy, efficiency and application range of high-throughput screening technology, and accelerate the evolution process and industrialization process of strains.

The free nitrilase enzymes are usually easy to be inactivated in the biotransformation reaction of nitriles; and they showed poor stability and low reuse ratio. All of those would lead to high production costs. In this study, the combination immobilization of resting cells was employed to improve the application performance of nitrilase. Chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol were selected for encapsulation experiments, and the moderate residual activity and mechanical strength were observed. The immobilization conditions include the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan, as well as immobilization reagents, which were preliminarily optimized. Results showed that 80g/L of polyvinyl alcohol, 40g/L of chitosan, and saturated boric acid solution containing 60g/L of sodium tripolyphosphate were the optimal immobilization conditions. Compared with free cells, the thermal stability and storage stability of immobilized cells were improved significantly. The 3- cyanopyridine bioconversion was carried out by feeding batch reaction with immobilized cells. Finally, 208g/L of nicotinic acid was obtained through 525min of conversion, and the results laid the foundation for the practical application of nicotinic acid bioproduction.

The effects of melatonin on the biomass and lipid production in Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10 under molasses wastewater were studied. The molasses wastewater was used as a growth media for the cultivation of Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10. Lipid content of algae was reached 68.69 % with 10^-3μmol/L melatonin-treated, which was increased by 1.15-fold. The biomass was 1.22g/L, representing 41.86% higher than that of single molasses wastewater. And the protein and carbohydrate contents were increased and decreased by 1.41- and 0.61-fold, respectively. The removal rate of COD, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in molasses waste mash reached 92.33%, 90.07% and 86.04%, respectively in the microalgae cultivation. Furthermore, the lipid biosynthesis-related enzyme activities correlated with the increased lipid accumulation. The ACCase, and ME activities were considerably up-regulated with PEPC activity but were significantly down-regulated by melatonin induction. The yield analysis indicated that 1kg dried biomass of Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10 might produce about 535.8g of biodiesel. These low cost findings demonstrated that exogenous melatonin could promote the biomass and lipid production in microalgae under molasses wastewater, and provide a theoretical basis for the large-scale microalgae cultivation.

To solve the emulsion stability problem of paraffin emulsion in drilling fluid, which is easy to demulsification and agglomeration, a paraffin emulsifiable concentrate (EC) with an effective component of 100% was prepared by using compound emulsifiers under certain conditions. In order to improve the lubricity of paraffin EC, nano silica microspheres were preprocessed by kneading drying process and dispersed to the EC system with special dispersant and stabilizer. The stability test showed that the fully suspended nano silica microspheres had good thermal stability and mechanical stability. Compared with the traditional paraffin emulsion, paraffin EC has higher storage stability and ease of use. It can be mixed with water at any ratio to form O/W paraffin emulsion. Performance tests showed that: when 1% paraffin EC was added to the fresh polysulfonate drilling fluid system. the API filtrate loss decreased by 33.8% and the lubricating coefficient decreased by 28.6%. Added 5% salt water polysulfonate drilling fluid system, the API filtrate loss decreased by 26.7%, and the lubricating coefficient reduction rate was 23.4%. Paraffin EC has good compatibility with polysulfonate drilling fluid system and can completely replace traditional paraffin emulsion. Paraffin EC has been tested in the well Bei8 of Songliao Basin. The results showed that the wellbore of Bei8 was stable, the lubricity of drilling fluid was improved obviously, achieved the experimental goals.

Industrial by-product ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄·7H₂O) was used to prepare bio-polymeric ferric sulfate (BPFS). Solid bio-polymeric ferric sulfate (SBPFS) was produced by decompression evaporation, which was applied to the removal of the water of Songhua River. The study included the curing temperature, the curing time and the determination of additives. The structures of the SBPFS were definitely characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared X-ray diffraction (XRD), spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrated that the flocculating agent had strong flocculation when the curing temperature was 55℃, the curing time was 4h, and the additive was KAl(SO₄)₂. The morphology of the SBPFS was observed with a scanning electron microscope, which showed that the material was bulky and the specific surface area was large; SBPFS was observed with X-ray diffraction which showed that the product was amorphous, and the solid powder particles had no specific shapes and structures; the structure and the main component of the SBPFS were demonstrated by spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. When the prepared BPFS and SBPFS were used to dispose Songhua River water, thee removal rate of turbidity and COD_Mn of SBPFS to Songhua River water was slightly better than that of BPFS. The removal efficiencies of turbidity and COD_Mn by SBPFS could reach 96% and 80%, respectively.

It is very important for studying the turbulence drag-reducing mechanism and improving product quality in the fields of pharmaceutical and chemical engineering to deeply investigate rheological properties of surfactants solution. Apparent viscosity on cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) solution was investigated for the same heating rate at different shear rates and for the same shear rate at various heating rates. The present results showed that the shear rate played a dominant role in the viscosity of surfactant solution when the temperature was low. With the increase of temperature, the influence of high temperature on micelles increased, resulting in shear-thinning phenomenon at the high temperature. When the concentration was 0.3125 mmo/L, the critical temperature of solution remained constant with increasing shear rate. However, when the concentration was 0.6250~1.2500 mmol/L, the viscosity curve appeared “platform” and transient thickening at the high temperature and the high shear. For the medium concentration solution, the increase of concentration led to the branch of wormlike micelles, which inhibited the formation of “platform”. With the increase of heating rate, the response rate of micellar structures lagged behind the heating rate. However, when γ=150s^-1, the hysteresis effect decreaseed and the destruction of micelle structure was dominated by the strong shear.

Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers are the best device to utilize inferior coal. In-situ SO₂ removal with limestone is easy and low-cost, but the desulfurization efficiency and calcium utilization are not high enough. Under the circumstance of the ultra-low emission of coal-fired boilers, it is still necessary to investigate the way to improve the sulfur removal performance in CFB boilers. In this paper, SO₂ removal with limestone was reviewed. The effect of H₂O on CaO sulfation was introduced, as well as the simultaneous calcination/sulfation reaction and the model. The use of smaller limestone particles and sorbents reactivation was also introduced. The emphasis was put on the simultaneous calcination /sulfation reaction of limestone, in which the phenomenon that CaCO₃ in limestone cannot decompose completely under CFB conditions was analyzed. The research progress of this reaction as well as the work still need to be done was described. A new model was put forward, which is based on the random pore concept and considered the calcination, sintering and sulfation reaction simultaneously. The new model can describe the reaction process of limestone in CFB more accurately. The research of desulfurization in CFB should be based on the real reaction process of limestone, and the simplification of this reaction should be limited to the reasonable bounds, otherwise the research conclusion cannot reflect its real characteristics.

Activated persulfate (PS) oxidation based on the oxidation principle of sulfate radical (SO₄ ^-·) is a hot research topic of advanced oxidation process (AOP) in recent years. Since activated persulfate oxidation is economical, efficient, environmentally friendly, safe and stable, it gives out new countermeasures in water treatment, environmental protection and other fields. Previously, scholars found that the activated persulfate oxidation had different free radicals involved in the oxidation reaction with different reaction conditions such as pH, catalysts, which lead to varying degrees of influence in degradation results. Based on the relevant radical oxidation mechanism, including single oxidation with sulfate radical, synergistic oxidation with sulfate radical and the other enhanced catalytic activation, the domestic and foreign scholars’ research on the degradation of typical organic pollutants by persulfate was analyzed. Besides, the work on catalyst development was studied, and many novel activated methods of persulfate and its degradation effect and deficiency were pointed out. Furthermore, the way out for better development and application of persulfate oxidation method in the future was explored.

Biochars (called RH1050, RH 1150, WS1050 and WS1150) were prepared under reburning with biomass of rice husk and wheat straw at 1050°C and 1105°C in an entrained flow reactor, and four kinds of sorbents for mercury removal were obtained through blending above biochars and calcined coal-fired flyash, respectively. Elenmental mercury (Hg⁰) removal characteristics of different sorbents was carried out in an in-duct sorbent injection apparatus. The effects of biomass species, adsorption temperature, initial mercury concentration, and flue gas components (SO₂, NO and HCl) on Hg⁰ removal were analyzed, and mercury removal mechanism was also discussed. The obtained results indicated that the average mercury removal efficiency of four biochars is around 30%, and mercury removal efficiency of RH-biochar is a little bit larger than that of WS-biochar. Mercury removal efficiency of RH1050 continuously increases with the increase of adsorption temperature, but mercury removal efficiency of RH1150 presents fluctuating trend. The average mercury removal efficiency of RH-biochar behaves the trend of increase first and decrease later, and the maximum average mercury removal efficiencies of 35.6% and 37.1% through in-duct injection of RH1050 and RH1150 are achieved at initial mercury concentration of 25μg/m³. The presence of SO₂ suppresses Hg⁰ removal, NO enhances Hg⁰ removal, and HCl has a significant promoting effect. The average mercury removal efficiency can achieve more than 90% while HCl content in the simulated flue gas is larger than 50μL/L.

The influence on Pb in the ash by Ca(OH)₂ added was studied during sludge incineration in tubular furnace. Atomic absorption spectrometer(AAS) was used to detect the distribution of Pb in the ash. The experiment showed that the volatilization rate of Pb increased initially, then decreased and then increased with the working temperature increasing. The X-ray diffraction（XRD） results of sludge showed that the retention effect of aluminosilicate on Pb and volatilization kinetics lead to the trend. After Ca(OH)₂ added, the retention of Pb in sludge ash decreased obviously, which indicated that the addition of Ca(OH)₂ could promote the volatilization of Pb. Moreover, the more Ca(OH)₂ added, the less retention of Pb was. The morphology of Pb in ash was divided into leaching state and residual state. The main mechanism is that the reaction between calcium and aluminosilicate reduces the probability of aluminosilicate reaction with Pb by analyzing the results of X ray diffraction (XRD) of sludge added Ca(OH)₂ and the content of two forms of Pb.

Using 10% MDEA as the main amine solution and different proportions of piperazine (PZ),ethanolamine (MEA) and glycine potassium (PG) were used as absorption solutions to compare the change of CO₂ removal efficiency and mass transfer rate by polypropylene（PP） hollow fiber member contactor in self built CO₂ membrane absorption test platform． The surface tension of different complex ratio mixed solution and the wettability of PP films were compared．Long-term experimental runs were carried out using 10%MDEA+10%PG mixed solution as the absorption solution．The results showed that the addition of a small amount of additives can significantly promote the MDEA solution．When the ratio is less than 0.2， the promotion effect is PZ>MEA>PG， when the ratio is greater than 0.2， the promotion effect is PZ>PG>MEA． The surface tension of PZ and MEA decreases with the increase of the addition ratio， but the PG is the opposite． The solution with small surface tension is more infiltrating to the membrane, which can easily cause the wetting of the membrane．when the additive concentration is 10%.The effect on membrane swellability and hydrophobicity and membrane pore structure is：PZ>MEA>PG．The CO₂ removal efficiency under MDEA/PG mixed solution decreases from 89.56% to 83.09% during 20 days of operation， which has little effect on the hydrophobicity of PP． The surface tension of absorption liquid has a significant effect on the removal of CO₂ with membrane gas absorption method. The results can provide a basis for the formulation of CO₂ absorber, and also provide experimental data for revealing the mechanism of membrane failure caused by membrane wetting and inhibition of membrane wetting．

In this study, phosphoric acid was employed as efficient leaching reagent for the leaching of different valuable metals from waste cathode materials of spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Based on the leaching results, about 96.3% Co, 100% Li, 98.8% Mn and 99.5% Ni can be dissolved in phosphoric acidic medium under the optimized leaching conditions of acid concentration-2 mol/L, reductant dosage- 4% H₂O₂, retention time- 60 min, reaction temperature- 60°C and pulp density- 20 mL/g. After adjusting the molar ration with addition of a certain proportion of metal ions to the leachate, the precursor materials of (Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)C₂O₄ can be obtained by co-precipitation method (adding stoichiometric oxalic acid to leaching solution). And phosphoric acid can be simultaneously regenerated during the above precipitating reaction. According to the circulating leaching results, it can be concluded that the regenerated acid can be reused to as leaching reagent with relatively sound leaching efficiencies for valuable metals (90.1% for Li and over 75.0% for Co, Mn and Ni) after 5 cycles of leaching. Finally, cathode materials of Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂ can be reprepared by calcination the precursor materials of (Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)C₂O₄ with pure Li₂CO₃ in appropriate molar ratio. Analysis results of electrochemical performances of the regenerated cathode material indicated that the initial discharge capacity of Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂ was 136.4 mA·h/g with a remained capacity rate of 97.2% after 50 cycles at 0.2 C under the optimized synthesis temperature of 800 ^oC.

Coal gasification wastewater treatment is the key problem restricting the development of coal-to-SNG, in which phenol and ammonia recovery process is a significant treatment unit that affects the whole wastewater treatment system stable operation. In this paper, three industrial phenol and ammonia recovery processes were introduced. Through the analysis of the phenol ammonia recovery process, it was found that the phenol ammonia recovery unit mainly had the following common problems: ① Low total ammonia removal efficiency, high concentrated phenol in ammonia products, and ② Low efficiency of phenol extraction removal. This paper intended to solve the above problems through unit optimization and process modification, and thus the corresponding optimization scheme for phenol ammonia recovery process was proposed. ① Increasing the reboiler heat duty of wastewater; adding enough or excessive alkali liquor in deamination unit; increasing the distance of 1st plate and the top of the tower; reducing the operating temperature of 3rd partial condenser; and establishing alkali washing tank. ② Develop high efficient phenol extractant and adding CO₂ absorption device. It was shown that the above optimization scheme effectively improved the total ammonia removal rate, reduced the phenol content in the ammonia product, and improved the dephenolization efficiency of the extractant.

In the CO₂ acquisition and treatment project of the liquefaction station, low temperature fractionation and ammonia refrigeration system are the core processes. Is calculated using HYSYS simulation software based on this, the corresponding technological process, by studying the fractionation system purification tower, tower pressure, the theoretical plate number and the top of the tower condensing temperature on product energy consumption and the influence law of methane content in the object completely, it is concluded that the project is suitable for purification of tata pressure of 3.2 MPa, the theoretical plate number is 12, suitable tower condensing temperature is -25℃; By studying the evaporating temperature, condensing temperature and economizer exit temperature on the influence law of ammonia refrigeration system, the design is obtained under the condition of appropriate evaporating temperature was minus 30℃, condensing temperature is 39℃, economizer exit temperature of 10℃.

Domestic and foreign scholars have proposed many optimization schemes for the recondensation process of boil-off gas (BOG) in liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals. The pre-cooling optimization scheme has more practical significance because of less initial investment and obvious optimization effect. However, the existing pre-cooling optimization scheme has problems such as unclear optimization principles and incomplete consideration of working conditions. Therefore, this paper introduced the existing re-condensation process in LNG terminals and the process optimized by pre-cooling method. The theoretical principle of the pre-cooling optimization method was obtained and corresponding optimization principles for two typical operating conditions in LNG terminals were proposed. The existing recondensation process of Rudong LNG terminal in Jiangsu province was used as an example. The models were established and the recondensation process was simulated before and after optimization using HYSYS. A comparative analysis of the total power-consumption of the recondensation process before and after optimization was carried out using the built-in model built in HYSYS. The result showed that the improved pre-cooling optimization scheme can effectively optimize the two typical working conditions according to the corresponding optimization principle. The application of the research results at the Rudong LNG terminal in Jiangsu indicated that the improved pre-cooling optimization scheme resulted in 9.8% and 21.5% energy reduction, respectively, under the two typical operating conditions.

With the increase of industrial accidents induced by natural disasters, the research on the vulnerability of Chemical Industry Park under the influence of coupled multi-hazard has received extensive attention. By summarizing the related concepts of vulnerability, the relationship between risk and vulnerability was analyzed. By analyzing the connotation of coupled multi-hazard in Chemical Industry Park, a coupled multi-hazard vulnerability framework was build, and the vulnerability evolution process under the single disaster, double disasters and coupled multi-hazard was studied. Based on the thoughts of coupled multi-hazard vulnerability assessment approach, the existing assessment methods for coupled multi-hazard vulnerability were divided, and the advantages and disadvantages of each assessment method were analyzed. Combined with the characteristics of coupled multi-hazard vulnerability in the Chemical Industry Park, the research that needed to be carried out in the vulnerability assessment of Chemical Industry Park when facing multi-perturbation was put forward, and the basis for the in-depth development of coupled multi-hazard vulnerability assessment was provided.

By comparing and analyzing the volatilization characteristics and types of volatile organic compounds in the evaporation of membrane concentrate in landfill at different temperatures and time, the volatilization of organic compounds in the evaporation process was studied. An integrated evaporation device, which utilizes the high-temperature flue gas first-wall heat exchange and then direct heat exchange, was designed. Through the optimization of the temperature, immersion depth and evaporation time of the high-temperature flue gas, the efficient use of flue gas thermal energy and the decompression evaporation under normal pressure are finally realized. The results indicated that the species and the concentration of volatile organic compounds with high boiling points and long carbon chains increased with the increase of evaporation temperature. It was noteworthy that the volatile organic compounds were mainly alkanes. When the temperature exceeded 100℃, the concentration of benzene series and alcohol lipids increased significantly. When the temperature was close to 80℃ and the evaporation time was 0.5h or 1h, organic compounds with low molecular weight were significantly released , however, the organic compounds with high boiling points existed in few. When the evaporation temperature at 400—550℃, the liquid evaporation temperature reached to 85℃, the difference between liquid evaporation temperature and tail gas temperature is maintained at 5—6C. Under the above conditions, the heat and mass transfer was fast and the species of volatile organic compounds were basically consistent with the conclusion of direct evaporation. Meanwhile, the utility of heat energy in the evaporation process at lower temperature was enhanced and the volatile organic compounds were effectively removed after being adsorbed on activated carbon.