Great efforts have been made to develop rapid and efficient analytical methods for the risk factors in the food samples. Carbon nanotubes, as novel carbon nanomaterials, have drawn extensive attention in recent years due to their unique properties such as high surface area, good electrical conductivity, strong adsorption capacity and easy chemical modification. These exciting advantages have motivated us to find more applications in food safety analysis. In this paper, the type, preparation and characterization methods of carbon nanotubes were introduced, and the category and source of risk factors in food were described. Furthermore, recent applications of carbon nanotubes in the detection of food safety risk factors, including pesticide residues, veterinary drug residues, heavy metals, microorganism and its toxin, and food additives were summarized. Finally, the development trends of carbon nanotubes in food safety analysis were prospected. With the application of carbon nanotubes, food safety detection techniques with the advantages of high sensitivity, low cost, high efficiency and speed, can be expected.

As a membrane separation technology, membrane distillation has unique features of low operating temperature, simple operating equipment, high salt rejection rate. It can be applied for different applications, including seawater desalination, wastewater treatment and juice concentrating process with a bright future. This paper introduced the operating principle of membrane distillation, characteristics and the manufacturing method of membrane materials, indicating the research direction of membrane materials. The principle of heat transfer and mass transfer of four basic membrane configurations (DCMD, AGMD, VMD and SGMD) were reviewed and research status of this area was given. Meanwhile, the technical feature, research status and commercial application of renewable energy as well as waste-heat-driven membrane distillation were described elaborately, including solar thermal/photovoltaic drive membrane distillation system, solar and heat pump coupled drive membrane distillation, solar pond membrane distillation technology, geothermal cascade utilization membrane distillation system as well as power plant/chemical plant low-temperature waste heat drive membrane distillation. The development direction of renewable energy driven membrane distillation was also indicated. Finally, the critical problems of membrane distillation were presented based on current status, which may provide insightful guidelines for the future development of membrane distillation technology.

In this paper, high flux heat exchanger used for organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for low-temperature cogeneration system was studied. In the case of waste heat recovery of xylene tower in aromatic unit, six working fluids were used to analyze the influence of general evaporator pinch-point temperature difference on ORC system performance by Aspen Plus simulation software. Then, the generation performances of ORC system were compared when general evaporator and high flux evaporator were used separately. The results showed that the smaller pinch-point temperature difference of general evaporator is, the better generation performance of ORC system in aromatic unit is, but the evaporator area increases sharply when pinch-point temperature difference is less than 10℃, leading to higher costs and then limiting the generation performance boost of ORC system. The most suitable organic working fluid is R601 for ORC system, when the general evaporator pinch-point temperature difference is 12℃, the total heat transfer coefficient of high flux evaporator is more than 26% higher than that of general evaporator, and the application of high flux evaporator can reduce the heat transfer area by 21%. If the heat transfer area remains unchanged, the pinch-point temperature difference can decrease by 2.5℃, at this time, net generation power of ORC system can increase about 49kW, the reduction of R601 mass flow is 1559kg/h, so the generation performance has been improved.

The rapid development of industry activities and the frequently oil leakage accidents have produced large amount of oily wastewater and high efficient separation is still a worldwide challenge. Bio-inspired membranes with special wettability have highly selectivity on oil or water and have been extensively used for oil/water separation because of the advantages of easy operation, high efficiency. A one-step fabrication of micro/nano scale hierarchical structure superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic oil/water separation membrane was developed through impregnation of TiO₂ nanoparticles and polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP) into stainless steel mesh. The effects of TiO₂/PVP concentration on wetting properties and oil-water separation performances were investigated. The results indicated that water contact angle of the modified membrane was 0°, underwater oil contact angle was 160°, and the oil-water separation efficiency was above 99.5% under varied coating concentrations. The flux of these as-prepared membranes undergone a trend of going up and drop down, the maximum flux of 8422.5L/(m²·h) was reached at the TiO₂/PVP concentration of 3%. The mesh still maintained separation efficiency above 99.5% after 30 separation cycles, indicating that the TiO₂/PVP-SS(stainless steel) modified membrane has good durability and stability. Therefore, the TiO₂/PVP modified bionic special wettability membrane has the potential advantages of economy, high efficiency and environmental friendliness in the oil-water separation.

Microchannel heat exchangers are widely developed in recent years. Heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop reduction are two important goals for designing microchannel heat exchangers. Pin-fin arrays formed porous walls are used as phase separator in flow condensation in microchannels to meet above two challenges. Pressure drop reduction and heat transfer enhancement achieved at the same time. An energy-dissipation based on pressure drop reduction theory was proposed. The reduced two-phase interface area in phase separation flow was the key point to pressure drop reduction. On the other hand, extra liquid was sucked into liquid passage, leaving high-temperature vapor directly contacting pin-fin walls, greatly enhancing condensation heat transfer by deducing film thickness. The diverging liquid channel cross section area ensured liquid being trapped in liquid passage without flooding, accommodating ever increasing liquid along flow direction and ensuring heat transfer enhancement along flow direction. The above phase-separation theory offers new visions for design of condensation heat exchanger in the future.

Using electric brush plating and surface modification technology, nickel microstructures (TS1), hydrophilic graphene/nickel composite microstructures (TS2) and hydrophobic graphene/nickel composite microstructures (TS3) were fabricated on bare copper surfaces. The morphology and wettability were characterized by scanning electric microscope and contact angle tester. Using deionized water as the working fluid, the pool boiling heat transfer characteristics on these three microstructures were investigated experimentally. It was found that boiling heat transfer performances for the TS2 and TS3 which contained graphene were obviously superior to TS1. The TS3 had the maximum heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux. Compared to TS1, the maximum heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux of the TS3 were increased by 135% and 97%, respectively. It was analyzed that TS3 possessed complex 3D superhydrophobic microstructures, which could lower the cavitation energy and increase the bubble nucleation density, resulting in the heat transfer enhancement. Meanwhile, the complex 3D microstructures promote the capillary liquid suction and rewetting ability to the heated surface, which is the major mechanism for the critical heat flux enhancement.

An experiment platform for electrostatic measurement of oil tanks filling system was established. The dissipation current on the galvanized metal pipeline, plastic pipeline with metal frame and PVC pipeline, and the electrostatic potential in the oil tank during bottom-filling and top-filling with the crane tube inserted to the tank base were measured. The results shown that:(1) during the diesel oil flowing through pipelines, the amount of electrostatic charge generated on the pipeline and the dissipation current increased with the electrical conductivity of the pipeline; (2) the electrostatic charge on the galvanized metal pipeline dissipated to the ground at the same time that the oil flowed in the pipe, while for PVC pipeline after 3.5s the electrostatic charge began to dissipate; (3) relaxation tank installed in the filling system can dissipate part of the electrostatic charge in the oil to the ground and the electrostatic charge flowing into the tank decreased, so the electrostatic potential in the tank decreased; (4) when the filling liquid is diesel the maximum surface potential in the tank during top-filling with the crane tube inserted to the tank base was lower than bottom-filling, and when the filling liquid is white oil the results was opposite; (5) the effect of the grounding measure on the maximum surface potential in the tank during filling with white oil was less than filling with diesel. The research provides references for the selection of filling pipes, filling patterns and the arrangement of the oil tanks filling system, so as to reduce the electrostatic risk.

This paper reviewed the state-of-art of the potassium-ion batteries, including the electrochemical properties and their existing issues of Prussian blue and P2, P3 phase layered cathode materials, the electrochemical properties and potassium storage mechanism of carbon-based anode materials (graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, etc.), and the current advantage and disadvantage of the electrolyte. And the analysis revealed that some current attempted materials, including the Prussian blue analogues and non-graphite carbon, had shown the high specific capacity and long cyclic performance, while large volume variation had been detected for the general oxides cathodes and graphite anode during the intercalation/removal process of the potassium cation, and a high compatible electrolyte had also not been obtained for both cathode and anode material. Therefore, there are still urgent needs on developing better electrode materials and electrolyte formulas for potassium-ion batteries.

The development of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process and coal-chemical industry can ease the dependency on petroleum resource effectively in China. This review mainly discuss the differences in properties between low temperature coal-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesized products and petroleum based products, including gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, lubricating base oil and waxes. It is figured out that the Fischer-Tropsch derived products are characteristic of low sulfur, nitrogen and aromatics content, high concentration of paraffin, which can meet environmental regulations for clean fuels. Particularly, the synthetic Fischer-Tropsch products is more competitively advantageous towards the production of waxes with high drop-melting point and lubricating base oil with high performance. But some key index such as condensation point, freezing point and density of the products of Fischer-Tropsch oil are not up to standard. The derived jet fuels, diesel, and lubricating base oil derived products should improve their low temperature flow properties via hydro-refining, hydro -isomerization, hydrocracking and blending approaches, which can meet the standard requirement. Taking consideration of the adjustment of energy consumption from diesel to gasoline and chemical feedstock in China, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process and coal-to-liquids (CTL) should head for the development of high-end products, extend its industrial chain, and realize the processing shift from extensive processing to high-end industrial chain.

Developing direct coal liquefaction technology is a better strategic choice for China to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of petroleum and guarantee energy security. However, there are many factors which affect the performance of direct coal liquefaction, and the analysis of these factors is the key to further development of the technology. First in terms of raw materials, mainly summarizes the rank of coal, functional groups of coal, macerals and inorganic minerals of coal, the type, characteristic, function, content and research hotspot of catalyst, the type, function and research status of solvent, and the type and function of reaction atmosphere. It points out the following points:The coal with modest rank, higher content of vitrinite and low content of ash is more suitable for direct liquefaction. Coal powder loaded high dispersion ferro-based catalysts by in situ synthesis is preferable, and it is verified by industry. The materials with more partially hydrogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are suitable for direct coal liquefaction solvent. The mechanism of hydrogen to provide active hydrogen and other cheap gases to replace the hydrogen atmosphere need further study. And then in terms of process conditions, the effects of rise or decrease of reaction temperature, reaction pressure, coal slurry concentration, feed space velocity and gas-liquid ratio are analyzed and discussed, pointed out that need to be comprehensive consideration of higher oil yield and unit capacity and the unit running smoothly, to select the appropriate process conditions. Finally, it is pointed out that these works will provide some reference for the improvement of direct coal liquefaction technology, and China's direct coal liquefaction industry will have good prospects.

Being a coal-rich country, coal chemical industry is an especially strategic area of interest for China. Coal coking is an important technology and widely used in the field of coal chemical industry. Huge energy is consumed during the coking process, except the energy used for the high-temperature retorting dissipated by the furnace body, most of the input energy is transferred as the surplus heat contained in the red coke, flue gas and crude gas, which can be recovered to enhance the economic and environmental benefit of the coal coking plant.It is the key point of the current coal chemical industry to fully recover the large amount of waste heat generated by the coking plant. Here the technologies for recovering the surplus heat of coking process were reviewed:thanks to the mature CDQ, most of the energy of the red coke can be recovered. The use of coal moisture conditioning technology, heat pipe technology can basically achieve the efficient recovery of flue gas waste heat. The recovery of crude gas with high temperature waste heat does not form a mature, reliable, large-scale process. Qingdao University of Science and Technology has developed the washing distillation technology which can remove the coke powder completely, separate gas, heavy tar and high boiling point wash oil clearly and produce 43.5kg steam during the recovery of the surplus heat contained in the crude gas.This provides a new idea for the comprehensive utilization of surplus heat for coal coking process and pointed out a new way of utilizing the energy of crude gas.

Pyrolysis experiments of Indonesian oil sand were conducted on thermogravimetric analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and mass spectrometer. Pyrolysis process and products of oil sands were analyzed. The results show that, based on the pyrolysis TG-DTG curves with different heating rates, the pyrolysis process was divided into two stages:release of low-carbon compounds and decomposition of inorganic substance at high temperature section. At same heating rate, the devolatilization temperature of YN2 oil sand is lower than that of YN1. The pyrolysis products mainly include:aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing functional groups and hydroxyl groups. In this paper, the gas products produced at different heating rates were analyzed and explored, such as H₂O, CO₂, CO, CH₄ and C_nH_m. Gaseous hdrocarbons, oxygen-containing organic compounds and other organic gases are generated from the decomposition of carbonyl and carboxyl groups, as well as methoxy groups, methylene and methyl groups at low temperature during the pyrolysis process of oil sand. The gas types and yields change with pyrolysis time altering according to the mass spectrum. According to Kissinger and Friedman methods, the pyrolysis kinetic parameters of oil sand were calculated by utilizing AKTS software. The activation energy is distributed linearly at different heating rates for the data with same conversion rate. The activation energy of YN1 is higher than that of YN2

Denitrification was carried out in the biocathode of a multi-anode microbial fuel cell (MA-MFC). The denitrification performance and electricity production were evaluated under different operation modes, such as connection modes between anodes and cathode, open or closed circuit, electrical resistance and with or without carbon resources in the cathode. With the carbon resource in the cathode, the removal rate of nitrate was 64.35% during 15 days in a closed circuit of MA-MFC, which was much higher than that in open circuit (45.89%). Without the carbon resource in the cathode, the removal rate of nitrate was 17.49% during 15 days in closed circuit of MA-MFC, but the concentration of nitrate remained stable in the open circuit. The electricity production and the removal rate of nitrate in the parallel operation of MA-MFC was increased greatly than that in the serial operation. And at an external electrical resistance of 100Ω, the MA-MFC reached the optimal nitrate removal rate and electricity production, both in the parallel and serial operations. Hence, an optimal nitrate removal rate of 94.21% and a maximum power density of 2.07W/m³ were reached in closed circuit of the MA-MFC, without the carbon resource in the cathode and connected with the external electrical resistance of 100Ω.

Numerical and experimental analyses of a water-cooled PV/T hot water system was conducted in this paper. Power generations, heating energy collected by PV/T system, and power consumption of pump were three main characteristics to evaluate the effect of flow changes on the system performance. In addition, the mathematical model was verified and compared with the experimental data. Results indicated that the optimal flow rate value, which maximized the overall efficiency of a water-cooled PV/T system, did exist. Hence, the optimal flow rate value and the solar radiation intensity have a positive linear relationship and the optimal flow rate under typical summer condition of Nanjing is about 0.02 kg/(s·m²). Furthermore, a variable-flow operation mode was proposed to optimize the performance of system, where operating flow is adjusted according to the solar radiation intensity to ensure that water-cooled PV/T system can operate at the highest overall efficiency all day. The results showed that variable-flow mode can receive 19808J more energy than that of constant-flow mode in which flow rate is kept at 0.072m³/(h·m²). Therefore, analysis and optimization of flow rate in PV/T system is of practical significance and the application of variable-flow operation is promising.

Reductive amination of alcohol is one of the most effective and promising methods for the synthesis of amine, and the high-performance catalyst is the core. The progress in homogeneous catalysts of Ru, Ir, Pd, Cu, and nonmetallic ones and heterogeneous catalysts of Co, Ni, Ru, Pd, et al. for reductive amination of alcohols was outlined in detail respectively in this paper. The catalytic performance and reaction regularity of different catalytic systems were discussed together with their respective characteristics and limitations. Finally, it is pointed out that the application of homogeneous catalytic system is limited by the recovery problem. The research should focus on the development of efficient and cheap catalytic systems, the expansion of their applications and the recovery of the catalyst. The heterogeneous reaction catalysts are of high specificity and the performance is difficult to meet the need of industrial application. The studies on the microstructure and the reaction mechanism of high performance catalyst, flow field state and process of high pressure system should be strengthened to improve the activity, selectivity and stability of the catalysts.

Recently, the Cu-Co-based catalysts for higher alcohols synthesis (HAS) from syngas have been studied extensively. The nature of the active sites and the structure-activity relationship has been systematically investigated and understood. This paper summarizes and analyzes the concepts to design the Cu-Co bimetallic catalyst, the structure of dual active sites and the corresponding evolution of various preparation methods. Especially, the influence of nano-CuCo alloy on the catalytic performance of HAS catalyst, the difficulties of its preparation, and the methods to improve the stability of the active phase during reactions are discussed. It is believed that designing the catalyst at the nanometer scale to enrich Cu-Co dual active sites on catalyst surface, and further improving the catalyst stability during long-term operation may be the focus of the future researches.

Methane and carbon dioxide can be converted to syngas through dry reforming of methane. This reaction has attracted more and more attention because the two greenhouse gases CH₄ and CO₂ are utilized. The nickel-based catalysts have been studied extensively because of their high activity and low cost. In this review, several methods for preparation of nickel-based catalysts are briefly introduced. The sintering of nickel and carbon deposition are the two main problems of the nickel-based catalysts and the causes are discussed in detail. In addition, the approaches of anti-deactivation are introduced including using special support, adding auxiliary agent and constructing special structure. It is pointed out that how to solve the problems of catalyst sintering and carbon deposition is the focus of current research in this field.

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology has been widely used for flue gas denitrification in coal-fired power plants and the development of catalyst system with high activity at low temperature and high resistance to poisoning has become the key. Cu based catalysts have gained a wide range of research and attention because of its good denitrification performance and hydrothermal stability. In this paper, the recent progress in the studies on Cu loading on supports such as TiO₂, Al₂O₃, carbon-based materials and molecular sieves is reviewed. The mechanism of low temperature SCR reaction with Cu based catalyst is analyzed emphatically. There are two processes in the SCR denitrification reaction:adsorption and reaction. The adsorption process includes the NH₃ adsorption and the NO_x (NO and NO₂ adsorption. The mechanisms of Eley-Rideal (E-R) and Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) are used for the denitration catalyst. The research status and reaction mechanism of Cu-based catalysts for water and sulfur resistance are briefly introduced. The effects of alkali metal poisoning, fly ash and catalyst sintering on catalyst deactivation are also introduced. Using the life cycle analysis(LCA) of SCR denitrification system, we also investigate the effect of ammonia and urea on NO emissions. Finally, the research direction for the copper based catalysts is prospected. The catalyst should be modified by new methods, and the reaction mechanism of the catalytic system, the optimization of the boiler and the catalyst design should be studied by using the characterization and simulation techniques to reduce the deactivation of the catalyst and to study highly selective catalysts for other reducing conditions.

Through the study of the structural and composition of residual oil and its conversion behavior under hydrotreatment conditions, Petrochemical Research Institute (PRI) of PetroChina has developed 12 kinds of PHR fixed-bed residue hydrotreating catalysts, which can be classified as guard catalysts, hydrodemetallization (HDM) catalysts, hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts and hydrodecarbonation(HDCCR) catalysts. The PHR guard catalysts feature multi-scale pore system as they contain milli-, micro-and nano-pores. The pores at both micrometre (existed in PHR-402 and PHR-403 catalysts) and nanometre(existed in PHR-404 catalyst) levels exhibit dual-peak distribution. The micro-pores(existed in PHR-402 and PHR-403 catalysts) are sized around 1μm and between 30-200μm, respectively. The nano-pores(existed in PHR-404 catalysts) are sized at about 13nm and 250nm, respectively. Those nano-pores with pore size above 100nm take over 35% of all the nano-pores. The PHR HDM catalysts have dual-peak distribution in pore size as well, and metals distribute in an inner high and outer low manner. The diffusion pores can achieve micrometre scale(up to 2300nm) with over 20% pores bigger than 100nm. The industrial application results of PHR catalysts suggest that they have excellent activity and stability on the HDS, hydrodenitrogenation(HDN) and HDCCR of residue oils. The efficient use of inner pores of catalysts is achieved. In addition, the process pressure drop of the PHR catalysts is extremely low, which is an advantage for the long term operation of hydrotreating units.

To study leaching toxicity and leaching characteristics of the heavy metals in spent SCR catalysts, we collected spent SCR catalysts from a certain power plant in Shandong. The leaching toxicity experiment for spent SCR catalyst was carried out by using the sulfuric acid/nitric acid method (HJ/T299-2007), and the leaching characteristics of heavy metals in spent SCR catalyst were studied at different pH, different leaching time and different liquid-solid ratios. The results show that the spent SCR catalysts have certain leaching toxicity, and the leaching concentration of V and Zn are high, which are 13.8mg/L and 2.1mg/L, respectively. pH has a great effect on the leaching of heavy metals. The leaching of Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn is promoted by strong acid, and V is easy to release under strong acid and alkali environment(pH<3 or pH>11). V, Cr, Ni and Cu were mainly released within 2h. Their release rates were higher than 96% at 18h, and the leaching of the four heavy metals were nearly completed after 18h. 6% of the Zn was still released after 18h, and the leaching cycle is relatively long. At room temperature, increasing the liquid-solid ratio only exerts a dilution effect on the leaching of V, while the dissolution of Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn are limited by the solubility at L/S<30, and they will be diluted when L/S>30.

A complex catalyst with tetrahedron structure copper(I) iodide (CuI) as active center has been synthesized by solvent-thermal method, which is then used in hydrosilylation. The effect of the material ratios on the product yield has been discussed in depth. The results show that when the molar ratio of ligand to CuI is 1:6, the highest yield is obtained. The chemical composition, spatial structure and properties of the catalyst have been studied by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy analysis and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Furthermore, the catalytic performance has been tested by the hydrosilylation reaction of methylphenyl vinyl resin and methylphenyl hydro-silicone oil. The results indicate that the curing effect is the best when the blending system reacts for 24h under the addition of 0.04% complex at 150℃. The complex shows very good catalytic performance in hydrosilylation, and can be synthesized with the advantages of low-cost raw materials, simple preparation method and convenient storage. It is promising to solve the problem of the high cost of traditional precious metal catalysts in hydrosilylation.

Catalytic hydrolysis of COS at moderate temperature is one of the keys to achieve fine desulfurization and purification of gas. Although the addition of TiO₂ can obviously improve the sulfate resistance of the γ-Al₂O₃ based catalyst at low temperature, the influence of physical and chemical properties of TiO₂ on the catalytic activity of COS is crucial for the preparation of COS hydrolysis catalysts at moderate temperature. Therefore, two kinds of COS hydrolysis catalysts at moderate temperature were modified by commercial TiO₂ or nanometer TiO₂ which was prepared by chemical precipitation. In a fixed bed, the effects of temperature, space velocity, COS inlet concentration, and the changes in O₂ atmosphere on the COS hydrolysis conversion were investigated. Using XRD, BET and CO₂-TPD and other characterization means, we characterized the physical and chemical properties of the prepared catalysts, and analyzed the relationship between the properties and the catalytic activity of catalysts. The results show that the COS hydrolysis reactions with the two kinds of catalysts at moderate temperature (150-350℃) are both first order, and the COS conversion is as high as 97% when temperature is 300℃ and space velocity is 9000h^-1; The γ-Al₂O₃ based catalyst modified by nanometre TiO₂ has a good pore structure that is advantageous to decrease the internal diffusion resistance, and is beneficial to the mass transfer and desorption of H₂SThe γ-Al₂O₃ based catalyst modified by nanometer. TiO₂ has good stability in the O₂ atmosphere and therefore it has resistance to oxygen poisoning. The anatase-TiO₂ can obviously enhance the anti-oxygen poisoning ability of the catalysts at moderate temperature.

Various nickel-based catalysts were prepared by equal volume impregnation method with palygorskite as the carrier. The catalytic performance of the nickel-based catalysts to crack the sludge gasification tar model compound toluene was analyzed in a fixed-bed reactor. The effects of reaction temperature, steam/carbon molar ratio(S/C), residence time, additives and Ni content on the toluene conversion were investigated. The experimental results showed that with the increase of reaction temperature, steam/carbon molar ratio(S/C), residence time and adding additives, the toluene conversion clearly increased. However, the catalytic reactivity of catalysts and toluene conversion decreased when excess of additives were added. Among the four additives of Fe, Ce, Cu and Ca, the increase of Fe content led to an improvement of toluene conversion. When the amounts of Ce, Cu and Ca were over 3%, the conversion of toluene decreased obviously, even lower than that without additives.

Efficient oxidation of elemental mercury (Hg⁰) in coal-fired flue gas is the key technology to control the mercury emission in coal-fired power plants. To improve the Hg⁰ oxidation activity of the traditional SCR catalyst, the CuO-SCR catalysts were prepared by an improved impregnation method and then were used for simultaneous NO removal and Hg⁰ oxidation to evaluate the catalytic performance. BET, XRD and XPS were used to characterize the catalysts. The results showed that the Hg⁰ oxidation activity and low-temperature NO removal activity of the commercial SCR catalyst were significantly improved by the addition of CuO. The presence of NO and NH₃ could inhibit the Hg⁰ oxidation activity over CuO-SCR catalyst at 200-400℃, and the effect was enhanced with increased temperature and NH₃ content. At 350℃, the Hg⁰ oxidation activity over CuO-SCR catalyst was remarkably enhanced with the decrease of GHSV under simulated coal-fired flue gas, and the inhibiting effect of NH₃ was also diminished. The characterization results suggested that there could be a redox cycle of V⁴⁺+Cu²⁺?V⁵⁺+Cu⁺ in the CuO-SCR catalyst which enhanced the catalytic activity. Moreover, the Hg⁰ oxidation on the CuO-SCR catalyst agreed with the Mars-Maessen mechanism.

Hierarchical nanosized TS-1 with abundant tetrahedrally coordinated Ti species was synthesized by steam-assisted method under seeding. Tetrapropylammonium bromide was used as template, butylamine as alkali source, and soluble starch as a hard template. The obtained samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, N₂ physical adsorption/desorption and NMR. The epoxidation of allyl chloride was used as a probe reaction to evaluate the catalytic performance of the samples. The particle size of TS-1 could reduce to 280nm×170nm×500nm using the seed-assisted method, and the addition of starch could create hierarchical structure and inhibit the formation of the extra-framework Ti effectively. For the allyl chloride epoxidation, the hierarchical TS-1 prepared with the starch/SiO₂ (mass ratio) of 0.4 exhibits an outstanding activity, with a conversion 99.15% for H₂O₂ and the selectivity of epichlorohydrin of 97.23%, respectively. Meanwhile, the yield of epichlorohydrin and the utilization efficiency of H₂O₂ are also increased.

The effects of different nickel loadings, catalyst calcination temperatures and catalytic temperatures on the catalytic gasification of pine sawdust were investigated in a two-stage fixed bed reactor. The water steam was the gasification medium, and NiO/copper slag was the catalyst which was characterized by XRD, TEM, BET, SEM, H₂-TPR. The results showed that the copper slag Ni-based catalyst had a relatively low surface area. However, it showed an excellent resistance to the coke deposition and a high tar removal ability. The H₂ yield, carbon conversion and carbon deposit were 26.91mmol/g, 94.86% and 0.16% respectively under the conditions of 2.0% nickel loading and 600℃ calcination temperature. When the catalytic temperature increased from 850℃ to 900℃, the H₂ yield increased by only 0.28mmol/g. Based on the comprehensive consideration of energy consumption, catalytic performance and equipment spoilage, the optimal catalytic temperature was determined as 850℃. The application of copper slag in nickel catalyst could realize the reutilization of waste materials, and therefore have significant practical values.

Membrane-based technologies are every effective for the separation of oil/water systems. Because of the controllable surface properties and excellent stability, inorganic membrane particularly has great potential for the oil-water separation even under harsh conditions. First, the theoretical basis of the design and preparation of oil-water separation membrane was described in this paper.Factors that are significantly affects membrane flux and selectivity were analyzed. Then, recent progress of preparation and application of inorganic membranes for the oil-water system, with special highlights on zeolite, metal oxide, graphene oxide membranes, was reviewed. It is concluded that the surface wetting properties and membrane structure are the key to improve separation efficiency and the anti-fouling properties. Controlling membrane fouling is of significant importance for application of inorganic membranes to separation of oil/water emulsions, particularly with the presence of surfactants, alkaline and organic polymers. Finally, future directions on the development of application inorganic membranes for separation of oil/water mixtures were also briefly discussed.

A hydrothermal decomposition method was developed for the synthesis of blue fluorescence nitrogen doped carbon dots (NCDs) by using cabbage juice as the carbon source and using urea, ammonia, diethylenetriamine and poly ethylene polyamine (PP) separately as the nitrogen source. The obtained fluorescence quantum yield of polyethylene polyamine doped carbon quantum dots (NCDs) was 53.3%. NCDs were used as fluorescent probes for the preparation of fluorescent microspheres and the detection of Fe³⁺. Melamine formaldehyde (MF) fluorescent microspheres with amino groups were synthesized with MF as the carrier. Due to the fluorescence quenching of NCDs by Fe³⁺, a method based on sensitive and selective fluorescent probe was developed for detecting Fe³⁺. The structure and properties of NCDs and the MF fluorescent microspheres were characterized. The results show that the fluorescence properties of the NCDs were significantly improved compared with CDs, and MF fluorescent microspheres have good dispersity and stability and high fluorescence intensity, and therefore it has important application value in the field of biomedicine; NCDs have single selectivity to iron ions, and the fluorescence quenching ratio of NCDs shows a good linear relationship with the concentration of Fe³⁺ in the range from 0 to 2×10^-6mol/L (R²=0.9945). The detection limit is 0.035×10^-6mol/L. The NCDs may be applied to the measurement of Fe³⁺ in water samples, and the relative standard deviation (RSD, n=6) is within 1.42%-3.02% with the recovery rate between 98.7%-104.5%. The system has good sensitivity, high selectivity and strong anti-interference for the detection of Fe³⁺, thus it has potential application prospects in the field of ion analysis and detection.

Silicalite-1 zeolite membranes were successfully prepared on defective porous alumina spheres by dynamic hydrothermal synthesis method through a seeding-pre-crystallizationcrystallization process. A layer of MFI zeolite seed was coated on the surface of alumina supports with ethanol as the wetting agent. Then the supports with the seeds were added into the zeolite synthesis solution for pre-crystallization. A layer of zeolite crystal covered the alumina support completely and had a strong bonding with the support. The pre-crystallized alumina supports were mixed with the synthesis solution for crystallization to obtain dense zeolite-membrane-coated alumina spheres. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the samples. The results showed that the as-prepared membranes were polycrystalline with typical MFI zeolite structure and were well intergrown. The thickness of the Silicalite-1 zeolite membrane was about 3μm. In addition, the effects of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) content and water (H₂O) content on the microstructure of zeolite membranes were investigated. The results indicated that TPAOH content affected the morphology of the Silicalite-1 zeolite membranes. The Silicalite-1 zeolite membranes were continuous and dense when the TPAOH content was 0.17. On the other hand, the H₂O content has small influence on the microstructure of the zeolite membranes. The seeding-pre-crystallization-crystallization method is an effective approach for the preparation of MFI zeolite membranes on defective porous alumina spheres.

The adhesion of asphalt and aggregate directly affects the strength, stability and durability of asphalt mixture. In this paper, the adhesion between asphalt and aggregate was studied using the molecular simulation. The adhesion work between asphalt and aggregate before and after modifications was calculated and compared with the test results of the asphalt adhesion test and the microscopic morphology of the asphalt mixture. Meanwhile, the effect of the asphalt modifier LM-S on asphalt mixture pavement performance was investigated. The results showed that the interfacial adhesion work of the LM-S modified asphalt-aggregate system was approximately 26% higher than that of the matrix asphalt-aggregate system. The test results of asphalt mixture also showed that the LM-S could significantly improve the high temperature stability performance, low temperature stability performance and water stability performance of matrix asphalt and SBS modified asphalt mixture. The dynamic stability of the matrix asphalt and SBS modified asphalt mixture were increased by 162% and 43%, respectively.

Ceria-zirconia-alumina composites were prepared by high energy ball milling. XRD and SEM were used to analyze the microstructure transformation and stability of CeO₂-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ composite catalyst under the conditions of different milling time, content, calcination temperature and milling processes. The results indicated that:(1) The mechanical alloying of composite powders did not occur during milling process. But the effect of grain refinement was more and more obvious with the extending of milling time. The grain size of CeO₂ reached about 20 nm after milling for 30 h and the size of the particles was about 200 nm. (2) The milling composite powders showed good structural stability when roasted below 1000℃. In contrast, there would be a significant change in the phase structure when it was above 1000℃. Meanwhile, there was a small amount of ZrO₂ dissolving into CeO₂ to form solid solution with increasing calcination temperature. CeO₂-ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃ showed some synergistic and stabilizing effects with each other. (3) The particles of composites with 18% CeO₂ and 6% ZrO₂ were relatively small and well-distributed, which had the best stabilizing effect on γ-Al₂O₃. (4) Optimized the ball milling process:first, CeO₂ and ZrO₂ were milled for 30 h, then added Al₂O₃ to them and continuously milled for another 30 h. A composite powder containing a large amount of CeO₂-ZrO₂ solid solution could be prepared by this way. The interaction between CeO₂-ZrO₂ and γ-Al₂O₃ was more ideal.

The fiber orientation information was obtained with image analysis method based on Hough Transform. Then, the influences of fiber orientation on nanofiber filter were evaluated and a composite nanofiber membrane filter was designed. The composite nanofiber membrane consisted of a random nanofiber membrane as inner layer and orthogonal aligned nanofiber membranes as outer portions. Morphological structure of nanofiber membranes was characterized by SEM, obtaining SEM images. Air permeability, tensile properties, pore size and filtration properties were also characterized. The results indicated that the breaking strength of nanofiber membrane in the direction along with the fiber orientation was high, the theoretical fiber orientation anisotropy ratio value was agreed with the experimental fiber orientation anisotropy ratio value, and fiber orientation was the main parameter which affected the mechanical anisotropy of nanofiber membrane. The aligned nanofiber membrane had bigger pore size and channels from which the particles could escape as a result of low filtration efficiency and press drop, which was agreed with the simulation results in previous document. The composite nanofiber membrane combined the excellent strength of aligned nanofiber membrane and higher filtration efficiency of random nanofiber membrane. The breaking strengths of composite nanofiber membrane in machine direction and cross direction were 8.85MPa and 8.71MPa, respectively, and the filtration was as high as 99.691% with airflow velocity of 25L/min.

Self-supporting Si/graphene nanocomposite films were prepared by a simple method combined with ultrasonication, filtration and chemical reduction. The effects of the ratio of Si on electrochemical performance of Si/graphene composite materials were investigated systematically. The results showed that the volume change of silicon can be effectively controlled due to the insertion of silicon between the layers of graphene, leading to the composite films with improved mechanical strength. It was found that the reversible capacity and first columbic efficiency of the composite films increased with increasing Si content. The film with 53% of Si loading showed higher reversible capacity of 492mA·h/g and better first columbic efficiency of 64.8% at 0.1C, which were 229 times and 9 times higher than pure Si, respectively. Moreover, the capacitance of these composites was 60.9% after 50 cycles when Si content was further increased to 67%, indicating that the graphene played an important role to improve the cycle performance of the composites.

Due to its advantages of good biocompatibility, high mechanical strength, heat and corrosion resistance, the titanium dioxide nanostructures (TNSs) as drug carriers have been attracted more attention in the aspect of sustained and controlled drug-release delivery system. Referring to the recent literatures, single and functional TNSs as carriers for sustained and controlled drug-release are classified, and their preparation methods, structure characterization, drug loading methods, drug releasing mechanism et al. are briefly introduced. Moreover, the application of functionalized TNSs modification combined with external stimuli response in drug sustained and controlled drug-release system are analyzed in detail. The results showed the functional TNSs have the advantages of higher drug loading rate, more obvious sustained and controlled drug-release effect, and better biocompatibility. Functionalized TNSs modifications with external stimuli response are able to further enhance sustained and controlled drug-release effect. In addition, compared to the single and double stimuli-responsive, multiple stimuli-responsive has a better effect on the local target drug-release. Finally, the development trend of TNSs as sustained and controlled drug-release carriers and the current problems to solve in order to achieve the clinical application are discussed.

To improve the microbial fermentation yield of ansamitocinP-3 (AP-3), 96-well plate-microplate high-throughput screening method was established by UV-spectrophotometry. UV mutation breeding was carried out using the original strain (Actinosynnema pretiosum ssp. auranticum). A mutant strain B24-13 was obtained, and the higher production of AP-3 was 2.03-fold (reaching 112.5mg/L) compared with that original strain after 7 days fermentation, and the fermentation medium was optimized by culture medium optimization. After the analysis of the experimental results, the optimal medium for the mutant strain B24-13 was sucrose 25g/L, glycerol 1.5g/L, corn steep liquor 25g/L, CaCO₃ 7g/L, isobutanol 2g/L, valine 0.5g/L, MgSO₄ ·7H₂O, 0.5g/L, and FeSO₄·7H₂O 0.01g/L. Under those conditions, the yield of AP-3 was (127.5±6.3)mg/L after 7 days fermentation. The yield of AP-3 can be further improved by the mutagenesis breeding and the optimization of the culture medium. It is proved that the UV-spectrophotometry method is feasible for the rapid screening AP-3 high production strain.

To solve these problems, such as the slow growth and reproduction of mesophilic bacteria, slow oxidation rate of Fe²⁺ in the low temperature adsorption tail liquid, based on the field production practice of in-situ leaching uranium by acid method in Xinjiang, Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans was used as the oxidant and the bio-ceramsite was employed as the bio-carrier. Bacteria were immobilized on the surface of bio-ceramsite in the bioreactor. The law of rapid oxidation of Fe²⁺ in the tail fluid was also studied. The results showed that the selected bio-ceramsite had these characteristics of high porosity, high water permeability, high adsorption, and high specific surface area; and the bio-ceramsite had good adsorption and fixation effect on bacteria. These characteristics were beneficial to the growth and reproduction of bacteria. Therefore, the oxidation rate of bacteria on Fe²⁺ was also enhanced. Bio-ceramsite had strong acid-fastness and stability in the adsorption tail fluid with pH 1.6-1.7. When the aeration volume and temperature, flow rate of adsorption tail were 20L/h and 17-19℃, 500L/h, respectively, the continuous oxidation rate of Fe²⁺ in bioreactor could reach 0.85 g/(L·h). Compared to H₂O₂, Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans as the oxidant can save about 72.6% of the cost, which provides a powerful basis for the industrial application of bacteria as oxidant.

Lactic acid is a widely used organic acid. Using the cheap raw material is the key factor for reducing the production cost of the lactic acid. Lactobacillus plantarum sy4, which was screened in our previous work, was used as an original strain for the lactic acid production with cane molasses. The fermentation conditions of the lactic acid were optimized with the Placket-Burman Design and the Central Composite Design after studying the fermentation temperatures and initial pH. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions for sy4 were 32℃, 60h, and initial pH 6.5. The results of Placket-Burman Design showed that the yeast extract, cane molasses and calcium carbonate were the main factors for the lactic acid production. And the results of the Central Composite Design showed that the optimal combination of those three factors were yeast extract 13.19g/L, cane molasses 476.63g/L and calcium carbonate 134.82g/L. The optimal fermentation medium was confirmed and the lactic acid production was (145.53±1.24)g/L, which was closed to the predicted value 147.23g/L. The research provided the technical support for future lactic acid production with the cane molasses.

The addition of clay hydration inhibitor into drilling fluid can effectively reduce the occurrence of drilling accident, however, the unconspicuous effect and poor temperature resistance are existence obvious. The research status and development trends of clay swelling inhibitor are briefly introduced and analyzed. From the research process, we can conclude that clay hydration inhibitors have evolved from inorganic ions to organic ammonium (amine), and gradually matured in the polymer type process. From the latest researches, we know that polyamine inhibitor was the research topic, and the resulting high performance water-based drilling fluid was widely utilized at home and abroad. Hyperbranched polymer inhibitor shows nice growth prospects due to the outstanding temperature and salt resistance performance of the special structure. Traditional co-polymer inhibitor is difficult to be applied in high temperature and high density drilling fluid due to the large molecular weight, and there are still rooms for its improvement. We pointed out the future development focus was to make full use of biomass resources, and develop green, environment friendly and efficient clay hydration inhibitor. What's more, the temperature resistance, universality and multi effect oligomer inhibitor is worth studied. In order to promote the development of drilling fluid and related technology, we should explore the hyperbranched inhibitor, besides, get rid the concept constraints of traditional drilling fluid additives chemical force, and actively combine the complementary points of nanotechnology and drilling fluids.

Using the cassava starch (CSt) as raw material, the acrylamide (AM) and the γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (KH570) as monomer, the ammonium persulfate and sodium bisulphite formed an redox initiation system with a mass ratio 1:1. The cassava starch-graft-AM-KH570 copolymers (CSt-KH570-AM) were prepared by aqueous solution polymerization. Preparation conditions of CSt-KH570-AM and its filtration control properties in the drilling fluid were studied. The optimal reaction conditions were that:the mass fraction of total reactants aqueous solution was 20%, the ratio of m(AM) to m(CSt) was 2, the KH570 and the initiator mass fractions were 30% and 1%, respectively, the solution pH was 4, the reaction time was 3h, and the temperature was 50℃. The FTIR showed that both AM and KH570 had been successfully grafted onto starch molecules. TGA-DSC and Frontier-TGA analysis showed that thermal stability of CSt-KH570-AM was good until the temperature reached 245℃. The XRD showed that CSt-KH570-AM was amorphous. In the evaluation of fluid loss performance, CSt-KH570-AM and CSt-AM (mass fractions of 2.5% and 1.5%, respectively) were compounded and added to the freshwater slurry to resist temperatures up to 180℃, and it could be used in NaCl saturated drilling fluid at 140℃.

The non-natural phosphatidylbutyric acid (PB) was synthesized for the first time using the enzyme-catalyzed method. It was synthesized by phospholipase D (PLD)-catalyzed transphosphatidylation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate in the liquid-liquid system. The operational conditions of transphosphatidylation were investigated systematically, including organic solvents, molar ratios of sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate to PC, temperature, pH, and the reaction time. The optimal reaction conditions were that:the best candidate of organic solvent was trichloromethane, the molar ratio of Sodium γ-Hydroxybutyrate to PC was 90:1, the reaction temperature was 30℃, pH was 5.5, and the reaction time was 6h. Under those optimal conditions, the highest yield of PB was 73.15%.

Gas-liquid mass transfer is the determining step for aerobic microbiological wastewater treatment. The dissolved oxygen (DO) demand should include the sum of carbonaceous BOD5 degradation, ammonia nitrification, total nitrogen removal and inorganic COD oxidation, which were characterized by wastewater properties. The wastewater properties, biomass of biological reaction, sludge age (SRT), microbial oxygen uptake rate (OUR), microbial populations and microbial growth conditions could comprehensively affect the total mass transfer coefficient K_La. The gradient concentration of dissolved oxygen was the main driving force for oxygen transfer from liquid into solid phase. It is demonstrated that the mass transfer from gas phase into liquid phase is fundamentally affected by water temperature, dissolved constituent, oxygen partial pressure, diameter of oxygen bubble, degree of liquid turbulence and renewal rate of liquid film. From the technical point of view, elevating the partial pressure of oxygen, increasing the specific surface area of bubble, strengthening the mixture of gas and liquid, bubble less aeration and controlling the degree of sludge fluidization or the length of sludge age can be the promising approaches to accelerate oxygen dissolution and enhance the capacity of uptake dissolved oxygen. New methods of energy saving may be attained by the optimization of water quality characteristics, environmental conditions, microbial characteristics, hydromechanics in the reactor and operational parameters.

In recent years, the zero discharge of desulphurization wastewater has attracted much attention as an important measure to control pollutant discharge in coal-fired power plants. Especially, the detection methods of chloride ion content in desulphurization wastewater have become the research focuses. In this paper, the categories and methods of the chloride detection in desulphurization wastewater were briefly presented. On the basis of the principles of four kinds of chlorine ion analysis methods in capacity analysis, chromatographic analysis, optical analysis and electrochemical analysis, seven kinds of chloride ion detection methods and practical applications, such as silver nitrate titration, ion chromatography, atomic absorption spectrometry, spectrophotometry, long period fiber grating, potentiometric titration and ion selective electrode have been introduced. Furthermore, the special conditions in desulphurization wastewater were compared. Finally, the development trend of chlorine detection method in desulfurization wastewater from coal-fired power plants was prospected. Ion selective electrode has the advantages of fast response, easy miniaturization and online monitoring. It is the most suitable technology for developing the standard method of chloride detection in desulphurization wastewater.

Water samples were collected from the key steps of two sewage treatment processes in a large petrochemical enterprise in Northwest China. The removal laws of volatile organic compounds in the whole wastewater treatment process were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and purge-trap-GC-MS. 76 kinds of organic compounds were identified in total, while the chemical wastewaters (43) were more complex than the oil refinery wastewaters(32). The oil refining wastewater contains more sulfur compounds (sulfides and thiophene), which is the main source of fetor. Chemical sewage contains more nitrogenous compounds (nitro compounds, nitriles and cyanides), which are the main contributors to ammonia and total nitrogen. There are ten kinds of aromatic compounds, which contribute much to VOCs. The hydrolysis of chemical wastewater can produce some alcohols and ketones, which can improve the subsequent biodegradability. The biochemical treatment can remove the majority of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and some alcohols, ketones, while aromatic hydrocarbons,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbon have lower biological degradability. As a result, these compounds still exist after biochemical process, which is an important reason for COD residue, and they are characteristic pollutants in refinery wastewater. The fine analysis in molecular level can provide a scientific basis for sewage treatment process evaluation, and thus help the process development and improvement.

CuO/HA nanometer composite prepared by hydrothermal method and its initial adsorption and regenerative adsorption property for methylene blue (MB) were investigated. The CuO/HA composite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy/energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser granularity analyzer and BET analysis. The effects of these factors including pH, initial concentration of MB and temperature on the adsorption of CuO/HA composite for MB were studied. All kinds of models were used to study adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics behavior for the adsorption of MB on the CuO/HA composite. The results showed that the average size of CuO/HA composite synthesized is 135.0nm and its specific area is 188.15m²/g. The adsorption for Methylene Blue (MB) is a pseudo first-rate kinetic process and reaches equilibrium in 60min, which was in a good agreement with the Freundlich adsorption model. The maximum initial adsorption capacity reached 172.01mg/g at room temperature and pH=7. Regenerative adsorption capacity was 89.27% initial adsorption capacity after being reused 8 times. Therefore, CuO/HA composite could be used as an adsorption material with high capacity for effective removal of methylene blue from wastewater.

A raw activated carbon and NH₄Cl modified activated carbon were prepared and characterized. Gas-phase Hg⁰ removal performance of the sorbent samples were evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor under N₂ atmosphere. Effect of sorbent size, NH₄Cl solution concentration, SO₂, and CO₂ on mercury removal was explored. The results showed that the porous structure of raw activated carbon does not change during NH₄Cl modification process, but some Cl-containing group remains on activated carbon surface. With the increase of sorbent size, the external mass transfer coefficient and the internal diffusion rate decreases, which indicate that smaller particle size is beneficial to improve mercury removal performance of activated carbon. Due to the generated Cl-containing functional groups can oxidize gaseous Hg⁰ effectively, the oxidation adsorption capability of NH₄Cl-impregnated activated carbon is enhanced. SO₂ in flue gas promotes mercury removal of raw activated carbon, but for NH₄Cl modified activated carbon, SO₂ first promotes mercury removal then inhibits. The inhibition on mercury removal by SO₂ was increased with the concentration of SO₂. Due to the polarization on the surface of activated carbon and the reaction with amino functional groups to form carbonyl groups, CO₂ in flue gas improves mercury removal capability of activated carbon.

Research of polymer flooding was mainly about the recovery rate and oil displacement mechanism, but not the stability of produced wastewater. To solve this problem, the effect of a surface-active polymer(activating agent) on the stability of oily wastewater produced from activating agent flooding was studied. Firstly, the effects of three activating agents including untreated, sheared, sheared and hydrolyzed activating agent on the stability of simulated oily wastewater were studied by measuring the absorbance of oily wastewater after centrifugation. Then, zeta potential analyzer, distribution coefficient experiments and dual polarized light polarization interferometry analyzer (DPI) were used to measure the electrostatic interaction and steric hindrance effect among the oil droplets in simulated oily wastewater. Effect of activating agent on interfacial tension, modulus of elasticity, viscoelastic modulus and dilatation modulus were also tested by an integrated measurement system of interface parameters. The results showed that stability of simulated oily wastewater produced from activating agent flooding was lower than that from water flooding. When there was an activating agent in the oily wastewater, static effect, dilatation modulus and elasticity modulus decreased, thus the stability of the oily waste water was reduced. The molecular weight has no effect on this result. However, the reason of decreasing stability of oily wastewater caused by the increase of degree of hydrolysis of activating agent was that the static effect and viscous modulus decreased. When the activating agent already existed in wastewater and activating agent concentration increased, stability of oily wastewater could be enhanced mainly because of enhanced interfacial film strength and decreased interfacial tension.

The phosphorus-silicon slag as solid-waste is derived from dephosphorization by calcification and desiliconization by aluminum salt during the extraction of V from the phosphorus-rich raw material containing V. With the high content of heavy metal in the slag, it would become a potential threat to the environment and result in waste of resources without a reasonable processing route. However, researches related with the slag were rarely reported. In this article, the main mineral components and their contents in the phosphorus-silicon slag were analyzed and a route of disposing the slag was developed that P and Al contained in the slag was used to produce aluminum phosphate. The impact of reaction time, reaction temperature and pH on the processes of the neutralization and desulfurization and the preparation of aluminum phosphate was investigated. The investigation indicated that during the process of the neutralization and desulfurization, the loss of P, V and Al could be eliminated at pH=0.5, room temperature. During separating vanadium from aluminum and phosphorus, choosing pH=8.0 can eliminate the adsorption of vanadium on aluminum phosphate, and separation efficiency is improved. During purification of aluminum phosphate, the optimal condition was that pH, reaction temperature and reaction time were 12.0, 80℃ and 2h, respectively. The production of qualified aluminum phosphate was under the conditions of pH=8.0. The filter performance of the slurry was 30 times of that is not disposed, after the slurry of aluminum phosphate was disposed at 130℃.

This research presented separation of CO₂ from flue gas by polypropylene (PP) hollow fiber membrane contactors, using aqueous solution of monoethanolamine (MEA)、diethanolamine (DEA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) as absorption solvents. The CO₂ removal efficiency and dynamic flux were monitored under different absorption solvents conditions. A theoretical model was put forward between the membrane resistances and operation time, and successfully fitted the change of membrane resistance results in gas absorptions. PP hollow fibers were immersed in different absorbents to observe the change of membrane properties dynamically. The contact angle, Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Attenuated total reflection-infrared spectroscopy(ATR-IR) and Thermogravimetry (TG) were used to study the changes of membrane properties. The results revealed that the CO₂ removal efficiency was in the following order:MEA > DEA > MDEA. The MEA and DEA solutions of 1 mol/L were used for comparison during 16 days of operation. The CO₂ removal efficiency of MEA and DEA used as absorbents continuously declined roughly 22.7% and 12% of initial removal efficiency. The membrane resistances were 10564.06 s/m and 4881.08s/m for MEA and DEA. The contact angel and hydrophobicity decreased, however, pore size increased during the long-term immersion. The results of ATR-IR and TG indicated that in the MEA solution the surface properties of the membrane were changed.

A method of combining microscopic and macroscopic analysis was used to evaluate the emulsification characteristics of rice husk py-oil and diesel. At the macroscopic level, emulsifying percentage of py-oil was used as the performance parameter, while the evaluation was based on the average droplet diameter and the density of py-oil particles at the microscopic level. This study focused on the effects of emulsifier types, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), storing time, emulsifying temperature, py-oil percentage, and amount of emulsifier on emulsification characteristics of py-oil and diesel. The emulsification results obtained from microscopic and macroscopic analysis were almost the same. Compared with the Span 80-Tween 80 compound emulsifier, the emulsion emulsified by Atlox 4194-DP 2206 compound emulsifier had better stability and py-oil particles distribution. The best HLB of the emulsifier was 4.82. The average droplet diameter and density of py-oil particles changed in the first storing day, but stayed stable after storing for three days. The emulsifying temperature had no effects on the properties of emulsion storing for over one day. As the py-oil percentage increased from 5% to 10%, the properties of emulsion were improved. However, with the further increase of py-oil percentage from 10% to 30%, the properties were decreased. The appropriate range of py-oil percentage was 10%~20%. And the emulsion with 10% py-oil had higher py-oil emulsifying percentage and stability. To guarantee the stability of emulsion and achieve excellent emulsifying results, the ratio of emulsifier and py-oil should be ranged from 0.25 to 0.5. As the ratio was around 0.5, the best emulsification result was achieved and emulsfying percentage of py-oil could maintained above 85%.

There are technical bottlenecks in producing qualified road asphalt using Tahe vacuum residue oil (THVR). In present work, THVR, used as a matrix asphalt, was blended with Chunfeng vacuum residue oil (CFVR) as an added component which was selected from 3 different kinds of blending components including FCC slurry oil, furfural extract oil and CFVR. The preparation of 60^# road asphalt based on THVR was investigated; thermal aging kinetics model of the resulting asphalt was established based on the contents of insoluble asphalt component in heptane; and the average molecular structures of four components contained in asphalt before and after modification were characterized. The results showed that the thermal aging and low temperature performance of CFVR was better while temperature sensitivity was worse compared with THVR, and blending asphalt TH-CF-40 containing 40% CFVR could meet the standard of 60^# Road Petroleum Asphalt. Compared to THVR, TH-CF-40 had the lower aging rate and higher activation energy of aging reaction of 102.00 kJ/mol. Average chain length L of the saturate was 14.44, which was shorter than THVR. The aromatic carbon rates f_Aof aromatic, resin and asphaltene were 0.29, 0.42 and 0.46, respectively. The ratios of aromatic ring to naphthenic ring R_A/R_N were 1.24, 2.65 and 2.93; and the average chain lengths L were 6.78, 6.09 and 5.40. The results indicated that the molecular structure was close to CFVR, therefore, leading to the improved anti-aging performance and low-temperature ductility of blending asphalt. Such processing technology can help reduce the throughput of THVR involved in coking process. Furthermore, the research results can improve the utilization level of THVR and provide theoretical guidance for expanding the efficient use of CFVR, as a result, indicating academic significance and application foreground.