Since streams pressure and temperature manipulations consume large amount of work and heat, as two main forms of energy utilized in chemical industries, it is of vital significance for their cooperative utilization to improve the overall energy efficiency. Firstly, the researches on work and heat exchange network synthesis (WHENS) based on thermodynamic analysis were summarized, where the interaction mechanism of work and heat was revealed by investigating the coupling relationship between the optimization for placement of compressors /expanders and the bottleneck of heat exchange network (HEN) at the lowest exergy consumption. Afterwards, the research progresses of WHENS based on mathematical programming formulations aiming at the minimum total annual cost were systematically summarized to expound the efficient trade-off among pressure manipulation routes, work /heat exchange between streams, utility consumption and capital expenditure. Finally, the future researches were prospected, which focus on the simultaneous synthesis of work and heat exchange network considering the identification for cold/hot identity of streams, and combines the simultaneous design of work and heat exchange network with the optimization of utility system.

Artificial neural network (ANN) is in universe application because of intrinsic favorable nonlinear mapping ability, fault tolerance and self-learning ability. Backpropagation (BP) neural network, an important part of ANN, has great advantages over traditional reaction mechanism modeling which deals with nonlinear multi-factor system. Currently it has been successfully applied in varying fields after experiencing intermittent prosperous and fading development historically. Herein the principle of mapping process, the shortcomings and the corresponding improvement methods of BP neural network are briefly summarized, and its applications in catalyst designing, kinetic simulation, physical and chemical properties prediction, process control and optimization, chemical synthesis and reaction performance prediction were introduced in detail. The prediction accuracy and efficiency in experiment design and process optimization based on BP neural network could be enhanced remarkably by improved algorithm. Finally, it was pointed out that BP neural network, further combined with data depth mining and machine learning techniques, could be a powerful tool for future research in chemical field.

In order to investigate the effect of inert gas on the suppression efficiency of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), the explosion limit and pressure parameters of LPG with different volume fraction of N₂ and CO₂ were tested through the explosive limit measurement device of combustible gas and the visual spherical explosion comprehensive experimental system. The results obtained through the comparison and analysis showed that both N₂ and CO₂ will reduce the explosion limit of LPG and have a greater influence on the upper limit of explosion; when the critical point of explosion suppression was reached, the volume fraction of CO₂ (34%) was less than that of N₂ (43%), and the formula for calculating the dangerous explosion area was given. Under the same conditions, CO₂ has greater suppression effects on the explosion pressure and the rate of increase of the maximum explosion pressure of LPG than N₂, reduces the explosion risk and the maximum explosion index more effectively, and makes the occurrence time of the most violent degree of explosion advance and the explosion danger time reduce. After comprehensive comparison, it was found that the explosion suppression performance of CO₂ to LPG was better than that of N₂.

Large-scale high-pressure condensate gas fields such as Yingmai and Dina in the Tarim Basin area currently only simply control the dew and hydrocarbon point for the feed natural gas. The recovery rate of heavy hydrocarbons is very low and the economic benefits are not maximized. Taking NGL (natural gas liquid) recovery for gas fields can significantly increase the economic benefits of these fields. Nowadays, HPA (high pressure absorber) process is widely used to recovery NGL for high-pressure natural gas. In this paper two improved processes based on HPA process were proposed: revised type Ⅰ process and revised type Ⅱ process. SQP（sequential quadratic programming） algorithm was selected to optimize the operating parameters of the three processes with the lowest unit energy consumption as the objective function. The energy consumption analysis showed that the three processes had different adaptation range of feed gas richness and pressure. Under lean conditions the revised type Ⅰ process was more energy efficient than HPA process in the range of feed gas pressures of 7000—8000kPa. When the feed gas pressure was higher than 7500kPa, the energy consumption of revised type Ⅱ process started to be lower than the former two, and with the increase of feed gas pressure, the energy saving of revised type Ⅱ process was more obvious. For rich gas, revised type Ⅱ process had the highest energy consumption and the difference between revised type Ⅰ process and HPA processes was not apparent.

The salt sludge produced by the mine brine production process uses a decanter centrifuge for solid-liquid separation. Based on the Eulerian multiphase flow model and RNG k-ε turbulence model in a multiple coordinate reference system, the three-dimensional fluid domain of decanter centrifuge was numerically simulated with a computational fluid dynamics software Fluent. The relationship between the rotating speed of the drum and the separation characteristics was studied by the combination of simulation and experiments. The results showed that the tangential speed hysteresis coefficient of the decanter centrifuge is obviously improved when considering the spiral blade than when neglecting the spiral blade. The concept of correcting centrifugal hydraulic pressure was proposed. It was numerically proved that the error between the static pressure value and the theoretical value of the separation liquid was due to the lag of the tangential speed. When the drum rotation speed reaches 3000r/min or more and continues to increase, the sediment solid phase mass fraction will not continue to increase. The sedimentation velocity of the solid phase particles in the separation liquid increases slightly with the increase of the rotational speed. Experiments showed that the decanter centrifuge will produce a certain degree of NaCl concentration gradient in the radial direction when the high concentration brine is centrifuged at high speed. The solute concentration is higher in the outer layer of the separation liquid and lower in the inner layer.

The performance of separation efficiency and pressure drop of five kinds of vortex generators in demister of wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) were numerically investigated. The considered vortex generators included flat plate, elliptic plate, circular tube, square tube and triangle tube which have the same projected area with inlet velocity ranged from 3m/s to 6m/s. The Euler-Lagrangian method was used to solve the gas-liquid phase motion and droplet diameter was ranged from 2μm to 80μm. The results showed that flat plate has the best separation enhancement and the largest resistance loss whose separation efficiency and pressure drop are 31.98% and 30Pa higher than those of the wave type demister without vortex generators for U _in=3m/s respectively. The flat plate has a higher efficiency of removing 2μm droplet about 34.88%, which is 20.81% higher than the wave type. When U _in=3m/s, the separation efficiency and pressure drop of elliptic plate are much higher than the wave type demister without vortex generators by 29.14% and 20.47Pa respectively. The total removal efficiency of circular, square and triangular pipe is as high as 95.05%, 97.49% and 96.48%, respectively. For pressure drop, the square tube is 4.18 times of the demister without vortex generators, the circular tube and triangular tube are 2.05 times and 2.79 times of it respectively. In addition, the effect of attack angle of elliptic plate were evaluated and the results showed that under the same U _in, increasing angle attack results in increasing efficiency of mist removal and 50° elliptic plate has the separation efficiency of 97.09%~99.15%. The separation property of 2μm droplet has little effect by the attack angle. The pressure loss decreases as the attack angle decreases, which increases from 25.3Pa to 92.78Pa. High performance of the oval plate results from the optimal combination of the projected area facing air flow with aspect ratio as well as the streamlined surface structure with more vortices produced.

The dynamics of the three-phase contact line for deionized water and gold nanofluid droplets with solar heating were experimentally investigated using substrates of various wettability. 2μL deionized water and nanofluid droplets, irradiated by a certain power solar simulator, were added to the hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces. A high-speed camera was used to record the evaporation process of the droplets on different surfaces in real time. The images were processed by the MATLAB program to obtain the dynamic characteristics of the droplets on different surfaces during evaporation, including the contact angle and contact area diameter. It has been found that droplets have different dynamics of the three-phase contact line on the hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Deionized water droplets evaporation on the hydrophilic surface was controlled by the constant contact area mode and the constant contact angle mode sequentially. Deionized water droplets exhibit “stick-slip” evaporation characteristic on hydrophobic surface. Initially, the droplet evaporates retaining a constant contact area. After the evaporation proceeds and minimum contact angle reached, then the three-phase contact line “slips” to a more energetically favorable position suddenly leading to a new, smaller contact radius and a larger contact angle. This cycle was repeated until the droplet dry-out. The evaporation process of nanofluid droplets on the hydrophilic surface was mainly controlled by the constant contact area evaporation mode. The “stick-slip” evaporation process was also observed on the hydrophobic surface. From the perspective of the surface energy, the “pinning” and “de-pinning” of droplet contact line was analyzed in detail. It was concluded that the wettability of the substrate and the deposition of nanoparticles affect the dynamics of the three-phase contact line on different surfaces. It is important for people to understand the droplet evaporation process in nature, industry and life.

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system is an effective way to generate electricity with medium and low temperature heat sources. ORC system with a regenerator was designed and constructed with R245fa as the working fluid in this study. The efficiencies of the two systems and the expander performance were studied under constant cold and heat source. The results showed that the efficiencies of the two systems were higher with increasing expander torque and speed. The regenerative system had a higher efficiency. When the speed of the expander was 1300r/min, the maximum efficiency of the regenerative system was 7.20%, being 11.9% higher than the non-regenerative system. Because heat transfer of exhaust steam from evaporator and high pressure organic working fluid at the entrance of evaporator occurred in regenerator, the isentropic efficiency and superheat of inlet of expansion of regenerative system were higher than the non-regenerative system, but the expansion ratio and heat absorption of evaporator were reduced. With increasing expander torque and speed, the heat absorption and expansion ratio of the two systems were higher, but the isentropic efficiency and inlet superheating of the expander showed opposite tendency.

Reasons of oxide failure for low-temperature superheater in a 1000MW ultra-supercritical boiler were studied in terms of macroscopic morphology of broken tube, X-ray examination of oxide scale accumulation, chemical composition and hardness testing of the sample tube, the microstructure and composition analysis of oxide, and the failure state of oxide. The results showed that elbows under vertical section were blocked by oxide, which caused short-time overheat detonation. The chemical composition and hardness of the sample tube accorded with requirements of 12Cr1MoV steel under the standard. Meanwhile, the equivalent metal temperature of the low-temperature superheater was lower than the design value and the anti-oxidation temperature of 12Cr1MoV. Since the tube thickness and steam velocity were high of large capacity boiler, its thermal stress and turbulence intensity were high. These factors led to the critical thickness of oxide failure much lower than that of small capacity boiler. The wall temperature of the middle part in low-temperature superheater was lower than that of both sides along the width of the furnace in a certain area. High wall temperature also increased the rate of oxide formation and the probability of tube detonation. The results also showed that the oxide was layered on the inner wall of the sample tube, including Fe₂O₃ layer, Fe₃O₄ layer and Cr-rich oxide layer from the outside to the inside. The grain size decreased and the surface structure became dense gradually from the outer layer to the inner.

Cu(OH)₂ nanorods array was synthesized on the surface of copper microgrooves heat sink by alkali assistant surface oxidation technique in this study, to generate a novel superhydrophilic micro-nano hybrid surface heat sink. Then, the wetting and heat transfer characteristics of copper microgrooves, micro-nano hybrid surface and superhydrophilic micro-nano hybrid surface heat sinks were compared at evaporation conditions, where distilled water was served as working fluid. The experimental results showed that Cu(OH)₂ nanorods array made the original hydrophilic surface more hydrophilic, the contact angle of water decreased with the amount of nanorods on the surface increases. The minimum contact angle can reach 9.5°, which results in the formation of the superhydrophilic micro-nano hybrid surface heat sink. Compared with the microgrooves heat sink without nanostructure, at the same input power, the micro-nano hybrid surface heat sink has better wetting and heat transfer characteristics. Additionally, the superhydrophilic micro-nano hybrid surface heat sink exhibits a more superior enhanced wetting and heat transfer characteristics. Compared with the copper microgrooves heat sink, the liquid wetting length increasement can reach 300% in the superhydrophilic micro-nano hybrid surface heat sink and the surface temperature is reduced approximately 15℃.

The method of liquid phase precipitation with ammonium bicarbonate solution as precipitant and sodium dodecyl sulfate as an additive was used to recover manganese from wastewaters produced from sulfate titanium dioxide preparation wastewater. Based on results of single factor tests, Box-Behnken Design，a kind of response surface methodology, was used to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, excess coefficient of ammonium bicarbonate(NH₄HCO₃), pH of the solution and aging time on the precipitation of manganese precipitation rate. Based on the regression analysis, regression equations related to response values and factors were established. The optimal process conditions were determined as follows: reaction temperature of 33.3℃, excess coefficient of 1.06, solution pH of 7.2, and aging time of 2.0h. The predicted precipitation rate of manganese was 99.30%, while the corresponding experimental result was 98.90%. The errors between the predicted and experimental value was 0.4%, which indicated that established models were accurate and reliable for the analysis and prediction of the process of the manganese precipitation rate. In the optimized conditions, the manganese content in the manganese carbonate was 43.53% by ICP-AES analysis method, which reached the standard of industrial grade product (HG/T 4203—2011). This study could provide a new idea for the resource reclamation of manganese-containing wastewater.

With the improved dextran grafting technique on agarose beads, dextran solution was added during the process of cross-linking with epichlorohydrin as crosslinker,and the dextran-grafted agarose was named Rigose-Dex. Then Rigose-Dex was coupled with 2-chloro-N,N-diethylethylamine hydrochloride(DEAE) to obtain the weak anion exchanger which named Rigose-Dex DEAE. Protein adsorption properties of Rigose-Dex DEAE were studied systematically using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the model protein and physical properties were studied, which compared with commercial product DEAE Sepharose 6FF. The results showed that the highest grafting amount of the modified dextran grafting technique was 24.5mg/mL. Rigose-Dex DEAE can tolerate linear flow rate of 700cm/h.The dynamic capacity of BSA of Rigose-Dex DEAE medium was 127.6mg/mL even at the retention time of 2 minutes in the chromatography column, which was 212% of that of DEAE Sepharose 6FF. The Rigose-Dex DEAE showed excellent stability with 90.4% capacity remaining after 120 cycles of on-line cleaning.

At present, the preparation methods of magnetic fluids are mostly chemical co-precipitation methods, and there are few studies on the preparation process of micro-emulsification and the magnetic field sedimentation stability. The dispersant and its mass fraction required for the high quality cycloalkyl NiFe₂O₄ magnetic fluid were selected by single factor and uniform test design. Through the sample sedimentation coefficient and viscosity characteristics, the effects of dispersant type and mass fraction, NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticle mass fraction, emulsifier type and temperature on the magnetic field sedimentation stability of magnetic fluid were studied, and the better parameters for preparing cycloalkyl NiFe₂O₄ magnetic fluid were obtained. Results showed that when the mass fraction of SDBS, SDS and OA was in the range of 1%～6%, the sedimentation stability of cycloalkyl NiFe₂O₄ magnetic fluid was better, and the effect of SDBS and OA was greater than SDS on its stability. When the amount of dispersant was fixed, the magnetic fluid first exhibited well stability with the increase of the NiFe₂O₄ magnetic nanoparticles mass fraction, and then agglomeration gradually occurred. At a certain temperature, the emulsifier Surf CA20 was favorable for the formation of liquid crystal inside the magnetic fluid. The liquid crystal reduced the attraction potential between the liquid beads and the coalescence speed of the magnetic particles, thereby improving the magnetic field sedimentation stability of the magnetic fluid.

The viscosity and non-Newtonian properties of hydrate slurry are important parameters for hydrate flow assurance, the research of which is of great significance for the hydrate risk control technology and the safety warning of deep-water petroleum transportation. In this paper, different types of rheometer and non-Newtonian properties were introduced. Additionally, impacts of the influence factors on hydrate slurry viscosity were summarized and the quantitative characterization models of hydrate slurry viscosity were analyzed. The research results of non-Newtonian characteristics of hydrate slurry were reviewed from four aspects including shear shinning, thixotropy, yield stress and viscoelasticity. Generally, there was a strong system dependence on the viscous slurry viscosity and non-Newtonian characteristics. The established hydrate slurry viscosity models considered different kinds of factors and had lower universality. Finally, the future research directions for hydrate experiments and model study in the rheometers were proposed: coupling study on parameters between hydrate micro-structure and slurry rheology, viscosity model considering the non-Newtonian characteristics of hydrate slurry, combination of the viscosity and non-Newtonian properties of hydrate slurry and hydrate plugging theory.

The increasing demand of propene has motivated people to develop novel approaches to produce propene. The commercial dehydrogenation process of propane, however, has the problems of thermodynamics equilibrium limit, high reaction temperature and carbon deposition. Nowadays, increasing attention has been paid to developing the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. In this review, we summarized the development of catalyst systems (V-, Cr-, Co-, Ni-, Mo-, Pt-, Ce-based and metal-free catalysts), mechanism studies and oxidants for propane oxidative dehydrogenation. The advantages and drawbacks for each system are analyzed. We found that although many kinds of catalysts have been developed, the propene yield is still far from commercialization. In the future, the development of the propane oxidative dehydrogenation should be directed to a deep understanding of the reaction mechanism and the rational design of advanced catalyst systems so as to improve the selectivity and yield of propene.

2,5-bishydroxymethylfuran (BHMF) has important applications in synthetic resins and drugs. The conversion from biomass based platform molecule，5-hydroxylmethylfurfural (HMF)，to BHMF has attracted extensive attention. On the basis of summarizing the physical and chemical properties of HMF and BHMF，the advances in the preparation of BHMF by catalytic hydrogenation of HMF in terms of the diversity of hydrogen sources were comprehensively generalized，mainly including molecular H₂，alcohols，formic acid. The application of noble metal，non-precious metal，bi-metal or multi-metal co-catalysts systems was summarized. What’s more，the effects of different reaction temperature，time，catalyst carrier，solvent type and acid value and other factors on HMF conversion and BHMF selectivity were evaluated. Finally，the prospect of the preparation of BHMF by catalytic conversion of HMF was summarized and forecasted，and the use of alcohols instead of hydrogen as hydrogen donors was proposed. The development of non-noble metal and metal co-catalysis system is one of the important research directions of this selective hydrogenation reaction.

The coal-bed methane (CH₄) in coal reservoirs mainly exists in form of adsorbed state. Study on influences of physicochemical properties of coals on their pore morphology and CH₄ adsorption performance is important for effectively recovering CH₄. In this review, the influences of physicochemical properties of coals on their pore structure and CH₄ adsorption, and the future research trend were addressed. The results showed the positive linear correlation between coal micropore parameters and their CH₄ adsorption capacity. The meso- and macropores of coal mainly influenced the adsorption/diffusion rate of CH₄ within coals. The coals rich in ink-shaped pores or vitrinite always exhibited superior CH₄ adsorption performance. In general, the minerals and moisture decreased coal adsorption ability. The extraction of small organic compounds from coal matrix was helpful to increase pore surface area and volume of coals and further enhance their adsorption performance. To gain further insight into coal physicochemical properties dependences of pore morphology and CH₄ adsorption, the coupling relationship between coal pore structure parameters and fluid adsorption/desorption, and the elaboration of coal complex pore morphology based on multi-fractal theory were needed to study. Furthermore, to accurately estimate pore structure parameters of coal, the BET model and BJH model fully considering coal heterogeneity were needed. Study on occurrence space regarding oxygen-containing functional groups on coal matrix in coal pore space to address the cooperative effect of functional groups and pore morphology on CH₄ adsorption was also required. Finally, study on the influences of moisture on coal pore structure and adsorption performance for CH₄ from experiment and theory analysis, and experimental method for determining moisture-containing coal adsorption performance, should also be concentrated on.

Shale gas, an emerging unconventional natural gas mainly composed of methane (CH₄), is of great significance to optimize China’s current energy consumption structure and to mitigate environmental pollution issues during energy consumption. Previous study has shown that shale gas in gas shale reservoirs mainly exists in adsorbed state. The adsorption performance of gas shales depends on both physicochemical properties of shales and external reservoir conditions. Among them, the moisture contained in shales significantly affects the adsorption/desorption of shale gas. Therefore, based on literature review, this work analyzed the occurrence and distribution of moisture in gas shales, summarized the analysis method of moisture in shale reservoirs, and pointed out the research trend regarding moisture occurrence and distribution. The results showed that the moisture in gas shales mainly existed in pore structures, and the moisture contained in inorganic pores was higher than that of organic pores; the water molecules were mainly adsorbed to the hydrophilic sites of the organic pores through hydrogen bonds, and the hydrogen bonds and surface forces combined with clay particles or pore surface; the moisture content was related to both clay mineral content and TOC content of gas shales; hitherto, the experimental methods for determining the occurrence and distribution of water molecules in shales comprised water vapor isothermal adsorption, low temperature difference scanning calorimetry, low field nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared thermal imaging, and low-temperature plasma ashing. Although study on moisture in gas shales had gained broad attention, it was still insufficiently compared with that on moisture in coals. Thus, the following aspects need to be further concentrated on. To start with, it was necessary to determine content distribution and spatial distribution characteristics of moisture in inorganic minerals and organic matter, furthermore, to examine water dependence of CH₄ adsorption/desorption within shales, and finally, to address the mechanism of water dependence of CH₄ adsorption/desorption in shales using experiment and simulation approach.

The present work experimentally investigates the use of five pure salt solutions as working solution in a lab-scale reverse electrodialysis (RED) stack. The main performance parameters of RED stack were analyzed in terms of open circuit voltage (OCV), stack ohm-resistance and power density. Effect of two concentration gradients (3/0.05 and 5/0.05) was investigated. Results show that the electrolyte solution with high electric conductivity is good to reduce stack ohm-resistance. The experimental lowest stack resistance of 2.8Ω was measured when using NH₄Br solution at concentration of 5/0.05, meanwhile, the experimental lowest OCV reached at 1.355V. Because the permselectivity of ion-exchange membranes is weakened at high concentration. The experimental highest OCV of 1.929V was measured when using KAc solution at concentration of 5/0.05, which is about 9% higher than the OCV in LiCl at the same concentration. Due to 17% lower resistance, the latter achieved the maximum power density of 2.217W/m². The OCV in NaAc is slightly lower than that in KAc, but the latter internal resistance is too high, which makes the latter maximum power density minimum.

The CO selective catalytic reduction of NO _x (CO-SCR) technique has attracted considerable attentions in reduction denitration for flue gas from stationary source such as steel sintering/pellet emissions and coking flue gas, and the most outstanding characteristics of these emissions are low temperature, high oxygen content and high CO concentration. Ir-based catalysts, one class of precious metal catalysts, have become one of the hotspots in catalytic reduction denitration due to their excellent antioxidant capacity and high catalytic activity in the CO-SCR reaction system. This review was devoted to the catalytic performance of three types of Ir-based catalysts in CO-SCR removal of NO _x , including single carrier, composite carrier and composite active component. The effects of the preparation conditions and reaction conditions on the CO-SCR denitration performance of the Ir-based catalysts were also summarized. Finally, the reaction mechanism of NO _x on the surface of the Ir-based catalysts was briefly described. The paper points out that the catalyst can be modified by various methods, and the cost can be reduced by reducing the Ir loading and the reaction temperature window or improving the catalytic activity, which provides reference for the industrial application of the Ir-based catalyst CO-SCR.

As one of the most promising visible light photocatalysts, Cu₂O has potential applications in many multidisciplinary fields such as solar cells, carbon monoxide oxidation, photocatalysts, sensors, chemical templates. However, due to the easy recombination of its photo-generated electron-hole, quick photocorrosion and poor stability, Cu₂O still faces great challenges in its practical application. Therefore, the studies in the improvement of the photocatalytic performance of Cu₂O has gained extensive attentions. Firstly, three improvement methods of morphology control, heteroatom doping, and semiconductor heterojunction are introduced. It is concluded that the construction of semiconductor heterojunction is the most effective method to improve the photocatalytic performance of Cu₂O and the heterostructures with noble metal, metal oxides, and carbon material are preferred. Secondly, the photocatalytic enhancement mechanism of Cu₂O was discussed with respect to the composited semiconductor heterojunction, Schottky junction and Z-scheme mechanism. Finally, the research directions of Cu₂O-based nanocomposites, which contains electronic structure, interface properties, and composition and thickness of surface loads are given.

Ni-P/TiO₂ amorphous catalyst was prepared by chemical reduction method. By taking the α-pinene hydrogenation as a probe reaction, the effects of the preparation conditions on the catalytic properties were investigated. The suitable preparation conditions were as follows: TiO₂/NiCl₂?6H₂O mass ratio 3∶1, P/Ni molar ratio 2.5∶1, reaction temperature 25℃ and pH 11. Under these conditions, the catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of α-pinene. The conversion of α-pinene, the enantioselective of cis-pinane and were 99.89%, 98.48% and 98.37%, respectively. And the catalyst could be reused for 8 times. XRD, BET, DSC, XPS and TEM were employed to investigate the structure difference of the catalysts before and after deactivation. The results showed that the fresh catalyst was spherical and well dispersed with uniform particle size of about 100nm. The introduction of TiO₂ effectively had improved the thermal stability of the Ni-P particles. The crystallization temperature increased by 78℃, 190℃ and 115.1℃. However, the deactivated catalysts exhibited deteriorated dispersion, and reduced content of Ni⁰, which was considered as the main reasons for the deactivation.

To overcome the limit of syngas methanation catalyst in thermal stability, activity or suitability, a novel catalyst, La₂O₃-ZrO₂-Ni/Al₂O₃, was prepared using La₂O₃ and ZrO₂ as multi-functional additive. Meanwhile, another catalyst of Cr₂O₃-Ni/Al₂O₃, was also prepared for reference. Then the microstructure of the catalyst was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The micropore parameters were determined by using N₂-adsorption (BET) method. And the theoretical equilibrium values of the four-stage methanation process adopted by a certain SNG plant were simulated by using Aspen Plus. Furthermore, the influence of pressure, space velocity and H₂O(g) content on the catalyst performance were investigated, and the 1000h life assessment was also conducted. The results show that La₂O₃-ZrO₂-Ni/Al₂O₃ is superior to Cr₂O₃-Ni/Al₂O₃ in thermal stability and temperature activity, which helps the conversion of CO and CO₂ approaching to the simulated equilibrium values. The active component, NiO, is well dispersed, with the particle sizes in the range of 7-10nm. The performance of La₂O₃-ZrO₂-Ni/Al₂O₃ is insensitive to the changes of pressure, space velocity or H₂O(g) content. Moreover, La₂O₃-ZrO₂-Ni/Al₂O₃ could preserve its high activity and stability after running for 1000h.

SCR de-NO _x catalyst Cu-HPMo/TiO₂ was prepared by maceration method using anatase TiO₂ as support and Cu modified phosphorous molybdenum heteropoly acid (HPMo) as active component. The effects of Cu doping ratio, catalyst calcination temperature and the loading of active component on the denitration efficiency were studied, and the structure and properties of the catalyst were analyzed by means of XRD, BET and SEM, etc. The activity test results showed that the denitration efficiency of the catalyst was the highest when the mole ratio of Cu and Mo(Cu∶Mo) was 3∶1, calcination temperature was 350℃ and the loading of active component was 10%. The denitration efficiency was 92% at 200℃ and it increased to 99% at 250℃.The BET analysis showed that the addition of Cu increased the dispersion of the active components on the surface of the catalysts leading to an enlarged surface area. Proper amount of Cu doping and calcining temperature are beneficial for enhancing the interaction between Cu and Mo, which could facilitate the dispersion of the active components, the decrease of the grain volume, the connection between grains and the denitration efficiency.

The USY zeolites with different SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios were prepared from commercial USY zeolites via the ammonium exchange and hydrothermal treatment and then were characterized by XRD, SEM, N₂ adsorption and desorption isotherms and py-IR. The influence of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio on the performance of USY zeolites for the gas-phase dehydration of glycerol to acrolein was investigated. The results of XRD and SEM showed that the ammonium exchange and hydrothermal treatment only increased the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio and decreased the relative crystallinity of USY but had no effect on the structure and morphology of USY. The analysis of N₂ adsorption and desorption isotherms and py-IR demonstrated that the total and B acid content of the USY gradually decreased, L acid content, mesoporous volume and mean pore size increased with the increase of framework SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio. Activity evaluation results revealed that the textural property had more important effect on glycerol conversion and acrolein selectivity than the acid property. Therefore, USY with a SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of 29 displayed the best catalytic performance, giving an acrolein yield of 51.8% and glycerol conversion of 84.5%.

The hyperbranched polyethylene (HBPE) synthesized by using late transition metal catalysts has excellent properties and needs less steps. Branching degree, types, and distributions all have significant effects on the physical properties of HBPE, however there are few investigations on the kinetic model and branching distribution predictions. In this work, a model was developed to describe the preparation of HBPE from an ethylene-only feed over the α-diimine nickel catalyst. The kinetic model was used to predict the polymerization rate, and then it was coupled with population balance model to establish a new chain branching distribution model. Compared with existing models, the model considers the contributions from both kinetics and chain branching distribution, and hence the predictions agree well with the experimental data. This model provides a tool for tuning the ethylene polymerization process and its products catalyzed by late transition metal catalysts.

Pt-SO₄ ^2-/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃（PSZA） catalyst was prepared by impregnation method. The effects of binder pseudoboehmite sources on the isomerization activity and mechanical strength of PSZA were investigated, and the suitable source of binder was determined. Also，the preparation of the zirconium hydroxide was scaled up about 10 times from 25g to 250g and the isomerization performance of simplified shaped PSZA was explored. Based on this, the influence of Al₂O₃ binder content was investigated. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, TG, XRF, and so on. The experimental results demonstrated that pseudoboehmite from different sources had different crystallinity, which led to PSZA with different isomerization activity and mechanical strength. The high crystallinity of the pseudoboehmite provided the catalyst with low sulfur content, high isomerization activity and high mechanical strength. In addition, the catalyst prepared with large scale did not show significant change in the isomerization performance of the catalyst. The binder content in the studied range had no significant effect on the initial isomerization activity of the catalyst, but the reaction stability decreased greatly with the increase of the binder content. When the isomerization activity and mechanical strength of the catalyst were both desirable, a suitable alumina content was 5%～10%.

Xylene is a typical hazardous chemical with high spill frequency. Recovery of chemical by sorbent materials is one of the countermeasures in water chemical spills response. In order to provide information on the selection of optimal adsorption material for cleanup of leaked xylene, the structural characteristics, adsorption mechanisms and adsorption capacities of five types of adsorbents (products of mineral adsorbents, biomass, nano-materials, organic synthetic compounds and super-hydrophobic materials) were described in this review. The advantages and disadvantages of adsorbents in xylene separation and removal were discussed. The latest research advances of xylene sorption with those materials were also summarized in this review. Due to the superhydrophobic performance, high adsorption capacity, high mechanical strength, strong wear resistance and easy regeneration, the superhydrophobic three-dimensional porous materials (such as super-hydrophobic sponges, super-hydrophobic fibers) and superhydrophobic mesh materials are suitable for xylene recovery in large water area. Several recommendations improving application effectiveness of superhydrophobic materials were put forward.

Fatty acids have attracted more attention from researchers due to their superior performancein the phase change materials studied formerly, but there are also some problems such as inappropriate phase change temperature and poor thermal conductivity. Thermal properties of fatty acid phase change energy storage materials (PCMs) were systematically analyzed through the existing literature, three effective methods to solve the problem of inappropriate phase change temperature were presented, which are combination of fatty acid with fatty acid, fatty alcohol and paraffin. In view of the poor thermal conductivity, three efficient and easy ways to enhance heat transfer, namely, porous material adsorption, adding carbon materials or metal particles and microencapsulation, are proposed and illustrated the current research focus in this area. Meanwhile, the phase change properties, thermal conductivity enhancement methods and thermal conductivity enhancers were compared, and their advantages and disadvantages were analyzed. Finally, the shortcomings of the study on thermal properties were investigated and further research directions are pointed out, such as preparing more fatty acid PCMs which can be used in building energy saving and textile industry, and emphasizing on the study of the composition of fatty acid and paraffin.

Due to its ordered lamellar structure, high specific area and adjustable structural properties, the 2-D layered nanomaterial of nickel phyllosilicate (Ni-PS) has been received much attention as the functional materials in the magnetic, electrical and catalytic fields. This paper reviewed the recent progress on the synthetic mechanism and fabrication approaches of Ni-PS firstly, and then a number of useful modification strategies, including utilization of organic silicon sources, metal-ions/oxides doping, synthesizing nanotubular and compositing with carbon materials, which can improve the structure and performance of Ni-PS, were presented as well. The applications of Ni-PS or as a precursor in the formation of high-quality metallic nanoparticles, electrode materials, magnetic carriers and absorbers for heavy metal ions were described in detail. In particular, Ni-PS was very popular in preparing the novel and high-effective nickel-based catalysts thanks to its characteristic laminated structures which restrained the diffusion of nickel atoms as well as provided protection to the nanoparticles from oxidation and sintering during the reduction process. The resulted catalysts were widely used for the preparation of syngas, hydrogen production, hydrogenation reaction and chemical looping reforming, etc. Finally, it was suggested that much attention should be paid on the fabrication and modification of Ni-PS to generate high performance and multi-functional Ni-PS and the composites, promoting their applications in the functional and engineering materials.

Modified silica aerogel solution was prepared with anhydrous ethanol as solvent and silica aerogel as solute. The rock wool/SiO₂ aerogel composite board and glass wool/SiO₂ aerogel composite board were prepared by infiltration and prevailing pressure drying. Firstly, the effects of different mass percentages of silica aerogel on short-term water absorption, thermal conductivity and compression strength of the two kinds of composite boards were studied. Secondly, the performance of the prepared composite boards was analyzed when the mass percentages of SiO₂ aerogel was 8%. Finally, the microstructure of the composite boards was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that SiO₂ aerogel was uniformly attached to the inorganic fibers to form a relatively stable composite system. With the increase of the mass fraction of SiO₂ aerogel, the short-term water absorption and thermal conductivity of the composite boards were gradually reduced, and the compression strength was increased. Compared with the modified rock wool, the modified glass wool had better waterproof performance and better compression strength. When the mass fraction of SiO₂ aerogel reached 8%, the short-term water absorption, the thermal conductivity and the compression strength of the rock wool/SiO₂ aerogel composite board and the glass wool/SiO₂ aerogel composite board decreased by 35.0% and 36.2%, 26.67% and 18.3% and increased by 6.5% and 102.9% respectively, in comparison with those of the original materials.

Using glucose as carbon source, cerium nitrate as cerium source and deionized water as solvent, the precursors were synthesized. Homemade anodic alumina oxide (AAO) was used as hard templates. The precursors were injected into nanochannels of AAO templates via vacuum pressure induction method. The cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂-NPs) doped hollow carbon nanofibers (CeO₂/HCFs) were synthesized by thermal decomposition. The synthesized CeO₂/HCFs were characterized in detail by Raman spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results revealed that CeO₂/HCFs had the tubular structure with an average diameter of about 200nm with good graphitization degree. Moreover, CeO₂-NPs were uniformly distributed and highly dispersed in HCFs with face centered cubic lattice. Electrochemical activity of CeO₂/HCFs and the effect of supporting electrolyte pH on the detection were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric I-t curve. The ascorbic acid sensors displayed high electrochemical activity towards the oxidation of ascorbic acid and the most stable current can be detected when the pH of the supporting electrolyte was 4.18. The sensitivity of the modified electrode was 505.4μA/(cm²·mmol) with the detection limit of 0.55μmol/L. The linear range was 2.5—8.4mmol/L. Moreover, the experimental results demonstrated that CeO₂/HCFs had good stability, reproducibility and selectivity. This method was fast, sensitive, stable and easy to operate. The results suggested that CeO₂/HCFs could be a promising candidate for the construction of non-enzymatic sensor.

A novel phase change material (PCM) for cold chain logistics, with phase-change temperature of about 0℃ and relatively high latent heat and low supercooling degree, was prepared by using sorbitol aqueous solution (C₆H₁₄O₆) as main base solution. The thermophysical properties of the PCM were optimized by using nanomaterials. Then, a cold storage box using the sorbitol aqueous solution as PCM was designed and its performance was tested with apples as the cold storage object. The experimental results showed that nanomaterials (i.e., TiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃) could effectively reduce the supercooling degree of PCM and enhance its thermal conductivity. When the concentration of TiO₂ was 0.50%, the supercooling degree of the sorbitol aqueous solution was reduced to the minimum of 1.4℃. When the concentration of TiO₂ was 0.40%, the thermal conductivity of the sorbitol aqueous solution was increased to the maximum of 0.612W/(m·K). There was no phase separation phenomenon in the sorbitol aqueous solution, but a certain amount of thickener was needed due to the precipitation of the nanomaterials. The final ratio of the PCM was determined as 5% C₆H₁₄O₆+0.40%TiO₂+1.0% polyacrylic acid sodium (PAAS), whose phase-change temperature, latent heat enthalpy and thermal conductivity of the prepared PCM were -2.9℃, 293.8kJ/kg and 0.62W/(m·K), respectively. The proposed PCM could maintain apple temperature within the range of -1 ~ 7℃ over 20h, which could meet the requirement of “last mile” or even longer distance of cold chain logistics.

The titania-loaded graphene oxide composites (GO-TiO₂) were prepared by hydrolysis of butyl titanate in graphene oxide dispersed solution. The modified samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), automatic specific surface area and pore analysis (BET), and UV-vis diffuse spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS). The adsorption kinetics and photocatalytic properties of GO10-TiO₂ for methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO) and Rhodamine B (Rh B) dyes were studied. The results showed that the TiO₂ particles were uniformly attached to the surface of GO sheet, the adsorption process of GO10-TiO₂ for three dyes was multi-layer adsorption, and the adsorption kinetics accords with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. At 25℃, the adsorption of MB, MO and Rh B in wastewater by GO10-TiO₂ showed selective adsorption due to the difference of conjugate structure and polarity with adsorption capacities of 9.2mg/g, 5.4mg/g and 23.0mg/g, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of the three dye wastewaters was related to the adsorption performance. The higher the adsorption capacity, the higher the degradation efficiency. The degradation rates of MB, MO and Rh B were 89%, 75% and 98%, respectively, after photocatalytic reaction for 60min.

Epoxy resin modified polylactic acid (ePLA)/low melting point nylon 6 (LMPA6)/montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared by melting blending. XRD and DSC results showed that the crystallinity increased first and then decreased as the content of OMMT increased. The rheological behavior results showed that the viscous response of ePLA/LMPA6/OMMT nanocomposites was dominated. In addition, as the OMMT content increased, the storage modulus and loss modulus also increased. The barrier performance test results indicated that the addition of OMMT could effectively improve the barrier properties of nanocomposites. The thermogravimetric results illustracted that the addition of OMMT could significantly improve the thermal stability of nanocomposites. The TEM testing results showed that OMMT easily formed a uniform nanostructure in the matrix when the OMMT content was small. The mechanical properties analysis showed that the tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength of the nanocomposites increased first and then decreased when the content of OMMT increased, and the mechanics of nanocomposites reached the maximum value when the OMMT content was 3%, which increased 9.7%, 37.8% and 35.9% than the sample without OMMT, respectively.

Enzyme immobilization expands the practical application of the enzymes since it overcomes the drawbacks of free enzymes, such as easy deactivation, poor stability and difficulty in recovery. In recent years, as an emerging type of carriers for enzyme immobilization, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) materials have been gaining considerable attentions in academic fields due to their large specific surface area, high porosity, adjustable pore size, open metal sites, various structures, and compositions. This review summarized the recent advances in immobilized enzymes on MOFs, with emphasis on the preparation strategies of de novo synthesis and post-synthesis, and the involved immobilization mechanisms (including carrier encapsulation, surface adsorption, covalent bonding, and pore diffusion). The advantages and limitations of different methods were discussed as well. For example, de novo synthesis allows the pore size of MOFs less than target enzymes，but requires MOFs which could be prepared in mild conditions; post-synthesis allows the synthesis of MOFs to occur in harsh conditions but has relatively complex process. In addition, the practical applications of enzyme-MOFs composites in the environmental field for contaminant detection and removal were summarized. Finally, it is pointed out that the further application of MOFs immobilized enzymes in environmental fields should be based on thorough fundamental research in terms of the synergistic effect of enzymes and MOFs on decontamination of pollutants, the rational design and controllable synthesis strategies.

To improve the biomethane yield of corncob and fowl dung, anaerobic co-digestion of corncob and fowl dung was investigated. Results showed that the highest biogas and methane yields were obtained at the ratio of 5∶1 (corncob/fowl dung, based on VS), corresponding to 200.0mg/g and 121.2mL/g, respectively. The biogas production of co-digestion was improved by 700% in comparison of single digestion of fowl dung. Anaerobic co-digestion of corncob and fowl dung benefits the conversion of biomass to methane. With the optimum corncob/fowl dung of 5∶1, the highest VFAs were 2.56g/L, which was dominated by acetate. Appropriate addition of fowl dung was in favor of increasing ammonia concentration as well as the activity of methanogen. However, excessive addition of fowl dung would reduce the total biomethane production. The neutralization of ammonia with VFAs maintained the co-digestion system in stable condition. The amount of feedstock could significantly influence the biogas yield. The highest biogas yield could be achieved at the loading of 50g/L. The corresponding biogas production and methane content of 7800mL and 68.7%, respectively. However, the biogas yield and methane yield were the highest when feeding was 20g/L, which were 325mg/g and 184.3mL/g, respectively. The C/N ratio could be optimized and the concentration of trace elements could be enriched by co-digestion of corncob and fowl dung, resulting in the improvement of methane yield.

At present, the way of purifying sulbactam sodium is to synthesize sulbactam sodium by sulbactam acid, which is obtained by reduction reaction. The method is time-consuming, labor-intensive and requires a large variety of drugs and reagents, and is not energy-saving and environmentally friendly. For this problem, the orthogonal experiment L_{27} \left(3^{13}\right) was used to optimize the anti-solvent crystallization of sulbactam sodium. The effects of six factors and three interactions on crystal size distribution, purity and comprehensive scores of the two were considered, included aging time (A), volume of anti-solvent used(B), volume fraction of ethanol in the anti-solvent(C), rate of addition of the anti-solvent (D), stirring rate (E), crystallization temperature(F), and the interaction between the aging time and the volume of the anti-solvent (A×B), the interaction between the aging time and the volume fraction of ethanol in the decanting agent (A×C), the interaction between the volume of the anti-solvent used and the volume fraction of ethanol in the anti-solvent(B×C) . The results of variance analysis showed: the used volume of anti-solvent (B) has the most significant effect on crystal size distribution(CSD), but other factors and interactions are not significant; the volume fraction of ethanol in the anti-solvent(C), the dropping rate of the anti-solvent(D), the stirring rate (E) and the interaction between the aging time and the volume fraction of ethanol in the anti-solvent(A×C) have a highly significant impact on the purity, and both of interaction between the crystallization time and the volume of the anti-solvent(A×B), and the interaction between the volume of anti-solvent used and the volume fraction of ethanol in the anti-solvent(B×C) have a significant effect, but the others are not significant; when the significant level α is between 0.10 and 0.025, considering the purity-CSD at a ratio of 70% and 30% respectively, volume of the anti-solvent used(B) and the volume fraction of ethanol in the anti-solvent(C) are highly significant, and others are not significant. The optimal operating level combination is A ₂ B ₂ C ₁ D ₃ E ₃ F ₂. Repeated validation tests yielded: the purity of sulbactam sodium raw material can be increased from 79.58% to over 97% by only once anti-solvent crystallization, and the crystal size distribution D[4,3] can be increased from 41.1μm to above 290μm. The mass fraction yield of sulbactam sodium obtained by multiple confirmatory experiments is about 84%. It is found that the impurity sulbactam penicillamine has a certain influence on the particle size distribution of sulbactam sodium. On the basis of solving the original problems, the sulbactam sodium product with suitable particle size distribution can also provide convenience for the subsequent preparation process.

The composite extractants include the traditional and the novel composite solvents. The former is the combination of two different organic solvents, or organic solvents and inorganic salts; the latter is the combination of different kinds of ionic liquids, which not only have excellent solubility and selectivity to aromatics, but also have relatively high yield of residual oil after extraction. The ionic liquids have become a new research hotspot after the single extractant used for the dearomatization of oil products (naphtha, reformed gasoline and simulated oil). In this paper, the research progress of composite extractants for aromatics removal around the world was reviewed, and the application of two kinds of composite extractants (extractants mixed with alcohols, amines or inorganic salts and ionic liquids) in the extraction of aromatics from oils was mainly introduced. According to the different kinds of auxiliaries in composite extractants, the composite extractants used for extraction of aromatics were classified and summarized. The research development of different kinds of extractants and ionic liquids was also introduced. Finally, the application of composite extractants in the separation of aromatics which has the advantages of high selectivity, high distribution coefficient, simple and effective operation process and low cost, is the development trend of industrial extraction for aromatics removal in the future are pointed.

Using chloroplatinic acid as catalyst, isopropanol as solvent, self-made nonylphenol polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene acrylate(NPEAA) and allyl polyoxyethylene propylene epoxy-terminated polyether (AEPH) were used as raw materials. Polysiloxane heavy oil demulsifier (NAEPHS) was synthesized by co-modification of phenyl hydrogen-containing silicone oil. The conversion of Si—H and surface tension were taken as the measurement index. The influence of different factors on NAEPHS was discussed. The optimum synthesis conditions were determined as follows: temperature 110℃. n(Si—H)∶n(C—C) is 1∶1.10, reaction time is 5.5h, amount of catalyst is 30μg/g, the conversion of Si—H bond of NAEPHS is 94.06% and the surface tension is 26.46mN/m. The structure was characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, GPC and other methods. The critical micelle mass concentration (CMC) is 0.6g/L and the lowest surface tension is 26.48mN/m. Under the conditions of NAEPHS concentration of 0.6g/L, demulsification temperature of 45℃ and demulsification time of 1.5h, the dehydration rate is 89.7%. The oil content in the water is 189.7mg/L. According to the spectrum of Turbiscan Lab stability analyzer and the results of TSI test, the demulsifying effect is obviously superior to that of the other three kinds of commercially available demulsifiers. According to the system viscosity, oil-water interfacial tension and demulsification process, the mechanism of NAEPHS demulsification is replacement mechanism.

Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (LAS), an anion surfactant, was used to repair petroleum contaminated soil. The critical micelle concentration of single surfactant and compound agent was determined by hanging plate method. The results were fitted by SPSS software. The orthogonal experiment showed that there was a strong interaction between LAS and sophorolipids, and the elution rate reached 87.37% due to the combination of the three. The optimized formula of the compound surfactant is that the concentration of sophorolipids solution is 40mg/L, the concentration of sodium silicate is 6g/L and the concentration of LAS is 600mg/L. The results of factorial analysis showed that liquid-solid ratio had a significant effect on the elution effect of oil-contaminated soil, followed by oscillating time and oxidant concentration, and the interaction of each factor was not obvious.

Aiming at the problems of low CO₂ viscosity and difficulty in carrying sand in supercritical CO₂ fracturing, the performance of six supercritical CO₂ fracturing fluid tackifiers was studied. The molecular structure of tackifiers polyvinyl acetate, polystyrene, fluorinated acrylate, polymethylsilsesquioxane, polymethylsilsesquioxane-vinyl acetate, and fluorinated acrylate-styrene is analyzed. The thickening effects and the thermal stability of those tackifiers are tested, the effect of temperature, pressure, and the amount of tackifier injection on the viscosity of the supercritical CO₂ fracturing fluid is evaluate, and the drag coefficient of the fracturing fluid in different pipe diameters is tested, at the same time we explore the mechanism of supercritical CO₂ viscosity increase. The results of experimental show that fluoroacrylate-styrene has the best thickening effect on supercritical CO₂, at a temperature of 50℃, a pressure of 12MPa, and an injection mass percentage of 3%. And its adhesion increase rate is 316.7 times, viscosity value is 15.202mPa·s. To improve the solubility of the tackifier in CO₂ can effectively increase the viscosity of the supercritical CO₂ fracturing fluid. The supercritical CO₂ fracturing fluid possesses amphiphilic characteristics and is characterized by amorphous and irregular structures, which has both Lewis acid and Lewis base copolymers on molecules, that can effectively increase their solubility in CO₂ and forms a spatial network structure with large molecules intertwined to achieve the effect of increasing viscosity. This research has important practical significance for the development of supercritical CO₂ tackifiers and the application of supercritical CO₂ fracturing.

Trans poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fiber has better linearity than cis-PBO fiber, and the mechanical properties and photoelectric performance of trans-PBO fiber are better than that of cis-PBO fiber. In view of the above characteristics, trans-PBO AA type monomer 2,5-diamino-hydroquinone hydrochloride (DAQH·2HCl) and the intermediate 2,5-diamino-3,6-dichlorobenzoquinone (DADCQ) were synthesized through aminolysis and catalytic hydrogenation reduction reaction by using tetrachlorobenzoquinone(TCQ) as raw material, and the experimental conditions were investigated. Proper experimental conditions for aminolysis were found as: acetonitrile and ethanol mixture as solvent，reaction temperature 74℃ and reaction time 5h，n(TCQ)∶n(NH₃·H₂O)=1∶4，under which the yield of DADCQ was 83.84% based on TCQ and the purity was 96.37% as determined by HPLC; proper catalytic hydrogenation reduction reaction conditions were found as: 5% Pd/C as catalyst, m(5% Pd/C)∶m(DADCQ)=1∶20, water as solvent, reaction temperature 50℃, reaction time 6h, pressure of hydrogen 0.2―0.6MPa, under which the yield of DAQH?2HCl was 94.74% based on DADCQ and the purity was 98.90% as determined by HPLC. The molecular structures of product and its intermediate were identified by FTIR、¹H NMR and EI-MS.

For conventional cementing, the retarders used currently have some shortcomings, such as poor thermostability, abnormal gelation (clots), compressive strength reduction and low quantities of cement. In this paper, a new retarder, GWR-1, was prepared by aqueous free-radical polymerization and its thermostability was tested. Also, the abnormal gelation and other related properties of cement slurry added with GWR-1 were compared to those added with other three retarders GWH-1, HX-400 and DRH-200L. The structural analysis shows that almost all monomers are involved in the polymer, and the distribution of molecular weight is relatively uniform. The GWR-1 retarder is stable at 350℃. The performance test of silicate cement composite containing GWR-1 shows that the thickening temperature of cement slurry increasesd to 160℃ after adding GWR-1. The addition amount of GWR-1 is not sensitive at high temperature and the salt resistance at high temperature is good. The cement slurry with GWR-1 will not have abnormal cementing phenomenon at 150℃, and the strength of final cement stone develops well. The comprehensive performance of low density and high density cement slurry added to GWR-1 is better than that with three other retarders.

Diglycidyl ether of propoxylated bisphenol A (DGEPBA) was synthesized by a two-step process using propoxylated bisphenol A (D33), epichlorohydrin (ECH) and liquid alkali as the main starting materials. The effects of the substrates ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature and reaction time were investigated for this reaction. The results showed that the 0.1% of BF₃-Et₂O, 1∶2.0 ratio of D33 to ECH, at 70℃ and reaction for 2.5h was the best condition for the ring-opening reaction. The optimized condition for the second step was the use of 0.2% triethylammonium chloride at 40℃ for 6h with the 1∶2.2 molar ratio of D33 to NaOH, which provided the desired product in 95.4% yield with 0.291eq/100g epoxy value and 1180mPa·s viscosity. The structure of the product was characterized by FTIR and ¹H NMR, and the different amounts of DEEBAPO were incorporated into E-51 epoxy resin and cured with diethylenetriamine (DETA). The properties of the cured product were tested, and the tensile strength and impact resistance of the E-51 cured product were significantly improved with the incorporation of DGEPBA. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the thermal stability of the cured product was slightly improved, and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the fracture surface was a ductile fracture.

Currently, the biological method for the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater is widely used. Activator is of great significance in improving the biological treatment efficiency of dye-containing wastewater as an effective substance which can increase the activity of biological enzymes, promote the enzymatic reaction rate and enhance the biodegradation efficiency. In this paper, several different kinds of activators were introduced, and their activation and promotion effects on decolorization of azo, anthraquinone and triphenylmethane by strains and flora were discussed.The domestic and foreign researches showed that the current activators for biological treatment of dyes mainly include metal ions, redox mediators and so on. There are some achievements in the research of activators to promote microbial degradation of dyes. However, there are still some problems that complex dyeing wastewater cannot be effectively treated by using a single strain or a single activator, and the treatment time can not be effectively shortened. Therefore, the future research direction would be the development of high-efficiency mixed bacterial flora and its most suitable activator types and combinations for different structural dyes and composite dyes. The research would provide a theoretical basis for the better application of activators in the actual biological treatment of dye-containing wastewater.

In order to explore the feasibility of biochar as amendment for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil in mining area, biochar was prepared from corn straw at 450℃. The sample was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of biochar on soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), bioavailability and transformation of heavy metals were studied under different incubation time and application rates (0, 1%, 3% and 5%) of biochar with batch experiments to reveal the possible mechanism of biochar as a passivating agent for the immobilization of heavy metals in mining area contaminated soil. The results showed that soil pH and CEC increased as the application rates increased. After 56 days, biochar application rates of 1%, 3% and 5%, soil pH increased by 1.14, 1.42 and 1.67 units, and the soil CEC increased by 2.02cmol/kg, 3.60cmol/kg and 5.39cmol/kg, respectively compared with control. The CaCl₂-extractable heavy metals content decreased as the application rates increased. At 5% application rate, the concentration of extractable Cu, Zn, Pb and Mn decreased by 49.2%, 46.2%, 72.5% and 26.3%, respectively. The bioavailable heavy metals content was negatively correlated with soil pH and CEC. The biochar promoted the metal ions transform from the weak acid extractable state to more stable residue state. The passivation effect could be noticeable as the application rates increased. Overall, the application of biochar elevated the soil pH and CEC, and promoted transformation of the weak acid extractable of Cu、Zn、Pb and Mn into chemically stable residual fractions, which could positively reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in combined pollution soil near mining areas.

Coking wastewater is a typical industrial wastewater with complex composition, serious pollution and difficult treatment. It was used as raw material to prepare coal water slurry. The effects of temperature and coal particle size distribution were studied. The impact was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the maximum coal content of coking wastewater was slightly lower than that of deionized water. In a certain temperature range, the apparent viscosity of coking wastewater water coal slurry decreased with the increase of temperature. The higher the concentration, the more obvious the change of viscosity. Fine coal powder has poor slurryability, and when the coarse coal powder accounts for 70%, the slurry concentration is the highest. The results of scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy showed that the metal ions in the coking wastewater will adsorb on the surface of the coal powder, affect the adsorption of the dispersant to increase the viscosity of the slurry. The use of coal water slurry technology to treat coking wastewater can realize the harmless and resource utilization of coking wastewater through simple process and low cost, and has good economic and environmental benefits.

Based on bubble column reactor, experimental study on the absorption of nitric oxide (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) by two mixed liquid oxidants [hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and sodium persulfate (Na₂S₂O₈)] was performed. The experimental results showed that the addition of H₂O₂ can improve the desulfurization and denitrification performance of Na₂S₂O₈ solution. Considering the cost of the solution and the total efficiency, Mixed solution of 2% H₂O₂ and 10% Na₂S₂O₈ was selected as the working medium for the subsequent experiment and simulation. Based on numerical simulation method, the twist tape was introduced to the bubble column reactor. The effect of diameter, thickness and twist rate of twist tape on desulfurization and denitrification efficiency in the bubble column reactor was investigated. The numerical results showed that compared with general bubble column reactor, the twist tape could promote desulfurization and denitrification. The efficiency of desulfurization and denitrification increases with the increase of the twist tape diameter and the twist tape thickness, decreases with the increase of the twist rate of twist tape. When the twist diameter increased from 16mm to 24mm, the desulfurization and denitrification efficiency were increased by 3.88% and 3.45% respectively. When the twist tape thickness increased from 0.2mm to 1mm, the desulfurization and denitrification efficiencywere increased by 4.27% and 1.62% respectively. When the twist tape torsion increased from 0.25 to 0.75, the desulfurization and denitrification efficiency were decreased by 3.91% and 1.90% respectively.