On the basis of systematic review of activated sludge method for wastewater biological treatment, making biological oxidation ditch, aerobic biological fluidized bed, biological rotating disc, contact oxidation method as typical cases, this paper discussed energy saving efficiency of the treatment processes through oxygen mass transfer, including air blower, air supply line and distribution, gas-liquid mass transfer, and liquid-solid mass transfer. The factors, including water quality composition/water quality structure, surface active agents, reactor characteristics, environmental factors, and process variations, were discussed for the influence of oxygen utilization efficiency. The overall energy saving strategies were proposed based on oxygen control, by combining with fan performance and gas transportation, technology innovation and reactor structural optimization, microbial sludge and operational management. Finally, we suggested that ① strengthen the explorations of theory and practice on scientific foundation, technological scope and scale magnification, ② propose more comprehensive and systematic technology of energy constraint evaluation by pollutant subduction, carbon emission and ecological risk.

Heat source tower (HST) heat pump, a novel heat pump derived from the theory of cooling tower reversibly used, develops very fast with favorable prospect on the basis of air and water/ground source heat pump in past decades. HST heat pump overcomes the evaporator frosting of air source heat pump and avoids geological condition constraints of water/ground source heat pump. However, the related investigations on HST heat pump are hysteretic, which limit the development and application of HST heat pump. Thus, the present work reviews the research on HST from structure, heat and mass transfer, endothermic performance and antifreeze solution. Finally, the conclusions indicate that, firstly, the studies on heat and mass transfer, mathematical model and relationships among endothermic performance, weather and operating condition of HST are basically sufficient to guide the application of HST. Secondly, the solution drifting loss is the problem to be solved in the large scale application for the open type of HST. Lastly, optimizing the structure of finned tube heat exchanger in close type of HST is the focus of future research. Meanwhile, it is prerequisite to pay more attention to the feasible application of the advanced defrosting technology in close type of HST. It is anticipated that this review will play an instructive role and act as a reference for the development, innovation and promotion of HST heat pump.

The n-amyl acetate synthesis from the esterification reaction of acetic acid and n-amyl alcohol over an acidic cation exchange resin catalyst, NKC-9, was studied in a batch reactor. The effects of catalyst dosage and reaction temperature on the conversion of acetic acid were investigated. And the kinetic data of the esterification reaction was measured under optimal reaction conditions. The pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model was used to correlate the experimental data and determine the equation of equilibrium constant and reaction rate constant. As evidenced by the experimental results that under the operating conditions of this investigation the esterification reaction was endothermic, and the enthalpy of reaction, activation energies of the forward and reverse reactions were 8.339kJ/mol, 50.191kJ/mol and 41.852kJ/mol, respectively. The equations of equilibrium constant and forward and reverse reaction rate constant with temperature were obtained respectively as K=54.2173e^-8338.8/RT,k₁=95402.5e^50191/RT, and k₂=1759.6e^41852.2/RT. Combined with the reaction kinetics measured, a simulation program based on the rigorous mathematical model was established, and the catalytic distillation process of n-amyl acetate synthesis was simulated. 3 Trays in rectifying section, 9 trays in reaction section, 14 trays in stripping section, feed location of 7th tray and feed molar ratio of acid to alcohol of 1.1:1 were the optimized operating conditions, under which the bottom n-amyl acetate purity and n-amyl alcohol conversion were both obtained over 99%.

The oxygen mass transfer coefficient is a key parameter in the design of a gas-liquid stirred reactor. It is fundamental for the intensification of an industrial gas-liquid two-phase stirred reactor to study the oxygen mass transfer performance under new types of agitating impellers. Here, a new type of hemi-cambered pitched blade turbine was investigated experimentally to disclose the effects of gas distributor, agitation speed and gas flow rate on the oxygen mass transfer coefficient, the stirring power consumption and the gas holdup. The results showed that the oxygen mass transfer coefficient increased with the increase of stirring speed and gas flow rate; and the empirical equation between oxygen mass transfer coefficient and stirring power consumption and apparent gas velocity was established, which provided a basis for further enlargement of application. Then computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase flow model along with the population balance model to study the hydrodynamics and oxygen mass transfer properties of the hemi-cambered pitched blade turbine with different configuration, agitation speed and gas flow rate. The relative errors between the experimental data and the estimated values were less than 20%, which provided a reliable numerical simulation method for the study of hemi-cambered pitched blade turbine. The configuration of the hemi-cambered pitched blade turbine was optimized to obtain higher oxygen mass transfer coefficients.

High purity lithium carbonate has been prepared by carbonization, ion exchange, control pyrolysis and high-temperature drying process. It has optimized particle size distribution by bringing in a jet milling process. It was found that the frequency of feeding machine, the grading wheel and induced fan has an important influence on the distribution of material particle size. A total of 18 groups of experiments were conducted on 4 samples with different granularities to analyze the optimal control technology of material particle size by various influencing factors. The results indicated the milling was optimal when the frequency of feeding machine, the grading wheel and induced fan reached 25-28Hz, 30-35Hz and 35-40Hz, respectively. This proposed parameter has general applicability to the particle size of materials within the range 5μm ≤ d₁₀ ≤ 14μm, 20μm ≤ d₅₀ ≤ 50μm, 70μm ≤ d₅₀ ≤ 110μm. In addition,by the help of these suitable jet milling parameters setting technologies, high purity lithium carbonate not only has good dispersion and regular appearance, but also the magnetic foreign bodies and impurities make no difference whether milling or not. The study has guiding significance for optimizing the shape of powder materials and realizing the preparation of specific particle size materials.

At present, the research on synthesis of m-methyl benzoic acid is mainly limited to the intermittent reaction process of the oxidation vessel, and there are few reports on the continuous flow reaction process. In response to this problem, a continuous flow process for the synthesis of m-methyl benzoic acid in liquid-phase oxidation in pulsed hybrid microchannel reactors was proposed. Using m-xylene as the raw material, peracetic acid as the oxidant, cobalt acetate and sodium bromide as catalysts. Through the inspection of the reaction material ratio, the amount of catalyst, the reaction residence time, the reaction temperature and the amount of solvent, etc, the optimum process conditions were obtained. When n(m-xylene):n(peracetic acid):n(cobalt acetate):n(sodium bromide):n(acetic acid)=1:4:0.015:0.02:5, reaction temperature at 120℃, the residence time at 15min, the reaction performance was the best. The results showed that this process takes full advantage of the excellent mass and heat transfer characteristics of the microchannel continuous flow reactor, greatly shortens the reaction time, increases the reaction rate, expands the selection range of the process conditions, increases the safety factor and realizes the effective control of the oxidation reaction process.

A composite phase change material(CPCM) doped graphene and carbon nanotubes was prepared. Under high discharge rate (3C), thermal performances of two lithium-ion power battery packs based on pure phase change materials(PCM) and composite phase change material(CPCM) were analyzed and compared at different ambient temperatures. When the ambient temperature was 30℃, 35℃ and 40℃ respectively, experimental results showed that the maximum temperature of battery pack based on CPCM decreased by 0.6℃, 0.8℃ and 3.8℃ compared with the battery pack based on PCM. This was due to the synergistic heat transfer enhancement by graphene and carbon nanotubes. The experimental results also showed that the temperature of batteries in middle position was higher than the surrounding batteries. Temperature difference of battery pack based on CPCM could be reduced compared with battery pack based on PCM. The effect was more obvious when the ambient temperature was high. For example, when the environment temperature was 40℃, the maximum temperature difference of battery pack based on PCM and CPCM were 6℃ and 3.5℃ respectively. The maximum temperature of battery pack based on CPCM could be decreased by 41.7% compared with battery pack based on PCM.

In order to reduce the reheat energy consumption in air handling unit of the primary return air system, two novel improved heat recovery systems (mixed air heat recovery system and fresh-return air heat recovery system) were proposed in this paper. Based on the analysis of the air handing process of air conditioning system, combined with the first law of thermodynamics and the heat mass transfer equation of air handling unit, the energy consumption calculation model of these two heat recovery systems was set up. Taking Kunming area as an example, the energy consumption and the energy saving rate change of the heat recovery system were studied by the effects of outdoor enthalpy, indoor heat and moisture ratio, fresh air volume and supply air volume. Compared with common return air heat recovery system and the primary return air system, the results showed that these two novel heat recovery systems in the temperate region can both reduce about 60% energy consumption than the primary return air system. These two novel heat recovery can eliminate the phenomenon of "hot and cold offset" in primary return air system. These two novel heat recovery systems can effectively reduce the initial investment of heat exchanger, and shorten the payback period of heat recovery investment.

For the diversified selection of the composition and components of the mixed refrigerant under different refrigeration conditions, the optimal selection method of R236fa/R32 components with large glide temperature mixed refrigerant for two evaporation temperature refrigeration unit was proposed, which has the condensation temperature range of 311-333K and the evaporation temperature range of 269-290K. The nonlinear change of temperature with enthalpy of R236fa/R32 was studied theoretically. The entropy increase calculation model of mixed refrigerant evaporation heat transfer process was established based on the nonlinear change characteristics of temperature and enthalpy. The optimum composition of the mixed refrigerant was determined by the change of entropy of the high and low temperature evaporator with different components. The temperature distribution in the heat exchanger, the coefficient of performance (COP) value and the power consumption of the compressor were obtained by the experimental study. The results of the optimized method were verified. The results showed that the entropy increase model could better reflect the COP characteristics of the refrigerant and the power consumption of the compressor with different components. The entropy of the evaporator increased first then decreased with the increase of R32mass fraction. When the refrigerant mixture was R236fa/R32(4:6), both the entropy increase of low temperature evaporator and high temperature evaporator were the smallest due to the nonlinear variation of temperature with enthalpy value. Therefore, 4:6 was the best component of 236fa/R32 in the two evaporation temperature refrigeration system. The experimental results were highly consistent with the theoretical analysis. This method can provide reference for the selection of refrigerant mixtures under different refrigeration conditions.

Deep eutectic solvents are novel environment friendly solvents that have developed rapidly in the past ten years. They not only have the advantages of ionic liquids, but also are low-cost, easy to obtain and synthesize, and are good in extraction desulfurization, which have become a new research hotspot in the desulfurization of vehicle fuel after the ionic liquids. In this paper, the deep eutectic solvents used in the vehicle fuel desulfurization were classified based on the difference of the quaternary ammonium salt and hydrogen bond donor (or hydrated salt). The physicochemical properties of eutectic solvent were briefly described. The desulfurization method and research progress of the deep eutectic solvents used for desulfurization of vehicle fuel were introduced. The removal efficiencies of deep eutectic solvent on different sulfur compounds were compared, and the mechanism of extraction desulfurization and oxidation extraction were summarized. Finally, in view of the key problems such as low selectivity and regeneration in desulfurization process, it is proposed that one of the prospective research issues is to find new DESs with high selectivity or give recommendation for new green desulfurization method to achieve deep desulfurization.

Under the new economic era, the overcapacity problem of China's refining industry has become seriously, and the ratio of diesel to gasoline is gradually decreased. Therefore, the higher value utilization of diesel has been very urgent for refineries. In the meantime, the demand for aromatics, olefins and jet fuel increased year by year, so it has become a hot spot in recent years to use the excess diesel to produce those products. The high-value utilization technologies of diesel were reviewed, including their processes, advantages and disadvantages, industrial applications. Meanwhile, the prospects and future development of each technology were also presented. It is believed from the application viewpoint that the catalytic cracking will be the important developing emphasis for the high-value utilization technologies of straight run diesel, but the problem of low catalyst coking yield which cannot satisfy the thermal equilibrium problem must be resolved. And for the catalytic diesel, using the concept of molecular refining management to select high-value utilization of technology for each component is the important direction of future development. In the future, the innovation and development of catalytic basic materials and the reaction engineering should be integrated, which can promote the further breakthrough of high-value utilization technologies of diesel.

Compared to the well-developed CIGS, CdTe, and organic/inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells, the Sb₂S₃-based solar cells have advantages of the low cost, non-toxicity and high stability as well as the excellent photoelectric characteristic. The stibnite Sb₂S₃ has band gaps ranging from 1.5eV to 2.2eV and high absorption coefficient up to 10⁵cm^-1. As a result, the Sb₂S₃ has promising prospect for solar energy conversion applications. Therefore, the Sb₂S₃-based solar cells have become quite competitive among different solar cells. However, the highest conversion efficiency obtained by the Sb₂S₃-based solar cells is 7.5%, which is yet lower compared to Si, CIGS and CdTe based solar cells. In this review, the operation principle of the Sb₂S₃-based solar cells was briefly introduced, and its development status was discussed from different aspects, such as materials for photoanode, preparation methods of Sb₂S₃, hole-transfer material, and counter electrode. Furthermore, the methods to improve the performance of Sb₂S₃-based solar cells by addressing the limitations were also summarized and discussed. Finally, the perspective for future development of Sb₂S₃-based solar cells was provided. With the researchers putting more efforts on the developing new materials or novel structures, improving the crystallinity and reducing the defects of Sb₂S₃, heterojunction interface engineering as well as metal ion doping, the Sb₂S₃-based solar cells will see a promising future for the photovoltaic application to harvest solar energy.

Thermal dissolution of coal is a highly efficient conversion and utilization technology of coal developed in recent years. The soluble portions with low ash content, high heat value and better thermoplasticity, have received more and more concerns. This paper firstly introduced the process of thermal dissolution and the preparation methods, and some advantages and disadvantages of preparation methods were pointed out. Meanwhile, the latest progress in industrialization was described. The factors including coal properties, solvent, temperature and so on, were emphatically discussed, which were of great influence on the yield and quality of soluble portions. The author pointed that thermal dissolution process should be regulated according to properties vary from coal to coal. In addition, the application of soluble portions in coal blending for coke-making based on its excellent thermoplasticity was mainly introduced. A certain proportion of soluble portions blended for coke-making could significantly improve the quality of coke. In addition, the effect of soluble portions on sulfur directional regulation during blending coking with high sulfur coal should be paid attention, which was important for saving of high-quality coking coal resources. At last, it concluded that reducing production cost and improving yield were the key to realize the industrial production and application of soluble portions.

Anaerobic digestion of microalgae for methane productions is an important way to realize microalgal biofuels production, but there are problems such as incomplete digestion and low methane conversion ratio. By calculating the theoretical methane potential, it is revealed that all types of microalgal biomass have great methane production potential, which is generally higher than typical biomass, such as activated sludge, and is equivalent to energy-rich kitchen waste. However, the methane conversion ratio of most microalgal biomass is below 50%, making their actual methane yield even lower than that of activated sludge. Difficulty in breaking the cell wall and low C/N ratio of microalgal biomass are the main reasons for the low methane conversion ratio. Various methods for enhancing anaerobic digestion of microalgae are summarized from aspects of pretreatment and co-digestion. Among them, low-temperature thermal treatment is currently the most economically and technically feasible pretreatment method. Co-digestion with carbon-rich substrates is an effective way to solve the low C/N ratio problem, but its effect appears only at high organic loading rates. Excess sludge alone is not a suitable co-digestion substrative for microalgae. Finally, it is suggested to further explore the synergistic effect of pretreatment and co-digestion and to focus on the practical performance of anaerobic digestion of microalgae under continuous operating conditions.

In order to clarify the flow and plugging characteristics of CO₂ hydrates in the pipeline, the hydrate formation and plugging characteristics under different liquid holdups were studied through a high-pressure visible hydrate loop. The results showed that the induction time of hydrate generation was consistent with the liquid retention. The increase of the quantity appeared a non-linear change, showing a V-shape, which decreased first and then increased. The greater the liquid holding capacity of the pipeline, the less the amount of hydrate formation and the critical volume fraction when the hydrate was clogged. For example, in the liquid holding rate at 86.6%, the volume fraction of hydrates was 4.32% when the plugged, while in the liquid holdup of 66.7%, the hydrate volume fraction was 7.45% when plugged. Through the visual pipeline, it was found that when a large amount of CO₂ hydrate was generated, the pressure drop in the pipeline would suddenly increase, the particles rapidly accumulate and grow, the flow rate decrease rapidly, CO₂ hydrate quickly fill the pipeline, the pipeline be blocked, and the hydrate particles continue to grow. The increase in flow resistance caused by the aggregation at the accumulation layer was the main reason of the blockage. The research results can provide technical support for the protection of CO₂ hydrate slurry flow.

In order to explore the influence of carbonyl containing groups (CCPs) on the low-temperature pyrolysis process of low-rank coal, the content/structure of CCPs and other chemical structures for four kinds of low-rank coals (LRC) which had similar elementary composition were characterized by ¹³C NMR. The influence of CCPs on the LRCs' low-temperature pyrolysis process was investigated in a TGA and a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor. The results showed that the four LRCs had similar elementary composition and the main frame structure. However, there were big differences in the content and structure of carbonyl containing groups. The mole percent order of CCPs in aromatic structure of the four LRC was BS > BT > ER > QJ, while that in aliphatic structure was just in the reverse order. The results of TG-FTIR showed that CCPs in aliphatic structure resulted in the weight loss in low-temperature stage (30-350℃). A mount of CO₂ was produced at the same time. The CCPs in aromatic structure promoted the generation of small molecule aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons and the weight loss in high-temperature stage (350-550℃). The results of low-temperature pyrolysis experiments showed that there was a positive correlation between the tar/phenolic yield and the CCPs content in aromatic structure.

Based on the basic system of the methylene blue and Fenton reagent, the capability of the typical products from lignocellulose acidolysis to capture hydroxyl radicals (·OH) was investigated. In this paper, the vanillin, furfural and glucose were selected as the typical lignocellulose-related model compounds (LRMCs). The main factors, such as H₂O₂ concentration, initial pH, and Fe²⁺ concentration, were investigated, and the removal efficiencies of LRMCs over different Fenton oxidation degrees were obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the vanillin, furfural, and glucose all could compete with methylene blue for hydroxyl radicals in the removal of LRMCs. Under the condition of equimolar carbon, the abilities to seize hydroxyl radicals were ranked as vanillin, furfural, and glucose, respectively. At the condition of pH of 3, Fe²⁺ concentration of 0.03mmol/L, and H₂O₂ concentration of 0.12mmol/L, the removal rates were 67.08% and 97.80%, when vanillin and furfural were added, respectively. While the concentration of H₂O₂ was increased to 0.24mmol/L, the removal rates were 92.65% and 100%, respectively. Moreover, when the vanillin and furfural were added simultaneously, the removal rate of vanillin was 82.76%, and that of furfural was 88.98%. The research had an important and practical significance to promote the development of biomass energy industry.

The effect of Fe/bio-char as pre-reforming catalyst on the two-stage reforming progress was studied on a scheme of Ni based catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil. Ni-Ca/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst was used on the second stage at high temperature while Fe/bio-char catalyst was put on the first stage where the temperature was relatively low (350-600℃). Different combination schemes of two catalysts were investigated. The produced tars were characterized with ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence spectroscopy and GC-MS while the produced gases were characterized with GC. The results indicated that significant portions of naphthalenes and polycyclic aromatic compounds in the volatiles from the first stage reforming could turn into furans, phenols and non-aromatics with the present of Fe/bio-char catalyst. The optimized components of volatiles could facilitate the performance of Ni based catalyst on the second stage and increase the syngas yield on the whole reforming process. In addition, Fe/bio-char catalyst showed great effect on restraining the coke formation on Ni based catalyst at high first-stage temperature (550-600℃).

Raney metal catalysts are widely used in hydrogenation reactions of organic synthesis due to the advantages of low price, controllable process, and mature technology. However, the Raney type catalyst is only used in small scale production due to the catalyst pulverization, loss of activity and the need of filtration and separation after reaction. Recently, the fixed-bed Raney metal catalyst gets more and more applications in industrial unit. However, the existing reports on the subject are rather scattered in patents and news. This paper introduces the technology development of fixed-bed Raney metal catalyst briefly, and summarizes the catalyst preparation methods including bulk Raney metal breaking and sieving, powdered Raney metal shaping, and monolith thermal spray-coating together with the analysis of their features and innovative points. It points out that certain technology progress of the fixed-bed Raney metal catalyst has been made, and it is gradually replacing the powdered Raney metal catalyst based on the autoclave-type process.

Formaldehyde (HCHO), mainly originated from furnishing and building materials, can endanger human health and has been classified as a human carcinogen. Catalytic oxidation of HCHO is considered as an ideal way to remove HCHO since it can completely convert HCHO into CO₂ and H₂O at relatively mild operating conditions. Among numerous catalyst systems, non-noble metal catalytic materials have been widely studied due to the cheap and plentiful sources. In this paper, the recent progresses of the non-noble metal catalysts in the catalytic oxidation of HCHO have been summarized. These non-noble metal catalysts mainly consist of single metal oxides and composite metal oxides. Their synthesis, structure and catalytic performance for the oxidation of HCHO reaction are analyzed. Besides, the reaction mechanisms have also been summarized. The opportunities for future research are:① to further enhance the catalytic activity by controlling the structure, morphology, and specific surface area of the non-noble metal catalysts, so as to expose larger fractions of the reactive facets, and to enrich and tune the active sites; ② to deeply reveal the structure-activity relationships of the catalysts and the reaction mechanisms by combining some advanced characterization techniques and theoretical computations.

Low platinum fuel cell catalysts with ultra-low Pt loadings and high catalytic performance,have great potential to reduce the overall cost of fuel cells. Therefore,the development of low platinum fuel cell catalysts has been an important research direction for fuel cell catalysts. In this paper the recent development of the low platinum fuel cell electrocatalysts is reviewed. The low platinum fuel cell catalysts are classified as platinum-based alloy structure catalyst,platinum-based core-shell structure catalyst,platinum monolayer structure catalyst and single-atom catalyst of platinum. The preparation methods of low platinum fuel cell electrocatalysts are introduced in detail,including organic sol method,electrochemical reduction deposition method,chemical vapor deposition method,atomic layer deposition,ionic liquid method,and microwave method. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are summarized. The preparation methods of core-shell structured electrocatalysts,including two-step organic sol method,pulse electrodeposition,surface dealloying method,under-potential deposition method, and the preparation of hollow configuration core-shell catalysts are highlighted. In the end,it is suggested that the controllable preparation of low platinum core-shell catalysts with high activity and high stability is an important research direction for the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

Residue-hydrotreating catalyst was prepared from molybate anion pillared Ni-Al hydrotalcite, which was synthesized in advance by ion exchange method. The catalyst was testified by XPS and the result indicated that the MoO₃ was dispersed as uni-molecular layer in the pore of the catalyst, and its saturated uni-molecular dispersion capacity was 4.69μmol/m². XRD results showed that intermediate products were in perfect hydrotalcite structure. The surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of the intermediated products were studied by using N₂ adsorption technique. The prepared catalyst was evaluated by hydrotreating the Saudi Arabian light atmospheric residues in a fixed bed reactor and were compared with the catalyst produced by the dipping method. The rates of HDM, HDS, HDN and HDCCR of the prepared catalyst in the initial stage were all higher than those of the catalyst prepared by the dipping method, but its activity decreases rapidly, resulting in a short life.

HI decomposition reaction is a key step in the sulfur-iodine thermochemical water splitting cycle for hydrogen production, which is considered as one of the most promising thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production driven by solar or nuclear energy. The low reaction rate of the HI decomposition shows the necessity of using catalyst. In order to develop high active and reliable catalyst for the HI decomposition, four Ni impregnated on activated carbon catalysts were prepared by using different precursors (e.g. nickel nitrate, nickel acetate tetrahydrate, nickel (Ⅱ) acetylacetonate, and[Ni(en₃)](NO₂)₂ (en, ethylenediamine)) in this study to investigate the effect of the precursor on the properties of the catalyst and the reactivity in HI decomposition. All the catalysts were prepared by an incipient-wetness impregnation method and calcined at 823K in the presence of hydrogen atmosphere for 3h with a heating rate of 5K/min. The theoretical content of the nickel in the prepared catalysts was 12%. Their catalytic performance was measured for HI decomposition at 673K and 773K, respectively. Nitrogen phsisorption, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscope were employed to characterize the catalysts. The results of characterizations indicated that precursors significantly influenced the properties of catalysts (e.g. Ni clusters dispersion, morphologies of catalysts) and catalytic performance in HI decomposition. The Ni catalyst prepared using[Ni(en₃)](NO₂)₂ demonstrated the optimal catalytic reactivity and stability in HI decomposition and could be a good choice for large-scale SI cycle hydrogen production system.

In order to optimize the preparation technique of Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts, the influence of the preparation method on their hydrotreating activity was investigated. Catalysts were prepared by three different methods including "support method", "one-step forming method" and "precipitation-beating method". Physical and chemical properties of the obtained catalysts were characterized by BET, XRD, NH₃-TPD, H₂-TPR and HRTEM,and the reaction activity was evaluated on a 50mL high-pressure hydrogenation fixed-bed reactor. The results indicated that, compare with the "support method", the catalysts prepared by the "one-step forming method" and the "precipitation-beating method" had larger pore volume and surface area, but the crystal phase structure had not changed. Catalysts prepared by "one-step forming method" had more proportion of strong acid, with decreased reducibility and dispersity of the active metals. On the contrary, catalysts prepared by the "precipitation-beating method" had more medium strong acid, and the reducibility and dispersity of the active metals were better than that of the catalyst prepared by the "support method". Result of the reaction activity evaluation indicted that, the three kinds catalysts all had good activity on hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrification and aromatics saturation. The hydrogenation activity of the catalyst prepared by the "one-step forming method" was worse than that by the "support method", whereas the catalyst prepared by the "precipitation-beating method" performed even better. The evaluation result was consistent with that of the characterization analysis.

Impinging stream-rotating packed bed auxiliary precipitation method was used for the continuous preparation of magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, and then the Fe₃O₄/SiO₂/TiO₂ composite particles with magnetic core-shell structure were synthesized by sol-gel method. The microstructures, morphology and properties of the obtained materials were characterized by Fourier infrared spectrum(FTIR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscopes (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM), ultraviolet visible light diffuse reflectance spectra(UV-vis), and some other technologies. The effects of the ferroferric-to-tetrabutyl titanate molar ratio, and the dosage of the tetraethoxysilane on the catalytic performance of Fe₃O₄/SiO₂/TiO₂ magnetic photocatalyst were investigated. The results confirmed that the well-designed photocatalyst exhibited a high crystallinity and high magnetic response. The Fe₃O₄/SiO₂/TiO₂ nano-photocatalysts with the dosage of the tetraethoxysilane of 20mL and the molar ratio of ferroferric to tetrebutyl titanate of 1:8 exhibited the best photocatalytic activity and magnetic performance, and the phenol degradation efficiency reached 86.7% after 2 hours UV irradiation.

Owing to its good antibacterial activity, hygroscopicity, reactive activity and fibrillation, chitosan has broad application prospects in textile industry as a new finishing agent. In this paper, the applications of chitosan and its derivatives as finishing agent of natural fabric in the areas of antibacterial, dyeing deepen, flame retardant, anti-static, anti UV, anti-felt viewed. The mechanism and the influence factors on the performance are discussed as well. Methods such as modification of chitosan, compounded with metals and the use of ultrasonic or plasma can improve the finishing effect and physical properties of the fabrics. In the future, chitiosan based finishing agents can be selectively introduced more functional groups, so that environmentally friendly multifunctional finishing agents meeting the requirements of applications can be synthesized.

Caprolactam (CPL) is an important organic chemical raw material. Traditionally, fuming sulfuric acid was used as the catalyst for preparation of caprolactam through the cyclohexanone oxime Beckmann rearrangement reaction. However, there are some drawbacks for the method such as environment pollution, equipment corrosion and waste of energy. Based on the concept of green chemistry, the research progress of using ionic liquids to replace sulfuric acid for the synthesis of caprolactam was reviewed. The applications of ionic liquids as solvent, catalyst and reactant in the Beckmann rearrangement were introduced. Meanwhile, some resolutions to the problems in separation of ionic liquids from the product in literature were introduced. Future research directions for the application of ionic liquids in the Beckmann rearrangement reaction were also outlined and it is pointed out that the structure design of ionic liquids, the adjustment of the acid properties and the reduction of the solubility of CPL in ionic liquids should be the focus.

Due to their high chemical stability and rich and easy raw material availability, oxides as antibacterial materials are receiving increasing attention. In-depth study of the antibacterial properties of oxides and the related influence factors can provide a scientific basis to explore new antibacterial materials. TiO₂/ZnO composite was prepared by sol-gel method, and was compared with TiO₂ and ZnO. The crystal structure, morphology and particle size of these materials were characterized. Using the Escherichia coli ATCC25922 as the tested strain, we investigated the antibacterial activities of these three oxides through bacterial inhibition zone test and bacterial suspension contact test. The effects of titanium-zinc ratio, light and other conditions on the antibacterial properties were also investigated. It was found that the TiO₂ sample was mainly composed of anatase phase and rutile phase, while the ZnO sample was mainly of hexagonal wurtzite phase. And it is mainly the anatase TiO₂ depositing in the pore of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO in TiO₂/ZnO composite. The powder size of the three samples were in a descending order of TiO₂/ZnO, TiO₂ and ZnO. Both bacterial inhibition zone test and bacterial suspension contact test confirmed that the antibacterial performance of the ZnO sample was obviously better than that of the TiO₂. The antibacterial performance of ZnO and TiO₂/ZnO were both good under dark conditions, but became even better under visible light. The comparative analysis demonstrated that the content of ZnO in the TiO₂/ZnO composite played a major role in the antibacterial effect. The calcination temperature during the preparation of TiO₂/ZnO did not show significant effect on its antibacterial performance.

Using the corn starch as raw material, the amino ligands were introduced into the starch molecules by three steps of esterification, where the crosslinking and ammonolysis makes the starch have the ability of chelating heavy metal ions. The ammonolysis reaction mechanism was studied and the effects of reaction conditions on percent grafting (PG) and reaction efficiency (RE) were investigated. When the reaction temperature was 65℃, the water content of reaction solvent was 60%, n(NaOH):n(HEDA) was 0.04, n(HEDA):n(AGU) was 1.4, and the reaction time was 6h, the ammonolysis reaction was in optimal reaction condition. Structure of the product was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis showed that ACSt was successfully synthesized, and the original crystalline structure of starch was destroyed and transformed into an amorphous form. The adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption behavior of ACSt on Zn²⁺ and Co²⁺ was exothermic. The ACSt had good adsorption property in neutral environment,and that its adsorption capacity was obviously higher than that of the inorganic adsorbent diatomite and zeolite. In this paper, the regeneration experiment of ACSt was also carried out. It was found that after two regeneration the adsorption capacity was still more than 80%, indicating that the natural based ACSt chelating material with favorable regeneration performance could be reused and was expected to be an ideal adsorbent applying in the treatment of industrial heavy metal wastewater.

At present, most polymer fibers prepared by polymer melt electrospinning technology are in the form of unordered nonwoven fabric, which restricts the application of electrospinning technology in the fields of ordered structure, such as tissue engineering scaffolds and robots. Combining melt electrospinning with 3D-motion platform, melt electrospinning writing of poly(ε-caprolactone) was used to fabricate aligned fibers via the self-designed melt electrospinning writing device. The influence of nozzle moving speed, collecting distance and voltage on the morphology of fiber deposition was investigated. The results showed that the fiber diameter was reduced when increasing the moving speed of nozzle, collecting distance and voltage. The change in the collecting distance had the most obvious effect on the fiber diameter, and the deposition of fibers became disordered, if the collecting distance is too large. The ordered deposition of fibers can be achieved by matching the jet speed with the moving speed of the nozzle. Increasing the collecting distance and spinning voltage would induce the phenomenon of jet whipping, in which case it was needed to speed up the moving of nozzle to achieve ordered deposition of fibers.

SnO₂ hollow microspheres were successfully synthesized using sulfonated PS microspheres as a template and stannous chloride dihydrate (SnCl₂·2H₂O) as tin source, without using any surfactants. The structure and morphology of the obtained samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, HRTEM and BET. The effects of working temperature, ethanol concentration and other factors on the sensitivity were discussed. The results indicated that the SnO₂ hollow microspheres had high specific surface area of 48.49m²/g, which was 1.21 times higher than the specific surface area (21.94m²/g) of SnO₂ nanoparticles. The increase of specific surface area contributed to the adsorbtion of more target gases on the SnO₂ surface to enhance surface chemical reaction, and further improved the gas sensing properties. The sensor based on the SnO₂ hollow microspheres exhibited good gas-sensing properties, and the sensitivity to 200μL/L ethanol is 66.26 at the optimum operating temperature (260℃), which was 0.29 times higher than that of the SnO₂ nanoparticles (51.34).

With polypropylene-grafted-sulfonated styrene, aniline and graphene oxide as raw materials with hydrochloric acid as the doping agent, the layered graphene oxide/polypropylene-grafted- sulfonated styrene/polyaniline(GO/PP-g-SPS/PANI) composites was prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline and macromolecular. The volume resistivity of the composites and the effect of the ratio of reactants on the volume resistivity of the composites were studied. FTIR and XPS were used to charactered the structure of the composites and SEM was used to analyze the morphology of the composites. The antistatic properties of the adding it to PP were also studied. The results showed that the optimal synthesis ratio for GO/PP-g-SPS/PANI were as follows:mass ratio m_PP-g-SPS:m_GO:m_ANI=30:15:1, and the minimum volume resistivity of the material was 120Ω·mm. The conductivity threshold was 0.7% by mass in PP, and the volume resistivity of the PP material reached a minimum value of 4.5×10¹⁰Ω·mm, which was 6 orders of magnitude lower than that of pure PP. The tensile strength of PP increased by 2.8MPa. SEM showed that GO/PP-g-SPS/PANI had GO as the surface layered honeycomb structure, and polymer macromolecules were embedded between GO slices. The PP blend interface had good compatibility.

Ni-Co layered double hydroxides/acetylene black composites were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method using cobalt chloride and nickel chloride as cobalt and nickel sources and hexamethylenetetramine as the precipitant. The composites were then applied as electrode materials of supercapacitor to study their electrochemical performance. The influence of acetylene black on the morphology and structure of Ni-Co layered double hydroxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The electrochemical performance of the composites was analyzed by electrochemical tests such as cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge and discharge and cyclic stability. The results showed that the addition of acetylene black increased the dispersion of Ni-Co layered double hydroxides, reduced the electron transfer resistance of the electrode materials, giving rise to the enhancements in the capacitive performance. After 500 cycles, the capacitive retention rate of the composite electrode material was 97% at a current density of 7A/g, showing an excellent cyclic stability.

Pure barium hydroxide octahydrate has some problems such as super-cooling, phase separation and volume change, so it needs to be further improved. According to the nucleation mechanism of the phase change material, the composite phase change materials, with 95.1% Ba(OH)₂·8H₂O+2%Ba(OH)₂·H₂O+2.9%H₂O, were prepared by using the barium hydroxide octahydrate as the base material,the barium hydroxide monohydrate and deionized water as compound additives. The thermal performance test of the composite phase change material showed that the thermal conductivity coefficient was 1.2W/(m·K),and the latent heat was 263.7kJ/kg. During the melting process of composite phase change material,temperature-pressure test was carried out. The relative pressure inside the container was less than 0.09MPa. The melting/solidification cycle experiment of the composite phase change material was conducted 300 times in the thermostatic bath. The test data showed that the super-cooling degree of the composite phase change material increased to 0.7℃,and the phase change latent heat decreased by 0.796%. The composite phase change material has suitable melting temperature and stable thermal performance, so it can be widely applied to the phase change thermal energy storage system.

Nanofibers prepared by electrospinning have high porosities and strong adsorption capacities and thus are useful for treating the oil pollution in chemical industry. As a biodegradable material,polylactide(PLA) has a wide range of sources and broad application potentials. In addition,it does not cause second pollution. The PLA/acetyl tributyl citrate(ATBC) nanofiber films are prepared by using a self-made melt differential electrospinning device. The material properties and effects of plasticizer ATBC content of PLA nanofiber films on the morphology and the oil absorption properties are investigated. And the optimum spinning temperature and ATBC content are obtained. The research shows that when the spinning temperature is 240℃ and the ATBC content is 10%, the diameter of the fiber reaches 320nm. And the water contact angle of the nanofiber film is 145°, which shows good hydrophobicity. The oil absorption rate of the nanofiber film is 138.4g/g, which is 4-5 times higher than that of commercially available PP nonwovens,and the oil holding rate is 85.8g/g. After 5 times oil absorption and discharge,the nanofiber film still has good strength without breaking and can continue to absorb oil. It indicates that the nanofiber film has good reuse performance and can be used in the oil pollution treatment in chemical industry.

The iron loaded desulfurizers were prepared by precipitation method with AC as carrier and FeSO₄·7H₂O as raw material. The desulfurizers were characterized by XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, ICP and H₂-TPR. The performance of the desulfurizers in the CS₂ low-temperature desorption was explored and the performance differences were analyzed from the aspects of preparation methods and calcination temperatures. The results showed that the crystallinity of generated γ-Fe₂O₃ was the highest when the precursors were calcined in N₂ after precipitation. The method increased the amount of basic groups on the surface of activated carbon, so that the capacity and dispersivity was increased. α-Fe₂O₃ was generated when the calcination gas contained oxygen, thus reduced the activation of CS₂ desorption on the desulfurizer. The adsorption capacity reached 40.41mg/g when the calcination temperature of γ-Fe₂O₃/AC-N₂ method was 500℃. Fe₃O₄ was generated when the temperature was over 500℃, which would reduce the desulfurization effect. The desulfurization process on γ-Fe₂O₃/AC was fitted by four kinetics models. It was shown that the Elovich model could best describe the desulfurization process of CS₂, and the main reaction control step was the chemical control.

The composite phase change material was formed by expanded graphite (EG) with porous mesh structure and sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT) as the substrate. The effects of EG on the properties of SAT were studied by using scanning electron microscope, temperature data logger, differential scanning calorimeter, and Hot Disk thermal constant analyzer etc. The results showed that the EG could not reduce the degree of supercooling of SAT, but it could largely improve the thermal conductivity of the material. EG had little effect on the latent heat value and phase transition temperature of SAT. EG could reduce the phase separation of SAT and improve its durability. Compared to the pure SAT, the degree of supercooling of composite PCM (7% EG+1% disodium hydrogen phosphate + SAT) was reduced by 49℃. Thermal conductivity of the composite PCM was doubled. Latent heat and phase transition temperature of the composite PCM were basically the same. After 50 cycles, the change of latent heat of composite PCM was kept within 1.4%, which had great potential in thermal storage.

The flame-retardant composites based on polyethylene (PE), which uses intumescent flame retardant (IFR) composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), pentaerythritol (PER) and melamine, and using surface-modified red mud (Ti-MRM) as a synergist, were prepared by melt blending technique. The thermal oxygen stability, combustion performance, flame retardant and morphology of char residue were investigated by TGA, UL-94, LOI and SEM, respectively. It was indicated that the carbon layer of the post burning red mud modified PE/IFR-Ti-MRM composites was denser and more continuous. Under optimum proportion, the LOI and UL-94 of PE/IFR-Ti-MRM composites reached 32.2 and V-0 level, while those of PE/IFR composites were 27.5 and V-2 level, respectively.

The flower-like hierarchical BiOCl composed of nanosheets have been successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method using glucose as surfactant. The BiOCl were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis(EA), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(DRS), Brunauer-Emmer-Teller(BET), and electron spin resonance(ESR). The morphology and photocatalytic performance of the BiOCl prepared at different additive amount of glucoses were investigated. Moreover, the microstructure and mechanism of RhB degradation of 0.3g glucose were mainly discussed. The results showed that different addition of glucoses could control the morphology of BiOCl and widen the absorption range of BiOCl. It was found that the BiOCl obtained at the addition of 0.3g glucose could degrade 95% RhB in two hours. The main active species was·O₂^-. Finally, a possible mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of RhB was proposed.

3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is an organic acid with terminal hydroxy and carboxyl reactive groups and has wide applications in many industrial sectors. Biosynthesis of 3-HP is highly efficient, green and sustainable. In this review, the authors analyzed the major synthetic pathways of 3-HP bio-production, representative production hosts, strategies of strain development, and optimization of fermentation parameters. The review focused on the recent research progresses on the following aspects, including major 3-HP pathways such as glycerol pathway; malonyl-CoA pathway; β-alanine pathway and key enzymes of each pathway, representative 3-HP production hosts such as Klebsiella pneumoniae; Saccharomyces and Escherichia coli and strategies of strain development, optimization of 3-HP bio-production processes such as batch operation; two-stage fermentation and immobilized cell fermentation. In the end, the authors pointed out that screening of key enzymes like glycerol dehydratase, development of novo 3-HP synthetic pathways and non-pathogenic production host with high 3-HP tolerance via advanced genomic editing technique and development of more economic; highly efficient and environmental friendly bio-production process are vital research topics in the future.

To investigate the lipid accumulation by Umbelopsis isabellina from the wheat bran hydrolysate, the effects of temperature, pH and inoculum size were investigated through one factor at a time experiments. After that, the lipid accumulation was optimized using the response surface methodology. A correlation was developed after three factors, three level experiments designed by Box-Behmken software. The highest lipid yield was obtained at the conditions of 27℃, pH 4.6, and 2×10⁶mL^-1 inoculum size. It was found that Umbelopsis isabellina accumulated 9.81g/L lipid with 24.93g/L dry biomass after 5d cultivation. The lipid content was 39.35%. It was showed that Umbelopsis isabellina utilized 69.40% total sugar including the mannose, glucose, xylose, arabinose, and some of polysaccharides. Residual polysaccharides contributed 84.30% residual total sugar according to the HPLC analysis. The lipid from Umbelopsis isabellina had 67.70% unsaturated fatty acid, and 18.11% polyunsaturated fatty acid including the linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid mainly. Therefore, the lipid production through oleaginous fungal species Umbelopsis isabellina from hydrolysate of wheat bran was built, which provided an option for the wheat bran utilization.

The waterborne polyurethane(WPU), fluorinated waterborne polyurethane (FPAPU) and fluorinated waterborne polyurethane modified by KH570 and hydroxyl silicone oil (SiFPAPU) were prepared by the mini-emulsion polymerization method combined with ultrasonic dispersion technology. The surface properties, thermal stability and mechanical properties of WPU、FPAPU and SiFPAPU were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), particle size distribution(PSA), contact angle (CA), surface free energy analysis, atomic force microscopy(AFM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), thermogravimetric analysis(TG), and tensile strength test. The results showed that with the addition of organosilicon compounds, the SiFPAPU emulsion particle size reduced to 44.0nm and the particle size distribution became wider. The contact angles of water and oil (CH₂I₂) on the SiFPAPU film could reach to 122.6ånd 92.5°, respectively, and the surface free energy was 11.815mJ/m². The surface of SiFPAPU film was uniform, while the cross section of SiFPAPU film showed obvious stratification. At the same time, the thermal stability of SiFPAPU film was enhanced, and the tensile strength of SiFPAPU film was 126.1% higher than that of unmodified polyurethane.

To 2015 years or so, the control of atmospheric pollutants in China's power industry has been rectified with the latest atmospheric control requirements, and the focus of environmental management has gradually turned to water pollution prevention and control. The whole plant water treatment of coal-fired power plant includes pollutant removal, water resource reuse, reducing water intake and drainage, problems in this area began to rise as major environmental problems. The desulfurization wastewater of coal-fired power plant is the whole plant terminal wastewater, its suspended substance, chemical oxygen demand, heavy metal and inorganic salt pollutant have high concentration, which is harmful to the environment. In this paper, according to the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(FAHP) model in the evaluation of engineering technical scheme, the different desulfurization wastewater treatment technologies were modeled. The influencing factors were selected and the model was calculated. The comprehensive sequencing of several desulfurization wastewater treatment technologies and the best available technology were obtained. It can provide a reference for the scheme selection of the desulfurization wastewater treatment in coal-fired power plant.

Mercury pollution from coal-fired power plants has attracted worldwide concern. Sorbent injection technology is considered to be the most promising and effective method for controlling mercury emission from the power plants. However, there are still many scientific questions about the widespread use of this technology in China's coal-fired power plants. This is because the process of mercury removal by sorbent is a diversified process including adsorption, diffusion, mass transfer and chemical reactions. Therefore, studies on in-duct mercury removal by sorbent injection have been a hot topic. In this paper, the recent research progress on the technology of sorbent injection for mercury removal in coal-fired power plants was reviewed in terms of the principle of sorbent injection, mercury sorbent evaluation method, mercury adsorption mechanism and mathematical model of sorbent injection. On these basis, the follow-up research directions were proposed such as development of cheap, efficient and renewable mercury removal sorbent, comprehensive and in-depth study on mercury removal mechanism of sorbent and development of simple and accurate mathematical models for mercury removal by sorbent injection. It can provide theoretical guidance for the development of sorbent injection technology for mercury removal in coal-fired power plants in China.

In order to investigate the mechanisms of sewage sludge dewatering by coordination of electro-osmosis and ammonium persulfate, dewatering of dewatered sludge from sewage treatment plant was studied by self-made experimental device. The composition changes of extracellular polymeric substances (protein and polysaccharide) in sludge and their effects on sludge dewatering were investigated under the conditions of ammonium persulfate dosage, voltage gradient, sludge thickness, and mechanical pressure. The results showed that the water content can be reduced to 57.4% with ammonium persulfate dosage of 30mg/g DS, voltage of 25V/cm, anode-cathode distance of 2.0 cm, mechanical pressure of 23.1kPa. The changes of extracellular polymeric substances components were caused by different dewatering conditions. The ammonium persulfate dosage and voltage are the main factors that affect the extracellular polymer composition and sludge dewatering effect.

Based on suspended filler as the substrate, iron oxide was loaded onto the surface of the packing material by cyclic immersion method to prepare a catalytic packing material, which was used for the advanced treatment of acrylic fiber wastewater by Fenton fluidized bed process. The effect of addition rate of suspended filler, the amount of ventilation, the concentration of H₂O₂ and the dosage of Fe²⁺ on the degradation efficiency of COD was studied by orthogonal test. The experimental results showed that the density of suspended filler coated with iron oxide slightly increased from 0.9627g/cm³ to 1.0216g/cm³, and it was evenly for the iron oxide on the surface of filler with 47.17% of iron content. The results of orthogonal test and simulation showed that the factors influenced order processing effect was H₂O₂>Fe²⁺ > ventilatory capacity > filling rate of catalytic carriers. The optimum parameters conditions were that the concentration of H₂O₂ was 75mmol/L, Fe²⁺ dosage was 3.25mmol/L, volume 0.25m³/h, suspended carrier dosage rate of 40%, the COD, BOD₅, NH₃-N, TOC and cyanide were 77.8%, 44%, 76%, 70.6% and 70%, respectively. After 5 cycles of packing carrier recycling with 120min of reaction time, the COD removal efficiencies were reduced from the 77.8% to 70.4% that proved it could be reused with stable performance.

A novel spontaneous electric field membrane bioreactor (SEF-MBR) was established in this paper by taking the prepared Cu-nanowires (Cu-NWs) conductive microfiltration membrane as membrane module and cathode. The variations in spontaneous electric field strength, transmembrane pressure (TMP) and membrane fouling behavior under different electrode distances were studied, which will provide theoretical basis for the upgrading and further application of MBR technology. When the electrode distances decreased to 2cm from 4cm, the average electric field strength increased to 1.2mV/cm from 0.7mV/cm, and the rising rate of TMP decreased to 0.08kPa/d from 0.15kPa/d. With the shorten electrode distance, the electrostatic repulsion force increased by about 40.5%, and the concentrations of H₂O₂ and·OH also increased significantly. The influence of electrode distance on the contents of extracellular polymeric substances of aerobic sludge was negligible, but both lower than that of the control MBR system. The observation of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that the cake layer thickness of conductive microfiltration membrane was reduced by 20.2% and dominated by the total cells and β-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides compared with the commercial PVDF membrane. The reduction of electrode distance increased the electric field intensity, and further increased the electrostatic repulsion force and concentrations of H₂O₂ and·OH. The membrane fouling was finally mitigated.

Co-Ce bimetallic sorbents were loaded on TiO₂ by precipitation method to remove Hg⁰ and explored the reaction mechanism from simulated syngas at low temperature(80-240℃). Results showed that up to 95.3% Hg⁰ removal efficiency could be obtained over Ce_0.2Co_0.1Ti under N₂+H₂S atmosphere. There is not only physical adsorption but also chemical adsorption over Ce_0.2Co_0.1Ti in N₂ atmosphere. Ce_0.2Co_0.1Ti sorbents exhibited higher removal activity when H₂S was introduced. And mercury removal efficiency increased with increasing H₂S concentration. First principle calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) were used to elucidate the adsorption and mechanism of H₂S and Hg over Ce_0.2Co_0.1Ti sorbents. Hg chemically adsorbed on the sorbent surface. Besides, the reaction mechanism showed that the S formed by the dissociation of H₂S could easily react with adsorbed Hg to form HgS with the activation energy of 0.214eV, following the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism.

Nano-Ag-SrTiO₃ visible-light catalyst was prepared by one-step hydrothermal method. Composition, morphology and structure, visible-light absorption performance of Ag-SrTiO₃ were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and ultraviolet visible absorption spectra(UV-vis), respectively. Photocatalytic property and stability of Ag-SrTiO₃ in visible-light were studied by tetracycline(TC) degradation experiment, and its degradation mechanism for TC was also investigated by photoluminescence spectra(PL), electron spin resonance(ESR) analysis and free radical capture experiment. The results showed that Ag⁺ could be well doped in SrTiO₃, and the absorption spectra of Ag-SrTiO₃ significantly redshifted compared with pure SrTiO₃. The photocatalytic property of Ag-SrTiO₃ for TC degradation was optimal while the molar ratio of AgNO₃ and Sr(NO₃)₂ was 3%, and its degradation rate could reach 79.63% within 120min, 13 times higher than pure SrTiO₃. Furthermore, TC degradation of Ag-SrTiO₃ showed a good compliance with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Ag-SrTiO₃ still had excellent photocatalytic degradation activity after 8 times reuse. Electronics generated in SrTiO₃ was captured by Ag⁺ in Ag-SrTiO₃. The compound probability of electron and hole could be effectively restrained, which resulted in the increase of photocatalytic properties. The main active species of Ag-SrTiO₃ was·O₂^-.

To further improve the adsorption performance and magnetic stability, magnetic alkaline Ca-bentonite (MACB) was organically modified by chitosan/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose copolymer film (CC). CC-modified MACB (MACB/CC) was prepared by one-step coprecipitation process. The characterizations of both MACB/CC and MACB and the adsorption properties of Cu(Ⅱ) and Mn(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution were investigated. The characterization results indicated that the surface of MACB was successfully covered with CC. MACB/CC exhibited rapid solid-liquid separation ability and highly magnetic stability. The adsorption rate of Cu(Ⅱ) and Mn(Ⅱ) on MACB/CC was rapid initially but slowed down thereafter. The respective adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Mn(Ⅱ) on MACB/CC were 97% and 85% with 60min adsorption time. Meanwhile, the adsorption was strongly dependent on the initial pH and Cu(Ⅱ) & Mn(Ⅱ) adsorption on MACB/CC increased with the initial pH increase. Cu(Ⅱ) & Mn(Ⅱ) adsorption reached 99% and 92% at pH 7.0, respectively. The results also showed the competition adsorption ability between Cu(Ⅱ) and Mn(Ⅱ) was in the order of Cu(Ⅱ)>Mn(Ⅱ). After five recycles, Cu(Ⅱ) and Mn(Ⅱ) adsorption on MACB/CC still maintained above 93% and 90%, respectively. The adsorption isotherms were well described by Langmuir model with the respective Langmuir adsorption capacities of Cu(Ⅱ) and Mn(Ⅱ) being 94mg/g and 38mg/g. The adsorption kinetics study demonstrated that the adsorption process fitted the pseudo-second order model well, indicating that the rate-determination step for MACB/CC was chemical adsorption. The main mechanisms of Cu(Ⅱ) and Mn(Ⅱ) removal by MACB/CC were cation exchange, precipitation and complexation. Due to the enhanced adsorption performance, better magnetic stability and separation ability, MACB/CC could be deemed as a potential adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.