This paper intended to summarize and deeply understand of the micro-structure and lightening of petroleum asphaltene, as well as exploring pathways for the effective conversion of asphaltene, and providing ideas to solve the problems which exist in asphaltene lightening in heavy oil processing. Firstly, the researches on asphaltene micro-structure was summarized. After analyzing the structure of the asphaltene unit sheet and the interaction existing in asphaltene nano-microscale structure, a new viewpoint that the asphaltene nano-microscale structure was composed of few crystallike associations and large number of amorphous associations was speculated. Secondly, by analyzing the asphaltene lightening process, it was found that the asphaltene lighting was not achieved in thermal cracking and hydroconversion processes, most of the asphaltene was condensed to form coke. Though solvation by supercritical water promoted parts of asphaltene to be converted to maltene, releasing less active hydrogen could not restrain the asphaltene condensation leading to high coke yield. While in liquid-phase hydroconversion process, the active hydrogen radicals were utilized for stopping the chain reaction of asphaltene macromolecular radicals, in return, coking from asphaltene was avoided and effective lightening asphaltene was achieved. Lastly, by analyzing the colloidal system stability during asphaltene conversion process, it showed that keeping stable of the colloidal system stability was difficult in thermal cracking and hydroconversion processes. The difference in conversion performance between the asphaltene-centered micelles and dispersion medium directly led to phase separation and coke formation. However, in liquid-phase hydro-conversion process, the dispersion medium of the newly established colloidal system owned a stable asphaltene micelles dissolving ability, which provided an optimal reaction environment for effective conversion asphaltene. In this work, a new viewpoint on the asphaltene nano-microscale structure and the amorphous disassociations was proposed to achieve asphaltene lightening in liquid-phase hydro-conversion process.

High shear mixers (HSMs), as the energy intensive process intensification technique, have the feature of high shear rates and highly localized energy dissipation rates and will provide intensifications for homogenization, emulsification, dissolution, dispersion, suspension, crystallization, pulverization and reaction, etc. However, it lacks of systematic investigation on rational design method for HSMs. We briefly introduced the category and working mode of HSMs, summarized the effects of operation conditions, structural parameters and physical properties on the flow and backmixing characteristics, micromixing performance, emulsification and liquid-liquid mass transfer property, bubble dispersion and gas-liquid mass transfer property, solid pulverization and dispersion, etc. Several industrial application cases of HSMs were presented. Then we put forward the research aspects needed in future, involving how to improve the energy efficiency of HSMs and to establish the modeling method for HSMs in multiphase systems, to disclose the coupling principles with other unit operations and to understand the synergy effect of high shearing and external field, to explore optimal intensified technologies for HSMs, etc.

Centrifugal spinning has become an efficient way to prepare superfine fibers. It combines centrifugal spinning with electrospinning which has advantages of high efficiency and small fiber diameter. However，the current research on centrifugal electrospinning is very limited. In order to solve this problem, a self-designed melt differential centrifugal electrospinning device was used to prepare PLA superfine fibers. Moreover the relationship between extruder speed and flow rate was investigated. It was found that when the extruder speed was 20r/min and the flow rate was 1.6089g/min, the spinning effect was the best. The effects of centrifugal disk rotation speed and spinning voltage on the fiber were studied. It was found that increasing the rotation speed of the centrifugal disk could refine the fiber diameter greatly. When the centrifugal disk rotation speed was increased by 1 times, the fiber diameter was reduced by 77.26%. The addition of the spinning voltage not only refined the fiber diameter, but also increased the crystallinity of the fiber. The results showed that the PLA superfine fibers could be prepared by melt differential centrifugal electrospinning efficiently, and the fibers characteristics could be controlled by changing the experimental parameters. This study provided an experimental basis for the industrialization of centrifugal electrospinning.

R513A (R134a/R1234yf, 56/44% weight) is a new kind of environment friendly alternative blend refrigerant based on R1234yf and R134a with low GWP, which is non-flammable. The new refrigerant R513A was selected as a substitute for R134a in a domestic refrigerator, and the experiment was carried out according to standard BS EN ISO 15502-2005. The performance of R513A and R134a in refrigerators was studied through three kinds of aspects, namely, pull down time, energy consumption, and freezing capacity. The experimental results showed that the cooling time of R513A under the optimal charge was 21% lower than that of R134a. In the 24h test, the 24h energy consumption of R513A is 3.5% lower than that of R134a, and the percentage running time ratio of R513A is lower than that of R134a. During the freezing test, the time taken for the M-packages to reach the same temperature, under the same condition, R513A saved 43.2min compared to that of R134a. In addition, the exhaust temperature of R513A was lower than that of R134a, and the other parameters were close to R134a. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that R513A can directly replace R134a without any changes to the original refrigerator system.

The new process of producing potassium nitrate was investigated via ion exchange technology. In the process, sodium nitrate was regarded as eluent, and the process parameters of extracting potassium were studied. The influence of eluent concentration and temperature on elution effect were explored. The results showed that high temperature and concentration of the eluent (sodium nitrate) were beneficial for adsorption. When the raw material was brine and the temperature was 80℃ and the mass percent of sodium nitrate was 46%, the potassium ion concentration after enrichment increased from 0.84g/L to 15.95g/L. Meanwhile, when the raw material was exchanged for bittern, high temperature was also beneficial for adsorption effect, the potassium ion concentration after enrichment increased from 8.93g/L to 23.34g/L under the same elution condition. It showed that the method was suitable for low potassium brine and high potassium bittern. The higher potassium concentration is, the higher saturated adsorption capacity and concentration of potassium can be obtained in the potassium-enrichment brine. This study provides the new way for potassium nitrate production industrialization in the future.

Electron microscopy, UV spectrophotometry and drying weighing were adopted in the experiment to make a comprehensive assessment of the dispersion stability. The effects of surfactant type surfactant and concentration on the dispersion stability of TiO₂ nanofluids were analyzed. In addition, the TiO₂ nanofluids was used for producing ice slurry in the vacuum flash system. The effects of nano-TiO₂ concentration and surfactant concentration on vacuum flash ice-making of TiO₂ nanofluids under the adsorption condition were analyzed. According to the experimental results, four conclusions were gained. ① The type of surfactant has great impact on the dispersion stability of TiO₂ nanofluids. The flash performance of nanofluids with composite surfactant is the best, followed by the anions. ② Both nano-particles and surfactants can enhance the nucleating effect of TiO₂ nanofluids under vacuum, increase the ice packing factor and reduce the supercooling degree. ③ Surfactant concentration has great effects on system pressure and flash rate in vacuum flash system. With the increase of surfactant concentration, both system pressure and flash rate increase. ④ The best experimental condition of the vacuum flash system by using TiO₂ nanofluids are determined. Under the best condition, the ice packing factor is 18.35%, the supercooling degree is 0.51℃, and the thermal conductivity is 0.920W/(m·K). Compared with the parameters of distilled water, it is improved greatly.

Heat transfer characteristics of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) -water / ethylene glycol nanofluids flowing in automotive radiators were experimentally investigated. Nanofluids with five different MWCNT particle volume fraction (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.3% and 0.5%) have been prepared in an 80%/20% solution of water/ethylene glycol. By studying the influence of ultrasonic oscillation time on the stability of nanofluids, it is concluded that the stability of nanofluids is better when the oscillation time is 1h. Two kinds of nanofluids with the volume fraction of 0.15% were respectively added with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) as dispersants for stability experiments. The visual and transmissivity methods were used to evaluate the stability of the nanofluids, the better type and amount of dispersant were selected, and the stability of the three nanofluids was evaluated. The results showed that when the addition amount of CTAC was 0.05%, and the addition of SDBS was 0.1%, the dispersion effect of nanofluid was better, and the dispersion effect of CTAC was better than SDBS. The volume flow rate of hot fluids ranges from 2L/min up to 6L/min and the inlet temperature varies from 45℃ to 65℃, respectively. In this paper, the effects of nanofluid volume fraction, inlet temperature and flow rate on the heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids were analyzed using two different types of designs——The one-factor experiment design and the orthogonal experiment design. The results demonstrate that nanofluids clearly enhance the heat transfer rate compared to the base fluid and in the best conditions (0.5%, 6L/min, 65℃) of the experiment range, the heat transfer rate can be increased by 35.24%. Using the entropy method, the weights of the nanoparticles to heat transfer, pressure drop and effective pumping power are 0.626, 0.035, 0.340, respectively. Based on the multi-index comprehensive evaluation method, the adverse effects of pressure drop and pumping power are negligible in the appropriate concentration range compared with the increase of the heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluids.

Iron oxide content is the main factor affecting the application of quartz in different fields. Because of the existing form, associated state, disseminated degree and particle size distribution of iron oxide disseminated quartz, conventional scrubbing, high-intensity electromagnetic and acid reverse flotation may not effectively decrease the content of ferric oxide. Using inhibitor to inhibiting iron-bearing minerals, ferric oxide content in quartz can be reduced by certain collector and foaming agent under the neutral condition. Results showed that under the combined action of synthetic organic inhibitor CTSS, amphoteric collector and foaming agent ZD-3, ferric oxide content in quartz could be reduced from 130—150mg/kg to 60—100mg/kg, which meets the quality requirements for ultra white photovoltaic glass. Its upper limit of quartz grain for neutral flotation was 0.6mm, and better with ≤0.5mm, ferric oxide content in quartz purified by neutral flotation is lower than its purified by acid flotation aiming at the separation of iron aluminosilicate minerals and iron oxide disseminated in quartz. Thermodynamic calculations showed that at the chemically bonding between starch based inhibitor CTSS and ferric oxide may be natural at pH≥5.5, its standard Gibbs free energy change is negative, priority adsorption of CTSS is one of the keys to achieve quartz purification by neutral flotation.

It is important to reveal the mechanism and law of oil vapor leakage and diffusion of external floating-roof tank (EFRT) to ensure the tank farm safety and reduce the environmental pollution. In present paper, numerical simulation and experimental verification were carried out for the oil vapor leakage and diffusion of large and small EFRT at different leak locations and pore sizes. The results were as follows. ① When the wind blows to the EFRT, a large scale eddy will form above the floating deck and form a symmetrical distribution of air flow from the downwind side to the upper wind side. ② When a pore leak occurs above the floating deck, oil vapor is closely attached to the floating deck and moves from the downwind to the upwind side. Oil vapor is easy to spread out when the leakage positions of the floating deck are located in the middle or the downwind side, but it is easy to accumulate when the positions are on upwind side or both sides of the floating deck, and there is a great potential safety hazard. The increase of wind speed is beneficial to the diffusion of oil vapor, but it will enlarge the scope of pollution. ③ when there was a rim leakage between the floating deck and tank wall, oil vapor diffuses along the tank wall to the upper space of the floating deck, and the extent of diffusion is: the sides of the floating deck > the upper wind side > the downwind side. ④ For the central leakage pore of the floating deck, when the pore diameter is 20 mm, the volume fraction of n-heptane is between 0.1% and 1.7%, which is within the corresponding explosion limit range; however, when the pore diameter is 6 mm, the volume fraction of n-heptane is between 0.02% and 0.26% and the volume fraction of gasoline vapor is between 0.05% and 0.65%, which all are not up to the explosion limit range. Thus, the possibility of explosion danger increases with the enlargement of the pore diameter. The research results will further reveal the migration law of the mixture gas of the vapor-air above the floating deck and the mass transfer mechanism of oil vapor diffusion, which can provide theoretical guidance for field practice and oil tank management and improve the theoretical system for evaluating the EFRT evaporation loss.

The CFD-DEM(computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method) coupling calculation method was used to simulate the movement of particles with different particle sizes in the FX-50 hydrocyclone, which analyzed the formation process of the separation field. The continuous phase was obtained by solving the averaged Navier-Stokes equation. The movement of the discrete phase was calculated by the discrete element method. The fluid vlocity and pressure field, particle group velocity, total force, particle-particle and particle-wall contact force was analyzed by Eulerian-Lagrangian method and Freestream drag model. It was shown that the particle velocity loss was relatively large at the confluence of recirculation flow and inlet flow. The particles with diameter of 60μm showed the greatest possibility to accumulate at the cone part of the cyclone and the lowest separation efficiency compared to those particles with diameters of 70μm and 80μm. The variation of the average velocity of the particles experienced the process of decrease first and then increase until its final steady state. The velocity of the particle was larger in the unstable swirl field than that in the stable swirl field vertically. Furthermore, the average vertical speed of particles with 80μm was always greater than that of particles of 60μm and 70μm. In the process of particle-particle and particle-wall contact, the force of the particle was mainly in the normal direction. When the particle was in contact with the wall, the force of contact was the maximum. Due to the instability of the particles trajectory in the early transient flow, the random collisions obviously, resulting in a large fluctuation of the average contact force of the particles. While the fluctuation became unconspicuous when the swirl field reached a steady state.

Thermodynamic properties of CO₂ mixtures play a critical role in the whole chains of carbon capture and storage (CCS) process. In recent years, the rapid development of CCS technology and its scale-up and commercial applications issue new challenges to the research of CO₂ mixtures. In this paper, a literature review survey was conducted to identify the knowledge gap and the research progress of thermodynamic properties in terms of available experiment data, theoretical models and typical applications. In experimental aspect, there was great difference in the available data for different CO₂ mixture systems. In particular, there were many available experimental data for the CO₂-N₂, CO₂-CH₄, CO₂-H₂O and CO₂-H₂ mixture systems while few data were available for CO₂-NH₃, CO₂-NO _x and CO₂-CO systems. The study about the equations of states (EOS) became active since the year of around 2008. Based on different theory frameworks, many EOSs were further developed focusing on the application for CCS. In application aspect, the impact of thermodynamic properties on typical CCS process, thermodynamic cycle analysis as well as formation of CO₂ hydrates were further reviewed and summarized. Finally, it was attempted to summarize several potential research directions of thermodynamic properties in CCS including development of property estimation methods with both EOS and molecular simulation as well as the roles of thermodynamic properties in process and thermodynamic cycle analysis.

5-Ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF), a high value chemical which has high energy density and excellent combustion performance, is a new biofuel or fuel additive. The preparation of EMF by alcoholysis is one of the important approaches for the utilization of biomass, especially agricultural wastes. The characteristics of raw materials, catalysts and catalytic systems for EMF production are introduced in this paper. The research status, existing problems and developing trends of EMF production from different raw materials are investigated and studied. Though the yield of EMF from agricultural wastes is not high, it has the advantage of cheap and abundant raw material. The research advantages, disadvantages and developing trends of EMF production catalyzed by different catalysts, such as mineral acids, solid acids and ionic liquids are also analyzed. Mineral acids are corrosive to reactors and difficult to be reused and ionic liquids are expensive at present, whereas solid acids are efficient and recyclable. It has been suggested that EMF produced directly from cheap and abundant biomass is the most important research direction in the future, and highly effective, environmentally friendly and economical EMF production process is the basis of the industrial production.

As an important air transportation fuel, aviation fuel is irreplaceable and faces the pressure of carbon emission reduction regulations in the aviation industry, which will significantly increase demand for aviation biofuel. Due to the limitation of grease raw materials, the feedstocks of aviation biofuel will tend to develop in a diversified way in the future, and gradually extend to sugar, lignocellulose and other raw materials. Lignocellulose biomass has the advantages of abundant reserves, low price and easy availability, and the technology of producing aviation fuel from lignocellulose feedstock has been greatly developed in recent years. However, the carbon-chain structure of lignocellulose components does not match that of aviation fuel molecules, so the key technology of preparing aviation fuel from lignocellulose depends on synthesis of long-chain normal/isoparaffins (C₈—C₁₆) by appropriate catalytic reaction with inter2018-0984te molecules, such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis from CO and H₂ small molecules and cascade catalysis routes from furfural, levulinic acid or other platform molecules. Because lignocellulose platform molecules retain the carbon skeleton and various functional groups that existed in the raw material components, it is easier to control the quality and characteristics of fuel by synthetic methods. In recent years, many reports about the catalytic technologies and conversion pathways of aviation fuel synthesis from lignocellulose platform molecules have been emerging. In order to fully understand the development potential of these aviation technologies, the review summarized various conversion pathways and corresponding catalytic technologies of aviation fuel synthesis by taking the carbon-chain construction methods of several important platform molecules such as furfural, levulinic acid and polyol as the backbone. Based on authors’ research work, the advantages and disadvantages of various technical approaches and faced common problems are analyzed from the perspective of technical applicability and chemical process realization. Lastly, a preliminary prospect of the development of aviation biofuel technology is presented.

The lithium ion capacitor (LIC) is a new type of electrochemical energy storage device. It can fill the performance gap between supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries. Therefore, it is the way forward for the next generation of high energy density supercapacitors. This review first introduces the energy storage mechanisms of LIC, which are divided into electrolyte consumption mechanism, lithium ion exchange mechanism and a hybrid mechanism. Then, it focuses on the research progress of lithium ion capacitor with high energy density in organic electrolyte systems and elaborates on the characteristics, optimization direction and research status of various types of cathode and anode materials. It also points out advantages and drawbacks as well as modification ways of different materials and describes the pre-lithiated technology, separators, electrolytes, and system matching, which are relevant to industrial applications and summarizes these aspects’ impacts on the improvement of the performances of LIC such as specific energy, power density, safety, stability, etc. The unique application prospects in intelligent equipment, energy recovery, transportation, are generalized according to LIC performance, which is better than those of LIBs and supercapacitors. Finally, it looks forward to the future development of electrode structure optimization and functional integration, electrolyte specialization, cost reduction of pre-lithiation, and development of detection and in-situ characterization methods.

The extractive desulfurization of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has provided a new green method for the deep desulfurization of fuel due to its simple operation, mild conditions, low cost and high desulfurization efficiency. This article summarizes the progress in the past five years on applying DESs in the removal of organic sulfur compounds from fuel, including direct extractive desulfurization and oxidative-extractive desulfurization. Firstly, the desulfurization results of different DESs are summarized. For example, the extraction efficiency of dibenzothiophene is 100% after three extraction stages by tetrabutyl ammonium bromide/polyethylene glycol; the removal efficiency of dibenzothiophene can reach 100% for oxidative desulfurization with choline chloride/acetic acid as an extractant. The desulfurization of DESs can meet the requirement of ultra-low sulfur. The factors influencing the desulfurization efficiencies of DESs, such as the structures of DESs, the temperature and time of desulfurization, ratio of DESs to oil, types and concentrations of sulfides, and oxidants are also analyzed. Then, the recovery methods of DESs are summarized, and the problems in the recovery process are pointed out. The mechanisms of desulfurization are also discussed. Finally, the problems of DESs desulfurization are pointed out and the prospect of DESs in the desulfurization of fuels is reviewed.

Charcoal catalytic steam gasification for syngas was investigated using a lab-scale fixed bed gasifier to study the effects of different catalysts, temperature, and steam flow rate. Four alkali salts of KOH, K₂CO₃, KHCO₃ and KNO₃ were selected to pretreat charcoal. This paper discusses production of syngas from steam catalytic gasification of charcoal in a lab-scale ?xed bed reactor, using KOH, K₂CO₃, KHCO₃ and KNO₃ as catalysts. The effects of different catalysts, steam flow rate and gasification temperatures on carbon conversion rate, hydrogen production rate, volume fraction of gas composition and H₂/CO value of charcoal vaporization were investigated. The method of char absorbing catalyst was used to load catalyst in this work. The experiment used the absorption of potassium salt solution by carbon to load catalysts. The experimental results show that the four kinds of potassium salts can all improve the gasification efficiency of charcoal. With the same mass fraction of potassium salt solution, the catalytic activity of the four catalysts is in the order: KOH > K₂CO₃ > KHCO₃ > KNO₃. In addition, the rate of carbon conversion and hydrogen yield production increased with increasing concentration of the catalyst concentration, but the increasing trend slows down gradually. With further increase the trend of high concentration increased gradually, so the mass fraction of catalyst solution was more appropriate in the 4%—6% range. The H₂ composition and the H₂/CO ratio enhances with the increases of steam flow rate. The rise of temperature can promote carbon gasification reaction and the carbon conversion and hydrogen yield can reach 98.7% and 145.23g/kg at 950℃. The syngas of H₂/CO ratio in the range of 1.53—4.09 was obtained. A promising application for biomass is liquid fuel synthesis, such as methanol or dimethyl ether (DME).

With ultrasonic transducers stuck on the side walls (4mm-thick) of a generator, the effects of ultrasonic waves (28kHz) on the performance of an absorption refrigerator (10kW) were experimentally investigated under two height levels of LiBr solution in the generator. The mechanism of boiling heat and mass transfer enhanced by ultrasonic waves in LiBr solution was also analyzed. For the case without ultrasonic waves, the flow rate of LiBr solution increases with the speed-motor frequency of solution pump increasing from 17Hz to 18Hz, the height level of the solution in the generator rises by 5cm and the refrigeration capacity increases by 16.8%, but the COP (coefficient of performance) decreases by 44.3%. The ultrasonic waves enhance the refrigerator performance and the effects are related to the solution height levels in the generator. The refrigeration capacity and COP are improved by 19.6% and 13.8%, respectively when the solution height level is 8—10cm higher than the center line of the ultrasonic transducers; when the solution height level is 3—5cm higher, the refrigeration capacity and COP are only improved by 4.7% and 5.4%, respectively. The experimental results provide guidelines for performance improvement of small LiBr absorption refrigerators by using ultrasonic waves.

This experimental study was conducted on the addition of methane and steam to biomass gasification in a two-stage reactor, taking pine wood as material. The effects of the methane on biomass ratio, α, and the steam to carbon ratio, S/C, on gas yield, carbon conversion, tar yield, tar composition and dew point were explored. The results showed the yield of H₂ increased by 57.4% as α changed from 0 to 0.4, so the addition of methane could be beneficial to the generation of hydrogen-rich syngas. The tar yield decreased by 30.5% and the yield of second and fifth classes of tars reached a minimum when α was 0.2. It was found that appropriate amounts of CH₄ can promote the conversion of tar, especially the conversion of macromolecule tar and phenols. With the increase of S/C, the yield of H₂ increased and the CO yield decreased. The content of all classes of tars decreased as S/C increased from 1 to 1.5. However, when the S/C was further increased to 2, the second and fifth classes of tars increased, indicating that steam can promote the conversion of tar to syngas, but excessive steam inhibits the decomposition of phenols and macromolecular tars. Both methane and steam in moderation can increase the H₂ yield of syngas, reduce the tar yield, improve the quality of the syngas, and aid the further utilization of the gasification products.

Four transition metal oxides, MoO₃, Fe₂O₃, Co₃O₄, and NiO, were supported on USY molecular sieves by equal volume impregnation to prepare Mo/USY, FeMo/USY, CoMo/USY and NiMo/USY catalysts, and characterized by ICP, XRD, BET, NH₃-TPD, TG. The pyrolysis experiments of Shendong coal were conducted in a powder-particle fluidized bed reactor. The results showed that the yield of the semi coke was basically around 65% with different catalysts. Compared with SiO₂, the content of phenols was reduced from 36.95% to 5.08%, and the content of naphthalenes was increased from 8.24% to 72.76% in tar by USY molecular sieve. Compared with USY molecular sieve, gas product yield, liquid product yield, and content of naphthalenes was decreased by 4.4%, 30.0% and 18.5% by Mo/USY, respectively. The effects of Fe₂O₃, Co₃O₄ and NiO on the modification of Mo/USY were obvious, which reduced the carbon accumulation rate of the catalyst and increased the yield of CH₄, C₂, C₃, CO₂ and the total gas. The aromatization of the products and the formation of naphthalenes were enhanced by FeMo/USY. The aromatization reaction of the product was enhanced, but the formation reaction of naphthalenes was inhibited by CoMo/USY. The aromatization reaction of the products and the formation reaction of naphthalenes were inhibited by NiMo/USY.

Hydrate formation in pipelines poses a great threat to pipeline flow assurance. To investigate the characteristics of hydrate formation in oil-water systems, a high-pressure cell equipped with visual windows was used where a series of hydrate formation experiments were performed from natural gas + diesel oil + water systems at different temperatures, pressures and rotation rates. According to the temperature and pressure profiles in test experiments, the processes of hydrate formation under two kinds of experimental procedures were analyzed first. Then, based on the experimental phenomena observed through the visual windows, the influences of temperature, pressure and rotation rate on the places of hydrate formation and distribution, hydrate morphologies and hydrate morphological evolvements were investigated. Hydrate agglomeration, hydrate deposition and hydrate film growth on the wall were observed in the experiments. In addition, the influences of temperature, pressure and rotation rate on the kinetic parameters of hydrate formation such as induction time, hydrate film growth rate and gas consumption rate were also studied. The results and conclusions in this paper can provide theoretical supports for the development of hydrate management strategies in oil and gas pipelines.

The fast pyrolysis of Shenmu bituminous coal (SM) and Inner Mongolia lignite (NM) at different residence time in a free fall reactor is investigated. The secondary pyrolysis of the nascent char from the fast pyrolysis is also studied under a controlled temperature. The results show that with the increase of the residence time, the devolatilizations of both coals are enhanced. The tar yield from SM pyrolysis increases while that of NM pyrolysis increases firstly and then decreases. In addition, the residence time has significant influence on tar quality. With the increase of residence time, the benzenes and phenols in the light tars from both coals increase at first and then decrease, and longer residence time leads to obvious generation of polycondensed aromatics. The secondary pyrolysis of char produces more gaseous product, while the tar yield and its composition change little. Nevertheless, the micropores of char are developed. These results indicate that the fast pyrolysis of coal with suitable residence time of coal at moderate temperatures is advisable for producing high quality tar.

The selective hydrogenation of ethyne in an ethene-rich stream is a critical process in petrochemical industry. Supported palladium catalysts are generally used as the semi-hydrogenation catalysts. However， several problems still exist， including poor selectivity and short catalyst lifetime. This paper reviews recent researches of the palladium-based catalysts applied in selective hydrogenation of acetylene. The transition metals， metallic oxides and nonmetallic ligands can enhance the selectivity of ethylene by modifying the structure of the active sites， isolating the palladium nanoparticles and forming electron-transport between palladium particles and promoters. The particle size and texture of palladium determine the adsorption/desorption of ethylene and the activation/dissociation of hydrogen. In addition，the supports，such as single oxides，mixed metal oxides and carbon materials can provide appropriate surface acidity and basicity and strengthen the interaction between the supports and metals to prevent the palladium nanoparticles from migration and aggregation. Improving the selectivity of ethylene and stability of catalysts the key and difficult point in this field. The developing tendency of the supported palladium catalyst is to prepare highly dispersed palladium particles and to keep them stable in the reaction process.

Nitrogen oxide (NO _x ) from automobile exhaust is one of the main pollutants in the atmosphere，which is very harmful to environment and human health. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO _x is a technology for high selective removal of NO _x in presence of excess oxygen. H₂-SCR has attracted much attention due to its advantages of high activity at low temperature. At present, Pt and Pd are widely used as active component of the catalysts used in H₂-SCR. Among them, Pt-supported catalysts have been the most widely studied. The influence and the corresponding mechanism of the types of the catalyst support, carrier properties (such as acid-base properties, BET surface area and pore structure), additive and pretreatment methods on the catalytic performance were summarized. Then, the effect of reaction condition parameters (such as concentration of O₂ and NO₂ in reactant gas mixture, coexisting gas of H₂O and SO₂ in practical processes) on the catalytic activity were reviewed. It was found that the impact of reaction gas component on the catalytic activity is determined by their competitive adsorption on catalyst’s surface and their influence on the active sites. Finally, the future research direction of H₂-SCR for practical application was prospected.

Wüstite based catalysts for ammonia synthesis promoted with different amounts of SrO were prepared by fusing method．Under industrial condition (15MPa、30000h^-1)， the activity tests on a fixed-bed show that the catalytic performance of the catalysts (catalytic hydrogenation for nitrogen) increases at first and then decreases with SrO content， presenting a typical volcano curve．The optimal catalyst was obtained when 0.4% SrO promoter was added． The characterizations including EDS， H₂-TPR， N₂-TPD and XRD indicate that strontium segregates on the surface of catalysts．However， no obvious influence on the reduction of the catalysts was observed． Small amounts of SrO improve the catalytic performance due to the decrease in the N₂ dissociation activation energy or destabilization of NH _x ．However， the addition of excessive SrO covers part of active sites，and they can react with Al which is an important structural promoter for ammonia synthesis catalysts． As a result， the activity and thermal-stability was decreased．

Supported by PSSF (paper-like sintered stainless steel fibers), novel CuO/PSSF composite catalysts were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) and applied in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of phenol in a fixed-bed reactor. The physical structure, morphology, and element valence state of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), respectively. The influence of residence time has been studied by modifying the feed flow rate and catalyst bed height, while the conversion of phenol, H₂O₂ and TOC as well as the leaching concentration of Cu²⁺ were analyzed to investigate the catalytic activity of the CuO/PSSF composite catalysts. Characterization results indicated that CuO was deposited on PSSF successfully and the activity evaluation results showed that conversion of phenol, H₂O₂ and TOC changed significantly at low feed flow rate but increased as the catalyst bed height increased and the highest phenol and TOC conversion (96.5% and 47.4%, respectively) were obtained with 4cm catalyst bed height, meanwhile the intermediates of high toxicity were not observed. This study preliminarily supported the application of the CuO/PSSF composite catalysts in fixed-bed reactor, and thus provided some new solutions for the degradation of phenol-containing wastewater.

Imidazole modified MCM-22 molecular sieves(MCM-22-I) were synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis method under dynamic conditions using imidazole as additives. The effect of imidazole on the synthesis of MCM-22 zeolites was investigated. The physicochemical properties of the molecular sieve samples were characterized by FTIR，XRD，SEM，ICP，BET，NH₃-TPD，H₂-TPR，and TG/DTG. The results showed that MCM-22-I displayed large specific surface area, abundant pore structure and enhanced acidity and the modification by imidazole can reduce the amount of the template agent HMI used. The 6Mo/MCM-22-I and 6Mo/MCM-22 catalysts were prepared by incipient-wetness impregnation method. The catalytic performance evaluation of the catalysts for methane dehydroaromatization were carried out in a fixed bed reactor under the reaction conditions of 700℃， P = 1atm and space velocity of 1500 mL/(g-cat·h). The results showed that methane conversion increased by 24.1%, the formation rate and the selectivity of benzene by using imidazole modified 6Mo/MCM-22-I catalyst increased by 24.3% and 10%，respectively, compared with conventional 6Mo/MCM-22 catalyst.

Zn(OAc)₂ exhibits excellent catalytic performance in the methyl N-phenyl carbamate (MPC) synthesis using aniline and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), but it cannot be reused. Zn(OAc)₂/SiO₂ catalyst was prepared by solvothermal impregnation with DMC as the solvent in this paper. Zn(OAc)₂/SiO₂ was characterized by XRD、FTIR and TG-DTA. The results suggested that Zn(OAc)₂ and ZnO were well dispersed on SiO₂ surface. At reaction temperature of 190℃, reaction time of 5h, n _DMC∶n _aniline of 20∶1 and m _aniline:m {}_{\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{n}{(\mathrm{O}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{c})}_2/\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{O}}_2} of 0.2, Zn(OAc)₂/SiO₂ showed the best catalytic performance, giving an aniline conversion of 97.2% and a MPC selectivity of 89.4%. The obtained Zn(OAc)₂/SiO₂ showed better stability than that prepared by incipient impregnation. After the Zn(OAc)₂/SiO₂ was used for the seventh time, aniline conversion and MPC selectivity were found to be 79.1% and 79.2%, respectively and the catalytic activity decrease is attributed to the formation of ZnO. The deactivated Zn(OAc)₂/SiO₂ can be regenerated with the catalytic activity almost the same as that of the fresh catalyst.

A simple, feasible and controllable method is presented to prepare uniform Au@TiO₂ nanotube arrays by depositing Au nanofilms on the top of the TiO₂ nanotube arrays via magnetron sputtering. The TiO₂ nanotube arrays is obtained using the anodization process at room temperature, followed by heat treatment at 450℃ in air for 2h. The heat treatment leads to the migration of Au atoms into TiO₂ nanotube arrays, resulting in the formation of the Au nanocrystals on the outer surface of the TiO₂, i.e. the Au@TiO₂ nanotube arrays. The microstructure of the prepared Au@TiO₂ nanotube arrays is characterized by using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Also, the emporal evolution of photocurrent response, photoluminescence emission spectrum, UV-vis diffuse reflection spectra and photodegration of the methylene blue are used to evaluate its photoelectric and photocatalytic properties. Compared with pure TiO₂ nanotube arrays, the Au@TiO₂ nanotube arrays catalysts have much higher photocatalytic activity in the aqueous methylene blue solution under visible light irradiation. Such behavior can be contributed to the enhanced electro-hole separation and the reduced recombination of them through the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Au nanoparticles.

In order to explore the influence of coating components on the performance of monolithic SCR denitration catalysts, manganese oxide (MnO _x ), oxides (TiO₂, SiO₂, and Al₂O₃) coatings and Honeycomb Cordierite (CC) substrate were selected to prepare structured coating catalysts, and the firmness and the denitrification activity of the catalysts were investigated. The denitration results showed that, for MnO _x /Al₂O₃/CC catalysts, the denitrification efficiency at 200℃ was up to 95% when MnO _x loading amount was 6%. The efficiency was about 75% for MnO _x /TiO₂/CC as the loading was from 6% to 12% and it was 80% with 12% loading for the MnO _x /SiO₂/CC. The sample firmness was in the order: MnO _x /Al₂O₃/CC>MnO _x /SiO₂/CC>MnO _x /TiO₂/CC. Through BET, SEM, TG, Raman, H₂-TPR and other analysis methods, it was found that the differences between the state of active component MnO _x and the performance of the carrier were the main influence factors on the performance of catalysts. The Al₂O₃ coating had moderate specific surface area, and showed good activity as carrier. SiO₂ coating had high specific surface area and good firmness, but it acted poorly as carrier. TiO₂ had relatively small specific surface area, and the solvent evaporation in the sol was fast, resulting in an uneven coating surface uneven.

Fresh V-W and V-Mo based SCR catalysts were prepared, and then poisoned by alkaline earth metals through three methods, i.e., impregnation, solid phase diffusion and dry mixing. Experiments were performed to investigate the denitrification activity of the catalysts affected by the poisoning method, alkaline earth metal type, catalyst promoter type and other factors. In addition, the catalysts were characterized by temperature programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that among the three poisoning methods, impregnation exhibited the most significant poisoning effect on the catalysts. Ca was more toxic to the catalyst than Mg. V-Mo based catalyst possessed better anti-poisoning performance than V-W based catalyst. The presence of alkaline earth metal had many significant effects on the catalysts, including reducing the total acid sites and the acidity intensity on the catalyst surface, increasing the catalyst reduction temperature, altering the valence of the active component, and decreasing the proportion of surface active oxygen.

Various supported platinum-iron catalysts Pt-Fe/MeO _x (MeO _x =Ni₂O₃, Co₃O₄, TiO₂, Al₂O₃) were prepared by colloid-deposition method, and their catalytic properties were investigated through oxidation of formaldehyde at ambient temperature. Activity result shows that the γ-Al₂O₃ supported Pt-Fe catalyst exhibits the highest activity and long-term stability, which had achieved complete oxidation of HCHO at 25℃. Characterizations were performed to investigate the physicochemical properties of the Pt-Fe/Al₂O₃ catalyst including its morphology, chemical states and redox ability. The results indicated that the adopted preparation process could lead to an uniform distribution of the Pt species and the Fe species on the surface of the γ-Al₂O₃ support. And the enhanced catalytic activity of the Pt-Fe/Al₂O₃ catalyst might be mainly attributed to the presence of the strong interactions between the Pt and the Fe species, which resulted in the formation of the Pt-O-Fe active sites.

The graphitization of carbon fiber can make its structure gradually evolve into the ideal graphite structure with a significant increase in the tensile modulus, so the graphitized fibers have been extensively used in cutting-edge fields such as aerospace. In order to give some references to the fabrication of high modulus carbon fibers, this paper compared the strengths and shortcomings of graphitization equipment, and introduced several new graphitization methods including ultra-temperature heating via laser and the relevant process of promoting graphitization in detail. Moreover, some factors affecting the mechanical properties were analyzed based on the microstructure. It is proposed that the main graphitization technique of indirect heating of graphite body cannot further increase the modulus due to the temperature limitation, so the technique that is able to overcome the temperature limitation as well as having the advantages of high performance, high quality, energy saving and environmentally friendly should be developed in the future. In addition, the structure evolution analysis of the carbon fiber should be placed on the molecular level. Then the control of graphitization process and the design of the modified equipment should be further optimized, so that the structure of the graphitized carbon fiber can be continuously improved and its mechanical properties can approach the theoretical value .

Graphene oxide liquid crystals (GOLCs) are macroscopic ordered mesocrystalline and miscroscopic anisotropic liquid crystals phase, which can be formed by graphene oxide sheets dispersed in water or polar organic solvents, and hold promise in self-assembled film, energy storage, liquid crystals display and super fibers. Firstly, the phase structure characteristics of graphene oxide liquid crystals with nematic phase, lamellar phase and chirality phase are introduced. The influencing factors, regulation ways and principles of the graphene oxide liquid crystals phase change are reviewed in detail, including the size and size distribution of graphene oxide, oxidation degree of graphene oxide, mass/volume fraction, salt concentration, pH of solution, solvent polarity and externally applied electric or magnetic fields. Finally, the potential applications of graphene oxide liquid crystals in electrochemistry and other applications are introduced. This review may provide theoretical guidance for controlling the phase structure of graphene oxide liquid crystals, developing multifunctional graphene oxide liquid crystals and widening the applications of graphene oxide liquid crystals.

Magadiite is a new type of layered nano-silicate material, which has the advantages of large specific surface area, high cation exchange, strong adsorption and good inter-layer swelling performance. It has become one of the most promising potential for nano-material modified polymers. This article mainly summarized the common preparation methods of magadiite/polymer nanocomposites, including polymer intercalation, monomer in-situ intercalation polymerization and anchor intercalation polymerization. The magadiite/polymer nanocomposites prepared by three methods at home and abroad based on polystyrene, polypropylene, epoxy resin, nylon 6, polycaprolactone and polymethylmethacrylate were discussed. The solution to the incompatibility of the interface and the uneven distribution of magadiite in the nanocomposite structure was proposed, and the influence of magadiite on the structure and properties of the nanocomposite was explained. Finally, the outlook for the development of magadiite/polymer nanocomposites was presented.

An interface-enhanced PVDF/PET ultrafiltration membrane was successfully prepared by immersion precipitation using a surface modified PET nonwoven as support material. The preparation conditions of the silane coupling agent KH550 (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) hydrolyzate were obtained via on-line conductivity measurement. The effects of the modification conditions on the interfacial and mechanical properties of the PVDF/PET membrane were investigated in this work. The peel strength, surface micro-morphology and chemical composition of the prepared membrane were characterized by the 180°-peel test, SEM and FTIR, respectively. When KH550 content in the hydrolysate was less than 3%, the peel strength between the PVDF and PET increased with increasing treatment time. While KH550 content in the hydrolysate was higher than 3%, the peel strength between PVDF and PET increased firstly and then decreased slightly with increasing treatment time. Furthermore, with increasing KH550 concentration or treatment time, the tensile strength of PVDF / PET membrane showed a “volcanic” trend. The separation and permeation test results indicated that the rejection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PVDF membrane was almost constant and the water flux increased slightly after modification the PET surface.

In view of the breakage of graphite lining in rare earth electrolytic cell, micro-CT was used to study the evolution characteristics of internal micro-pore structure of rare-earth electrolytic cell graphite lining under different oxidation time. The variation rules of the porosity, pore throat size, pore throat shape factor, pore fractal dimension and other parameters were investigated. The result showed that the average porosity of the graphite lining was gradually increased after 0, 1h, 2h and 3h of oxidation time, and the porosity were 4.02%, 8.53%, 11.18%, and 13.35%, respectively. The number of pore throats with size between 5—25 \mathrm{\mu } m and shape factor between 0.02—0.05 increased from 17903 to 39388. Therefore, fractal dimension can be used indirectly to judge the degree of oxidation corrosion of graphite lining. Finally, a fractal expression of the permeability of the graphite liner was established. The theoretical permeability of the graphite liner under the oxidation time of 0, 1h, 2h, and 3h was calculated to be 0.10 \mathrm{\mu } m², 0.25 \mathrm{\mu } m², 0.37 \mathrm{\mu } m², and 0.52 \mathrm{\mu } m², respectively. The calculated result were similar to the actual permeability which were 0.09 \mathrm{\mu } m², 0.18 \mathrm{\mu } m², 0.38 \mathrm{\mu } m² and 0.57 \mathrm{\mu } m², therefore, it can be used to predict the permeability of graphite lining.

Novel biomass-based amphiphilic ethyl cellulose grafted 2-methcryloyloxyisopropanol ester of dehydroabietic acid (EC-g-DAGMA) copolymers was synthesized through the RAFT polymerization，and self-assembled micelles were prepared in the selective solvent THF/H₂O. The structure and molecular weight of the polymer was characterized by ¹H NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC)，which confirmed the successful synthesis of EC-g-PDAGMA. The amphiphilic copolymers showed an excellent UV absorption ability due to the presence of rosin based side chains. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta-potential measurement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the self-assembly behavior of the EC-g-DAGMA copolymers. The results showed that the EC-g-PDAGMA copolymers could self-assemble to micelles in the selective solvent THF/H₂O with regular spherical morphology and good stabilities. Moreover, the diameters of micelles were influenced by the polymer concentration and molecular weights.

To enhance the electrochemical performance of Li₃V₂(PO₄)/C as the cathode material of Li-ion batteries, we studied its morphology control. By using the spray drying process, we synthesized a kind of spherical Li₃V₂(PO₄)/C particles with uniform diameter about 1μm and high tap density. Glucose was chosen as the carbon source and CTAB as the surfactant. This spherical Li₃V₂(PO₄)/C has outstanding electrochemical performance which is due to two the main reasons. First, the pyrolytic carbon of glucose coating on the surface of the cathode particle enhanced its conductivity efficiently. Second, the morphological control improved the diffusion of Li⁺ . It had a capacity of more than 115mA?h/g when discharge rate was less than 1C. At rate of 10C and 15C, the discharge capacities were 85mA?h/g and 75mA?h/g, respectively. Furthermore, the columbic efficiency is 96.2% after cycle 50 times at 5C. It exhibited flat and steady platforms on the charge/discharge curve and small electrochemical resistance, which means that polarization phenomenon was effectively controlled.

Micro/nano metallic Cu powders with different morphologies were prepared by hydrothermal method using green tea water as both solvent and reductant. The effects of pH, green tea concentration, hydrothermal temperature and TiOSO₄ additive on the phase purity and particle morphology of the micro/nano Cu were also investigated. The results show that pure Cu powders with nearly spherical shape could be obtained under the conditions of pH=3—12, the mass ratio of tea to water as 1∶100 and temperature of 200℃. When the ratio of tea to water or the reaction temperature was decreased, two phases of Cu and Cu₂O would form, and the relative content of Cu₂O in the product gradually increased. Additionally, using the pure Cu₂O powders which were obtained by performing the first hydrothermal process as the starting material, one-dimensional metallic Cu rods with a length of 10—40μm and a diameter of 0.4—0.9μm were obtained after a second hydrothermal processing at 200℃ for 24h with additive of 0.1g TiOSO₄.

Taking 80^# paraffin as the phase change material and expanded graphite with network structure as the framework, we have prepared the 80^# paraffin/expanded graphite composite phase change material by using the multi-layer adsorption and pressing die method. The thermal stability and cycle stability of 80^# paraffin were analyzed by cyclic thawing experiment. The leakage rate of the composite phase change material with different components was determined through the titration filter paper leakage test. The latent heat, adsorption structure, thermal conductivity and leakage rate of the composite phase change materials were analyzed by using differential scanning calorimeter(DSC), scanning electron microscope(SEM), Hot Disk thermal constant analyzer and other instruments. The results show that when the amount of the added expanded graphite reaches 8% of the total component, the transformation temperature of the composite phase change material is 80.86℃ (endothermic) and 76.08℃ (exothermic), the latent heat is 130.12kJ/kg, and the leakage rate is less than 0.3%. The composite phase change material has the features of stable shape, low leakage rate, high heat storage density, and long life.

High-performance guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membrane is a key factor for successful GTR treatment. Electrospinning has great potential for construction of a GTR membrane because this technique can prepare fibrous structural membrane similar to extracellular matrix, which is beneficial for cell adhesion and proliferation. In this study, the core-shell nanofibers were prepared by coaxial electrospinning technique with polycaprolactone (PCL) as the core and chitosan (CS) as the shell, and the resulting membrane was crosslinked by vanillin. Furthermore, the morphology, internal structure, chemical composition, mechanical properties and cytocompatibility of the fabricated membrane were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical testing and cell culture experiments. Structure analysis showed a core-shell PCL-CS nanofiber constructed membrane was successfully prepared. The results of mechanical and contact angle test showed that the crosslinked fiber membrane had better water resistance, higher mechanical properties and a tensile strength nearly two times higher than the reported studies. Cell culture results showed that the crosslinked fibrous membrane was a good candidate for MG-63 cell adhesion and proliferation, indicating the fabricated membrane has good cytocompatibility. In general, the fibrous GTR membrane constructed by core-shell PCL-CS nanofibers holds promising application.

Microencapsulation of essential/fish oil can improve its inoxidizability, stability, bioactivity and awful smell. Chitosan and its derivatives are good wall materials due to their biocompatibility, film forming ability and permeability on microencapsulation of essential/fish oil. Microencapsulation technology of essential/fish oil is reviewed in this paper, according to the main line of chitosan-based wall materials and combining different microencapsulation mechanisms. The advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of chitosan wall materials (plain chitosan, chitosan complex and chitosan derivatives) and microencapsulation methods (spray-drying, single coacervation, emulsion cross-linking and layer by layer self-assembly) are discussed. In the future, they are considered as an important research area, for example improving microencapsulation methods in order to control particle size and increase oil embedding rate and developing nontoxic and efficient membrane crosslinkers in order to control the release efficiency of essential/fish oil. In addition, it is also important to prepare new wall materials of chitosan derivatives for increasing the functional properties of essential/fish oil microcapsules.

Bacterial communities were obtained from activated sludge of a tannery in Zhejiang province, which grew by utilizing DMF(N,N-dimethylformamide) as carbon and nitrogen source. The community structure indicated that the microflora mainly consisted of: Brevundimonas sp., Flavobacterium sp., Nocardioidaceae sp., Brevibacillus parabrevis and Stenotrophomonas sp..The optimal inoculation rate was 30% and in the range of pH was 5.0—9.0, the microflora showed the oxidation effect and 0.2% of DMF in the medium could be completely decomposed within 48 hours when the optimal pH was 6.0. The maximal tolerable concentration of DMF was 6%. The concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the system exceeded 2000mg/L, the strains still had the ability to decompose DMF, and the nitrate concentration lower than 450mg/L had little effect on the degradation effect. After 7 days of acclimation, the bacteria could decompose DMAC (dimethylacetamide).

Bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) was used to prepare polyferric sulfate (PFS) continuously. Effect of current density and molar ratio of FeSO₄ to H₂SO₄ in feed and feed flow rate on the properties (basicity, total iron content, pH, density, etc.) of PFS and process energy consumption was investigated. Results show that when current density increased from 10mA/cm² to 20mA/cm², basicity and turbidity removal ratio increased from 8.59% to 11.32% and from 84.31% to 95.34%, respectively. However, when current density was greater than 20mA/cm², turbidity removal ratio and basicity decreased slightly, while process energy consumption increased up to 4.26kW·h/kg H₂SO₄ and the acid concentration in acid compartment rose to 0.45mol/L. In addition, as the molar ratio of FeSO₄ to H₂SO₄ in feed increased from 2.01 to 4.08, basicity increased from 8.69% to 11.38%, turbidity removal ratio increased gradually from 94.96% to 95.88%, while the process energy consumption changed in a small range of 3.05—3.15 kW·h/kg H₂SO₄ and the acid concentration in acid compartment was about 0.38mol/L. Finally, as feed flow rate increased from 1 to 3 mL/min, basicity reduced from 11.52% to 6.75%, turbidity removal ratio decreased gradually from 95.92% to 75.61% and the process energy consumption decreased from 3.09 to 2.77kW·h/kg H₂SO₄.

Bio-oil was added as a substitute of phenol for phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin to enhance the toughness and water resistance, thus improving the aging performance. The effects of the substitute rate of bio-oil to phenol, addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and reaction temperature on the aging performance of bio-oil phenol-formaldehyde (BPF) resin were examined using UV weathering. The variations on bonding strength of plywood and microstructure of cured resin were measured. The changes in the chemical structure of cured BPF resin were analyzed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to understand the aging behavior of BPF resin. Results showed that the decrease rate of bonding strength of plywood and aging degree of cured resin were reduced with the increase of the substitute rate of bio-oil to phenol and reaction temperature. As the growing addition of NaOH, the decrease rate of bonding strength changed little, but the aging degree of cured resin decreased first then increased. After aging 960h, the peak strength of methylene and ether bonds decreased, while the peak strength of aldehyde, ketone and carboxyl acids increased.

The extraction of lithium from a typical Xinjiang fly ash was studied in this paper. Five kinds of activators including carbonate, acetate, bicarbonate, chloride and sulfate were mixed with the fly ash for calcination and activation. The effects of calcination temperature, addition percent of activator and leaching agent on lithium extraction were investigated. Moreover, microwave heating was used on lithium extraction in this paper. The comparison between microwave and traditional water bath heating on Li extraction was discussed. The results show that potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, or sodium chloride as activator exhibited high abilities for lithium extraction. For most activators with good leaching effect, 800℃ is suitable as the calcination temperature. Hydrochloric acid was better than sulfuric acid as a leaching agent for lithium extraction from coal-ash. It was found that microwave increased lithium extraction by 55% compared to water bath heating. The mixed activator of Na₂CO₃ and K₂CO₃ showed better activation performance than either as a single activator. The extraction ratio of Li in ash reached 93% by using a 30% Na₂CO₃ and 70% K₂CO₃ mixture as the activator.

The digestate after the first-stage dehydration was used as the raw material in this study. Its weight loss behavior and the compositions of the pyrolysis gas products were analyzed by thermogravimetry-Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy ( TG-FTIR). The single-factor test method was used to investigate the effects of carbonization temperature, heating rate and holding time on the yields and physiochemical properties of biochar. The results showed that the pyrolysis reactions mainly took place at the temperature range of 360－480℃. The yield and volatile content of biochar gradually decreased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, while its ash content increased correspondingly. The highest content (18.37%) of fixed carbon in char was obtained at 700℃. The increase of heating rate had led to the increase in the contents of ash and fixed carbon in biochar, as well as result in the reduction in char yield and volatile content in biochar. In the meantime, the yield of biochar decreased gradually with the increase of holding time. The effect of holding time on the contents of ash, volatile and fixed carbon in biochar was insignificant. The calorific values of raw material and biochar were all low. The contents of heavy metals Cd and Pb in the produced biochar were lower than those indicated in the standard of "Organic/inorganic compound fertilizer "(GB18877—2009). Hg and Cr contents in the biochars were low, which was within the limits of harmful heavy metal elements in fertilizers. On the other hand, the contents of elements of Mn and Zn that are beneficial to plant growth were high. This study provides a theoretical basis for using the digestate as raw materials to produce fertilizers.

Iron oxides in pyrite cinder are difficult to be recycled efficiently for its poor activity, and there are some disadvantages in the presently reported intensified acid leaching methods, such as high dosage of auxiliary agent, production of harmful H₂S and low leaching rate of iron. On the basis of the as-proposed selection principles of auxiliary agents, oxalic acid was selected as the more suitable auxiliary agent in the leaching process to overcome the above disadvantages and its action mechanism on the acid leaching was preliminarily discussed. Taking the leaching rate of iron in pyrite cinder as the main index, the leaching conditions were investigated through single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments and the leaching condition was optimized as follows: reaction time 7.5h, addition of oxalic acid 20%, the mass fraction of sulfuric acid 50%, reaction temperature 98℃, under which the leaching rate of iron could reach 95.7%. The XRD patterns and EDS spectrum of the sample showed that when adding oxalic acid, the content of iron in the leaching residue decreased significantly compared to that without addition of oxalic acid, which suggesting that the addition of oxalic acid obviously promoted the extraction of iron from pyrite cinder.

To investigate the performance of the absorbents with high absorption capacity and strong regenerative capacity to compound absorbing CO₂ in the combustion flue gas, three binary compound solutions of methyldiethanolamine-piperazine (MDEA-PZ), potassium carbonate-piperazine (K₂CO₃-PZ) and ammonia-piperazine (NH₃-PZ) were selected. Based on the Rate-based model, the decarburization performance process simulations were conducted. The effect of three factors of absorbent, including molar flow rate, temperature and molar concentration ratio (X∶PZ), were studied by single-factor method. On this basic, the optimal process conditions were obtained by orthogonal test method. The result showed that, as the molar flow rate of the absorbent increases, the temperature of the absorbent decreases, and the PZ molar concentration in the absorbent increases, the CO₂ absorption efficiency increases. Under the optimal process conditions, the optimal absorption temperature of the K₂CO₃-PZ binary compound solution is 40°C. The optimal absorption temperature of the binary compound solution of MDEA-PZ and NH₃-PZ is 30°C. The optimal molar flow rate of the three binary compound solutions is 3.5×10⁵kmol/h, and the optimal molar concentration ratio is 60%∶40%. Under each optimal process conditions and other same conditions, the order of CO₂ absorption performance is MDEA-PZ>NH₃-PZ>K₂CO₃-PZ.

In view of the problems of insufficient carbon source and low nitrogen removal efficiency for biological treatment of low C/N ratio wastewater, a heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification strain WUST-7 with low C/N ratio was isolated from the activated sludge of petrochemical wastewater treatment plant. Pseudomonas sp. was identified by morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The effects of carbon source type, culture temperature, initial pH and rotation speed on the nitrification characteristics were investigated by single factor experiments. The optimal conditions for heterotrophic nitrification were determined as follows: sodium succinate as carbon source, culture temperature 30－35℃, initial pH 8.0－9.0, rotation speed 150－200r/min. Under the optimal culture conditions for 9h, 90.64 % of ammonia nitrogen with initial concentration of 107.52 mg/L could be removed there was no accumulation of nitrite nitrogen and the nitrate nitrogen content was always lower than 3.5mg/L in the whole process. The removal rate of total nitrogen is up to 88.63%. The experimental results showed that the strain WUST-7 had good simultaneous nitrification and denitrification potential when it used ammonia nitrogen for nitrification and nitrate nitrogen for denitrification.

To realize online monitoring heating surface pollution of an economizer in coal-fired power plant boiler, support vector machine (SVM) algorithm was used to predict the clean heat absorption of the economizer. At the same time, the gray wolf algorithm (GWO) and genetic algorithm was used for parameters optimization, and prediction accuracy in two models was compared. According to the cleaning heat absorption, the cleaning factor was calculated. The economizer’s fouling was judged according to the change of cleaning factor. Take a 660MW unit as an example, the data after short blow was taken as clean samples for training and validation. The results showed that GWO has higher prediction accuracy than genetic algorithm (GA), and the training time of GWO is shorter. Finally, this model was used to predict the clean heat absorption of an economizer before long blowing, then the clean factor curve was drawn. The fouling in an economizer heating surface can be performed well. Thus, a basis for an economizer fouling on-line monitoring is offered．

The white plume in coal-fired plants has been received more and more attention as several provinces or cities enact statute to control it. In this paper, mathematical model of plume potential was developed to evaluate the white plume control of Shanghai City and Tianjin City. The results showed that white plume cannot be eliminated all period in a year, especially in winter and North China such as Tianjin City. Meanwhile, the evaluation of potential model has been developed indicating that strength of white plume can be quantified by potential value in some way. However, the accuracy of potential can be affected by meteorological data which should be improved in the future. Moreover, the control of white plume has negative impact on flue gas desulphurization (FGD) water balance, energy consumption and environmental quality, which cannot be developed by government before environmental impact assessment.

To divide the prevention area of hazardous gas leakage, qualitative method is mainly used. But it is difficult to characterize specific scenes by qualitative method. It cannot be used to design and plan the risk prevention and control system. A method of dividing gas protection area quantitatively is proposed based on equivalent gas cloud theory and risk assessment of explosion accident. The equivalent gas cloud size and risk set of gas leakage dispersion can be obtained by Gaussian model and considering the on-site features such as gas leakage probability, wind speed and direction joint distribution probability and so on. Then the gas leakage scenes can be selected by according to risk grade. Aiming at the scenes with higher grade of dispersion risk, the ignition probability analysis is carried out. The multiplication method is used to calculate the influence range of gas cloud explosion. The risk set of the explosive consequences can be analyzed by using risk assessment of accidents. The quantitative division standards of gas protection area are determined by risk values for different device areas under the guidance of ALARP standard and scene coverage of fire & gas system (FGS) detector. Through one LNG receiving station case analysis, the protection area grade of different devices can be quantitatively obtained. Aiming at specific leak scenarios, the quantitative classification of gas protection zones can be achieved. The numerical calculation shows that the quantitative division of the gas protection area can provide theoretical support for the detector deployment of FGS.