Compared with traditional naphtha to ethylene, ethane cracking to ethylene has comparative advantages such as a short process flow, a small occupied area, less equipment investment and higher ethylene yield. However, the import ethane to ethylene projects is a complicated systematic project in China. There are still many problems such as stable availability of raw materials and economic benefit, etc. According to the incomplete statistics, total of 15 ethane cracking projects are building and planning in China, 13 of which depend on importing of US ethane resources. This analysis was done from the aspects of ethane resources, domestic demand, exports, export terminal capability of US, shipping capacity, and China's import of ethane for unloading and storage capacity, ethane demand as raw material and other factors influencing import ethane stability. Meanwhile, different oil price situation was set to analyze the economy and competitiveness of cracker plants using import ethane as raw material. The analysis indicated that the uncertainties were remained in multiple links such as exports, export terminal capability and shipping capacity of US, and import of ethane for unloading and storage capacity of China, etc. It was suggested that the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and other industry departments should strengthen the planning guidance, and the enterprises should be rational in their own situations and carried out project feasibility to avoid rushing.

Solid slag layer can protect membrane wall from syngas radiation and liquid slag erosion. The work presented here aims to provide an improvement of numerical modeling for thermal stress analysis of slag layer and accurately represent the change of thermal stress during the cooling process. In the former studies, the numerical modeling for thermal stress analysis of slag layer often assumes that the change of thermal stress of the computational domain was based on a constant reference temperature (ambient temperature 25℃ is in common use). However, a single reference temperature cannot present the initial temperature distribution of the computational domain with a stress balance state of the cooling process, and will acquire an incorrect thermal stress distribution. Therefore, an improvement has been proposed:cutting the whole computational domain into some subdivisions and applying a reference temperature distribution on the subdivisions, in order to acquire a stress balance state at the beginning of the cooling process. 3D numerical model of previous literature was recalculated to test the validity of the improvement. Result showed a similarly trend with reference article on a membrane wall entrained-flow gasifier.

In order to get structure optimal design of a rotating fluidized bed powder mixer, the mixing progress of spherical powder granules in a rotating fluidized bed powder mixer was simulated by a combined approach of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM). Lacey mix index was used to quantitatively analyze the mixing degree of granules in the mixer. The effects of different parameters including the tilt angle of the intake pipe, the arrangement of the intake pipe and intake method were studied respectively. To verify the mixing performance of the rotating fluidized bed powder mixer, a granule mixing experiment was carried out. Simulation results showed that the most appropriate angle of intake pipe should ensure the area of airflow is just half of the area of granular materials in the bottom of the mixer. Besides, if the intake pipe is horizontal arranged, effective mixing quality and mixing rate could be achieved. Moreover, whether the intake is continuous or pulsed, spherical granules could achieve uniform mixing. Compared with the continuous intake, the air comsumption of pulsed intake was less. Finally, the powder mixing experimental results showed a positive mixing quality, which were in good agreement with the numerical data. It could be drawn that it is a structure with superior mixing effect if the intake pipe is tilted at an angle of 35 degrees and horizontal arranged.

Based on the first and second law of thermodynamics, the law of momentum and the law of conservation of mass, the predict model of the thermal performance of a dual-pressure expansion organic Rankine cycle system that recovery low-temperature waste heat was developed. The effect of the temperature of waste heat, evaporation temperature, pinch point temperature difference, flash pressure, circulating ratio, the Maher number in the inlet of the mixing chamber of the ejector, the isentropic efficiency of the pump, turbine and screw expander on the thermal performance of the ORC system was studied. The results indicated that increasing the temperature of waste heat, evaporation temperature, circulating ratio and isentropic efficiency of the turbine has been shown to increase the net output power and exergy efficiency, but they decrease as the pinch point temperature difference and the flash pressure increase. The thermal efficiency increases as the evaporation temperature, flash pressure and the isentropic efficiency of the turbine increase. Increasing the temperature of waste heat and the circulating ratio has been shown to increase the waste heat utilization ratio, but it decreases as the evaporation temperature, the pinch point temperature difference and the circulating ratio increase. On the conditions of k=2, the net power output, the exergy efficiency and the waste heat utilization efficiency are 230.9 kW, 10.1% and 17.9% higher than those of the conventional single-loop ORC system, respectively.

Considering the industrial waste is always characterized with high salinity in the evaporative crystallization process, a single-effect mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) system with vapor injected compressor was proposed to deal with the issues like high boiling temperature lift, high-pressure ratio and high compressor superheat. A mathematical model has been developed using the engineering equation solver (EES). The effects of the flashing pressure (P_flash), the feeding waste water salinity (c₀), the preheater and main heat exchanger temperature differences (△T_preh and △T_mhex), the vapor injection pressure ratio index (n) and the waste water circulation ratio (CR) on the coefficient of performance (COP), compression work for unit flashed vapor (w_comp), compressor outlet superheat (△t_suph) and heat exchanger design parameters (UA_mhex and UA_preh) were studied in detail. The results showed that the vapor injected MVR system obtains higher COP, lower w_comp and less △t_suph. With the increase of the CR, the pressure ratio decreased 32.8% and the COP increased 54.8%. There exists a lowest COP with the increase of P_flash, and it appears among 30-35kPa. Comparing to △T_preh, the influences of the △T_mhex are more prominent, and the COP decreases by 4.0%, the w_comp and UA_mhex increase by 4.9% and 8.9%, respectively, per unit raise in △T_mhex.

Multi-orifice plate, as a throttle element, has various advantages in the flow rectification, low noises, low pressure loss and stable pressure drop for flux measurements. However, the prediction method of pressure drop characteristics of multi-orifice plates is still unclear so far. This paper performed an experimental study on the pressure drop characteristic of multi-orifice plates using city water as the fluid. Five orifice plates with the hole number from 172 to 744 and the equivalent diameter ratio of hole's to pipe's from 0.544 to 0.666 were tested in the Reynolds number from 4×10⁴ to 1.6×10⁵. The results showed that compared with the single orifice plate under the same equivalent diameter ratio and flow conditions, the viscous dissipation caused by the eddy current behind plates was small, resulting in the lower pressure loss coefficient for multi-orifice plates. Using the calculation method for the standard single orifice plate to predict the pressure loss coefficient of multi-orifice plates with a corrected parameter of the equivalent diameter ratio, which was recommended by the Chinese standard HG/T 20570.15-95, would lead to a marked overestimate. Therefore, such a simple method was not suitable for multi-orifice plates. The predicted results of the pressure loss coefficient with the Holt correlation were in good agreement with the experimental results, indicating that it was suitable to take both the equivalent diameter ratio and relative thickness into consideration in the correlation. It was suggested to study further in this regard for reaching a satisfied methodology of pressure drop prediction for multi-orifice plates.

Considerable gas storage rate (about 170 times as much as its volume) and self-preservation effect of natural gas hydrate (NGH) make itself as a favorable ways to storage and transport natural gas. Consequently, NGH has its own unique advantages when compared with LNG, CNG and other ways of natural gas storage and transportation. But, the study of NGH started late in comparison with other ways of natural gas storage and transportation. This way of natural gas storage and transportation has not yet reached maturity. Especially in the study of hydrate reactor. The hydrate formation rate or the gas consumption of reactor cannot attend the achieve requirements of industrial production. This paper investigates domestic and foreign literature and patents of NGH, introduces the development of natural gas hydrate storage and transportation technology, the chemical means and mechanical means of hydrate formation enhancement, the structure and working principle of three type traditional natural gas hydrate reactor, stirred, bubble and spray type reactor, and many new pattern natural gas hydrate like tube reactor, jet reactor and super-gravity reactor. In the existing reactors, the sprayed, super-gravity and fluidized bed reactors have better performance and prospects, and the amplification study of these three kind reactors should be accelerated. The coupling effect between different chemical means and different mechanical means have a significance for natural gas hydrate production. The evaluation system of hydrate reactors for the purpose of natural gas storage and transportation should be established.

The oil sand as a kind of unconventional oil resource has attracted widespread concerns all over the world due to its abundant reserves. It is necessary to study the oil sand bitumen separation technology as result of that the separation of oil sand bitumen is the premise of processing and utilization of oil sand resources. The composition and classification of oil sand are introduced. The characteristics of several major separation technologies (i.e., hot-water extraction, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, ionic liquids extraction and pyrolysis) are then summarized, and their own separation process are analyzed in detail. The development prospect of separation technology of oil sand bitumen is simultaneously forecasted.

In recent years, there is great progress in f uel cell technology. For example, it is a new way to deal with waste biomass and to produce electricity by using fuel cells, which can achieve both waste disposal and energy recovery. However, it is difficult for conventional fuel cells to deal with waste biomass directly, due to the limiting factors such as fuel type, cell performance, product separation, and so on. In this paper, the research status of low temperature fuel cells such as alkaline fuel cell and proton exchange membrane fuel cell is reviewed. The results show that alkaline fuel cell has good performance when small molecule organic matter is used as fuel, but it is easy to be affected by CO₂. Liquid catalyst fuel cell show excellent performance in terms of catalyst resistance, biomass treatment, battery power density. Then the research status of electrocatalysts such as transition metal oxides and polyoxometalates, and the research progress of electrode materials and membrane materials were introduced. Such catalysts with strong oxidation, Bronsted acidity and Lewis acidity, have a strong ability to decompose biomass. In view of the limitation that liquid catalyst is not easy to be separated, the research on catalyst immobilization, nanocomposites and the like are introduced. Carbon plate has become the mainstream choice for electrode due to its comprehensive performance and cost. Perfluorosulfonic acid membrane has excellent performance and has become an ideal material for experimental exploration. At the same time, the research status of some composite materials is briefly introduced. Finally, it is also forecasted the use of chemical fuel cell in biomass treatment. The comprehensive performance of liquid catalyst fuel cells is prominent. After the issues of biomass types and catalyst circulation could be further optimized, it is expected to become a new approach for the disposal of waste biomass.

The light oil and heavy oil of low temperature coal tar were used as the experimental materials, and the distillate oil of 170-200℃, 200-240℃, 240-270℃, 270-300℃, 300-320℃, 320-340℃, 340-360℃ and 360-390℃ in coal tar were obtained by atmospheric distillation. The distribution of 21 microelements in each distillate oil was determined by ICP-OES equipped with an oxygen and cooling injection system for oil, and the distribution of elements in the distilled fractions was investigated. The results showed that in the light oil and heavy oil no Ag, Mg, Mo, Na, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cr and Ti elements were found, and the higher content of elements were Sn, P, Al, Pb and Si. The contents of Sn in light oil and heavy oil were 11.78μg/g and 14.04μg/g, respectively. In the distillate oil of light oil and heavy oil no Al, Mo, Fe, Mn, Cr and Ti elements were found, and the higher content of elements are Si, Sn, Na, Zn and Pb, especially, Si, Na, Sn, Zn, Ni, Pb, and B were the main elements that can be effectively enriched in distillate oil. The possible reason was that the metals, such as Ca, Fe, Mg and Al, were mainly in the form of oxide salts. During the process of distillation dehydration lower than 170℃, the oxide salts of these metals were partially distilled, which caused the content of these elements to be not enriched or undetected in the distillate oil. By associating the relationship between the distribution of the metal elements and its composition in the distillate oil, the distribution of elements in distillate oil may be related to phenolic compounds, heterocyclic compounds and distillation temperature. The phenolic compounds and the heterocyclic compounds can form complexes or porphyrin complexes with metals such as Ag, B, Cu, Mo, Sn, Na, Zn, Ca and Pb. The distillation temperature, on one hand, can destroy the binding of Sn, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ca and Pb in the distillate. On the other hand, these elements can be promoted to better react with the oxygenated and nitrogen compounds in distillate oil, thus affecting the content distribution of metal elements in the distillate.

At present, researchers generally believe that when Char-N transforms to NO, the Char-N reaction rate is directly proportional to the coke burning rate. This way of treatment ignores the difference of reaction area between coke and Char-N during the combustion of coke particles, which is quite different from the actual situation. As for this problem, based on a full consideration of the difference of reaction area between carbon base and Char-N caused by different forms of coke combustion, the combustion of coke particles was treated by a random pore model while the transformation of Char-N was treated by the contraction model. Finally, a comprehensive model with two models was established. The combustion process of coke particles with a particle size of 100 μm under O₂/CO atmosphere was simulated, and the conversion of Char-N to NO in the particles was also studied by programming and computing independently through Fortran. The results showed that the computational results of the new model agreed well with the experimental data and had good applicability. At the same time, the new model had the ability to characterize the parameters of Char-N transformation. The increase of the concentration of O₂ and the particle size of the coke will lead to the increase of the NO production in the reaction process. At the same time, because of the different changes of reaction area between coke and Char-N, the generation curve of NO was rising for the second times.

The stability of pipe wall hydrate deposits is closely related to its mechanical properties. Investigation on the mechanical properties of pipe wall hydrate deposits is of great importance to deep water flow assurance. In order to study the mechanical properties of pipe wall hydrate deposits, it is assumed that the deposits consist of several layers of hydrate particles with a same particle diameter. According to the ways in which hydrate particles are acclimated, the pipe wall hydrate deposits can be divided into the following types, simple cubic packing deposit, orthorhombic packing deposit, rhombohedral packing deposit, tetrahedral packing deposit, pyramid packing deposit and random packing deposit. Different deposit types correspond to different porosities and interlayer mechanical behaviors. Based on this, compressional wave velocity, shear wave velocity, Poissons ratio, modulus of elasticity and tensile strength of different pipe wall hydrate deposits are calculated. In addition, the shear strength of pipe wall hydrate deposits is given according to Mohr-Coulumb failure criterion. The effect of annealing on tensile strength and shear strength is also analyzed. The results and conclusions in this paper can provide theoretical supports for the development of hydrate management strategies in oil and gas pipelines.

The effect of reaction temperatures on the quality of pyrolysis oil was investigated over acidic HZSM-5 zeolite, using corn stalk powder as raw material. In the self-made fluidized bed pyrolysis device, five reaction temperatures (450℃, 500℃, 550℃, 600℃ and 650℃) were tested in the catalytic pyrolysis experiments to study the moisture content, pH and chemical composition of pyrolysis oil. The results showed that, under the action of HZSM-5 catalyst, the moisture content and pH of pyrolysis oil increased linearly with the reaction temperature, and the acidity decreased with the increase of water content (pH increased); the content of phenols, esters and alcohols was more sensitive than that of ketones, aldehydes and sugars by the reaction temperature; under the conditions of HZSM-5 catalyst and material mass ratio of 1:10, the reaction temperature was 500℃, oil quality was in a good state, corrosive low, high stability, rich phenolic species and high relative content. The results provided a scientific evident that the reaction temperature controlled and improved the quality of pyrolysis oil over HZSM-5 catalyst, which will be beneficial to the subsequent high-value and environmental protection utilization of pyrolysis oil.

It is an effective way to decrease the cost of biodiesel using low-quality fats and oils as feedstock. The choice of feedstock however is dependent on the tolerance of the catalyst to the impurities (such as free fatty acids and moisture). In this paper, an organic base 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU) was used to catalyze the transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel. The effects of water and free fatty acid content on the conversion of transesterification, the phase composition and the distribution of the components after the reaction were studied. It showed that the DBU catalyst has an excellent tolerance to water and free fatty acid (water < 2% or FFA < 5%). Furthermore, the presence of about 1.5% water can improve the conversion of the reaction. The highest conversion of 93.7% was obtained when the water content was 1.5%. In addition, the distribution of methanol and DBU in the biodiesel-rich phase decreased with the increase of water and FFA content. As a result, the purity of biodiesel in the biodiesel-rich phase increased.

The hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate(DMO) to ethylene glycol(EG) is an important component of the coal chemical industry. Cu-SiO₂ catalysts for the hydrogenation of DMO have attracted great attention, but the poor stability and short lifespan of the copper catalysts severely restrict their large-scale industrial applications. This review mainly focused on the latest progress on the stability of the Cu-based catalysts for the hydrogenation of DMO. Deactivation mechanisms and some reasonable methods to improve the stability of the copper catalysts were discussed in detail. It is of great academic and industrial significance to pursue new methods for the preparation of efficient and long lifespan catalysts for the hydrogenation of DMO to EG and methyl glycolate(MG) through enhancing the interaction between the copper species and the support or the second metal, improving the heat transfer efficency of the carrier and using the supports with special structure to isolate copper particles, etc.

Clay-supported Fenton-like catalyst is prepared by immobilizing active metals on clays for the catalytic activation of H₂O₂ to create hydroxyl radicals to remove the refractory organic pollutants. It could overcome the disadvantages of homogeneous Fenton reactions such as narrow suitable pH range and production of iron sludge. This paper briefly introduced the catalytic performance of the layered and non-layered clay supporting active metals according to their types and structural characteristics. The synthetic and modification methods such as pillaring, impregnation and deposition precipitation were systematically analyzed, and the types of supported active metals and their effects on the catalytic performance were elaborated. With an eye towards the technical features and current challenges, we proposed several possible topics for the future studies including the form of supported active metals, the loading methods, and the requirements for the efficent and stable catalytic performance.

A novel magnetic iron-titanium mixed oxide catalyst was prepared through the co-precipitation method under microwave irradiation. The effect of calcination temperature on its micro-structure and the NH₃-SCR activity was investigated. The mechanism of the enhancements on the NH₃-SCR activity and the high-temperature irreversible thermal transformation of magnetic γ-Fe₂O₃ crystal by the addtion of titanium was also revealed. The results indicated that the BET surface area and the pore volume of the prepared magnetic iron oxide firstly increased and then decreased when the calcination temperature increased from 300℃ to 500℃. Meanwhile, γ-Fe₂O₃ crystals irreversibly transformed into α-Fe₂O₃ after being calcined at high temperature, giving rise to the increase of the concentrations of Fe²⁺ and active oxygen on its surface, thereby decreased the NH₃-SCR activity of magnetic iron oxide catalyst. The addition of titanium oxide improved the thermal stability of γ-Fe₂O₃ crystals in magnetic iron oxide. The irreversible thermal transformation of γ-Fe₂O₃ crystal into α-Fe₂O₃ crystal and the collapsing of microscopic pore structure of the magnetic iron oxide were also depressed when it was calcined at high temperature. Therefore, the addition of titanium oxide improved the BET surface area and the pore volume of the magnetic iron oxide. The suitable calcination temperature for the magnetic iron oxide based catalysts prepared through the microwave irradiation assisted co-precipitation method is 400℃, under which the catalyst showed the best low-temperature catalytic activity. When the reaction temperature was higher than 220℃, the NO_x conversion was more than 80% under the gas space velocity of 60000 h^-1。

The study investigated the removal of toluene via non-thermal plasma combined with Cu-Ce catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by the citric acid sol-gel method. Compared with the plasma-only process, the introduction of the Cu-Ce catalysts could greatly enhance the toluene removal efficiency. The toluene removal efficiency increased with the decrease of the initial concentration or the gas flow rate and with the increase of the voltage. The catalysts were characterized by BET, XRD, XPS, H₂-TPR and FTIR, respectively. The active components of the Cu-Ce catalysts distributed uniformly. The contents of oxygen vacancies and the adsorbed oxygen in the Cu-Ce catalysts were higher than those in the CuO or CeO₂ catalysts, which is beneficial to the release of active oxygen. There was synergistic effect between Cu and Ce, and the redox cycles between them could further promote the oxidation of toluene.

The effect of chlorine elimination on the catalytic performance and structure of PtSnNa/Al₂O₃ catalyst for propane dehydrogenation was studied. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption-desorption, TPR, NH₃-TPD, TEM and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The results showed that the chlorine elimination temperature affected the properties of the catalysts greatly, such as acidity, specific surface area, pore volume, mean pore diameter and the size of Pt particle. With the increase of the treatment temperature, the acidity the specific surface area and pore volume of the catalyst,dramatically decreased, whereas the mean pore diameter increased. Meantime, the extent of Pt sintering was aggravated. At higher treatment temperature, the catalyst has lower initial activity and higher propylene selectivity. But the stability increased firstly and then decreased with the raising of treatment temperature. The highest yield of propylene was obtained with the treatment temperature of 540℃, and the PtSnNa/Al₂O₃ catalyst exhibited the best performance of propane dehydrogenation and stability.

The adsorption dehydration by the metal ions modified molecular sieves attracted widespread attention, because of their low energy cost, high adsorption capacity and high degree purification, but it is still lack of fundamental data such as the equilibrium water adsorption capacity. The rational metal ion sites and configuration of the molecular sieves were obtained by utilizing the Sorption module in Materials studio software. At the same time, the X-ray diffraction spectra of NaX, NaY and NaA molecular sieves were calculated. The calculated results were consistent with the standard spectra in the International Molecular Sieve Association (IZA-SC) database. The Monte Carlo simulation method with "COMPASS" force field was used to simulate the process of water adsorption on the molecular sieves of NaX, NaY and NaA, and the molecular sieves modified with Ca²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺. The results showed that the adsorption isotherms of water on the molecular sieves belong to the typeⅠLangmuir adsorption isotherm. The equilibrium adsorption capacities of water on the molecular sieves without modification were 360.3mg/g, 393.8mg/g and 295.5mg/g for NaX, NaY and NaA, respectively. The adsorption performance of the X, Y and A molecular sieves modified with Mg²⁺ improved obviously. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of MgX reached 472.6mg/g, which was 112.3mg/g higher than that of the unmodified ones. This study can provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the research, development and application of the high efficient molecular sieve adsorbents for dehydration.

Magnesium based metal organic frameworks (Mg-MOFs), as a new kind of functional material, have recently drawn much research attention. Due to the diversified specie and structures, Mg-MOFs have shown potential applications in many fields, which provide a new research area for the development and utilization of magnesium resources. Five aspects on Mg-MOFs are discussed in this article, including the main types, characteristics, preparation method, applications and stability. The applications of Mg-MOFs in catalysis, drug delivery, optical properties, gas storage, adsorption and separation are elaborated, and the capacities of hydrogen storage, carbon dioxide adsorption and selective uptake are presented emphatically. In addition, the prospects and challenges in the future are pointed out. For instance:optimizing the preparation conditions of Mg-MOFs to reduce the process difficulty and costs; selecting new ligands and solvent to prepare Mg-MOFs of high surface area, developing varieties of functional Mg-MOFs with structural stability to expand their applications in gas adsorption and separation, and applying Mg-MOFs to the composite materials to extend their application range.

High temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell has obvious advantages in reducing the complexity in water and thermal management and the catalyst poisoning of fuel cell. It can also improve the cell dynamics of the oxygen reduction reactions especially that occuring on cathode, and further increase the efficiency of fuel cell. As one of the key materials of PEMFC, polymer electrolyte membrane has low mechanical strength and thermal stability at high temperature, as well as lower proton conductivity due to the absence of water. High temperature polymer electrolyte membranes were briefly reviewed in this paper based on the proton transfer medium such as sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid and ionic liquids. The advantages and disadvantages of various types of membranes were compared, and the problems in their applications were also discussed. The review focused on the potential applications of block copolymer in high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane. Ionic liquids were introduced as the proton carrier and inducer in the construction of diblock polymer structure. It was suggested that the relationship between the structure and the performance of block polymer could be better understood through molecular design, while the proton conductivity and stability of high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane could be improved through structural design.

Nanocellulose (NC) is a new nano-material with excellent mechanical properties. It is light, renewable, biodegradable and has high specific surface area and many other superior properties. The composites based on nanocellulose and polymers are considered as a new generation of biomass-based nanocomposites. The characteristics and main preparation methods for the three types of nanocellulose, including microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and bacterial nanocellulose (BC), were firstly discussed, and the problems existing in the nanocellulose preparation were analyzed. Subsequently, the research progress of the nanocellulose polymer nanocomposites derived from both hydrophilic (starch, polyvinyl alcohol and waterborne polyurethane) and hydrophobic[poly(lactic acid), poly(ε-caprolactone), polyhydroxyalkanoates and epoxy] polymers were reviewed. Finally, the problems of production cost, separation, energy consumption and environmental protection in the green industrial preparation of nanocellulose are discussed. Furthermore, the improvement of the interface compatibility between nanocellulose and polymer, as well as the development of new nanocomposites with nanocellulose as the main components will be important directions in the future development of this field.

As one of the metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with excellent physical and chemical stability, UiO-66 (UiO for University of Olso) has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In this review, the structure of UiO-66 was introduced and the solvothermal synthesis of UiO-66 was summarized in detail. The solvothermal synthesis could be affected by many factors, including the metal precursors, reaction temperature, solventsmolar ratio of the reagents and the template agents. In order to solve the intrinsic problems of solvothermal synthesis such as low efficiency and the need of a large amount of organic solvents, some new preparation methods including microwave synthesis, microfluidic, continuous flow and solvent-free methods were introduced. In order to extend the applications of UiO-66, some modification techniques, such as functionalization of organic ligands and coupling UiO-66 with other functional materials, were employed. The resulting functionalized UiO-66 was used in various applications including gas adsorption (CO₂ separation and H₂ recovery), water treatment (heavy metals and organics removal), catalysis, electrochemistry and chemical sensing. Finally, based on the porous property of UiO-66, pure UiO-66 membranes and UiO-66-based composite membranes especially the mixed matrix membranes were fabricated and their applications in gas separation and water treatment were reviewed.

A novel carboxylic adsorbent was prepared by grafting maleic anhydride (MAH) onto cellulose superfine fibers (CSF) which was prepared by electrospinning. The highest substituent content of 2.304mmol/g was achieved when the grafting temperature was 100℃, the time was 3h, the mass ratio of MAH to CSF was 5:1, and the dosage of dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO) was 7.5%. The morphological distribution and microstructure of the cellulose superfine fibers and the modified cellulose superfine fibers were observed by SEM. The content of substituent in the modified cellulose superfine fibers (MAH-CSF) was quantitatively measured by acid-base titration. The FTIR analysis was used to confirm that maleic anhydride had been grafted onto cellulose superfine fibers successfully. From the XRD and DSC spectra, it was found that the crystalline form of MAH-CSF did not change,but its crystallinity decreased. Meanwhile, maleic anhydride modification could improve the thermal stability of the cellulose superfine fibers. The adsorption performance of CSF and MAH-CSF for methylene blue were discussed. The adsorption capacity of the cellulose superfine fibers increased from 210mg/g to 306mg/g after modified by maleic anhydride, which indicated that carboxyl could greatly increase the adsorption capacity of cellulose superfine fibers. At low pH, the competitive-dyeing interaction of H⁺ and methylene blue decreased their adsorption capacities. The adsorption capacitys increased rapidly by deprotonating the adsorbents. The increasing trend of the adsorption capacity diminished when pH was greater than 5.5. The electrostatic force between MAH-CSF and methylene blue enhanced the adsorption property, and the adsorption process was more suitable to be described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Under ultrasonic wave, the adsorption rate of the adsorbents after regenerated five times was> 89%, indicating a good regeneration ability of the adsorbent.

A novel composite material of biochar-supported nano-hydroxyapatiten (nHAP/BC) with the maize straw as the precursors was successfully fabricated by loading nano-hydroxyapatite(nano-HAP) on the surface of biochar (BC) at high temperature and in oxygen-limited atmosphere. The physicochemical properties of the nHAP/BC were characterized. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of pH values, contact time, temperature and initial Pb²⁺ concentration on the adsorption performance. The adsorption characteristics were analyzed from the aspects of kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics, while the regeneration was investigated by desorption experiments. Following that, the adsorption mechanism was discussed. The results showed that the nHAP/BC had strong adsorption ability to Pb²⁺ with the maximum adsorption capacities of 383.75mg/g at 25℃, which was significantly higher than that of the BC. The adsorption of Pb²⁺ onto nHAP/BC followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics equation and Langmuir isotherm, indicating that the adsorption process was a mono-molecular chemical adsorption. The ΔG was negative while the ΔH was positive, indicating a spontaneous and endothermic adsorption. The adsorption mechanism included the dissolution-precipitation of nHAP and the complexation of oxygen-containing functional groups. The nHAP/BC showed good regeneration ability, and thus is a promosing adsorption material for the efficient removal of Pb²⁺ from waste water.

Aromatic backbone block copolymer generally consists of hydrophilic segment and hydrophobic segment. Due to the thermodynamic incompatibility, microphase separation of block copolymers easily occurs which can form proton conductivity channel. In this paper, sulfonated poly(arylene thioether sulfone)-b-polyimide(SPTES-b-PI) copolymers were synthesized and tested for being used as proton exchange membranes(PEMs). Amine terminated sulfonated poly(arylene thioether sulfone) hydrophilic oligomers and anhydride terminated naphthalene based polyimide hydrophobic oligomers were synthesized via the step growth polymerization method. Synthesis of SPTES-b-PI was achieved by an imidization coupling reaction of hydrophilic and hydrophobic oligomers in a m-cresol/NMP mixed solvent system, and SPTES-b-PIx with different molecular weights of polyimide were obtained. As a result, the membrane prepared from the blocks of SPTES and PI showed excellent thermodynamic stability, and the desulfonation reaction of SPTES-b-PIx copolymers began around 290℃, higher than that (260℃) for SPTES. Lower water absorption than SPTES-70 was also observed. The thermal stability and the proton conductivity of SPTES-b-PIx increases with the increase of the molecular weight(5-20kg/mol) of polyimide. The proton conductivity of SPTES-b-PIx is 0.045-0.124 S/cm at 25℃.

Synthetic nano-sized hydroxyapatite, which is widely used in biomedical engineering, is commonly prepared at pH>10, leading to long time and large amounts of water to wash the fabricated hydroxyapatite so as to remove its alkaline before further processing. In this paper, we developed a method for rapid washing hydroxyapatite by using neutral phosphate buffer (PBS) as the washing solution. Firstly, hydroxyapatite (HA) was prepared by precipitation using calcium nitrate and trisodium phosphate as raw materials. Then the hydroxyapatite was quickly washed with the formulated PBS to neutral, while another hydroxyapatite sample was neutralized by washing with deionized water based on the conventional washing procedure. The morphology, particle size and chemical composition of the samples washed by the two methods were analyzed by transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The results showed that the above-mentioned properties of the products obtained by the two methods did not show significant difference, although the HA crystals washed with PBS showed improved crystal integrity and thermal stability. Notably, the rapid washing method with PBS can save more than 80% of deionized water and shorten the washing cycle from 10 day to about 8 hour in comparison with the conventional washing method. The rapid washing method proposed in this paper is expected to be able to greatly increase the yield and lower the cost of nano-hydroxyapatite in laboratory and industrial production.

In this study, sodium alginate (SA) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) were used as raw materials to prepare hybrid microspheres with varying amounts of TEOS, where silica (SiO₂), the alcoholysis product of TEOS, was introduced into SA by reacting with hydroxyl groups in SA. Flowing property of the aqueous solution to prepare the hybrid solution, and the hybrid microspheres chemical structure, crystallization capacity, thermostability together with the morphology of as-prepared microspheric absorbent were characterized by rheometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and scanning electron micrope (SEM). In addition, adsorption capacity of the microspheric absorbent on methylene blue (MB) and heavy metal copper (Cu²⁺) were studied. The results showed that the viscosity of the hybrid solution was lower than that of SA solution by 2.2Pa·s at the initial shear rate of 25s^-1, indicating that the viscosity of the SA/SiO₂ hybrid solution system decreased. The FTIR spectra showed that the hydroxyl group in SA reacted with the silicon-oxygen bond in TEOS to generate the silicon-oxygen-carbon bond, TEOS reacted with SA. The intensity of the characteristic crystalline peaks of CA in the hybrid microsphere crystallization curve decreased, and the crystallization peak of SiO₂ appeared at the same time. The introduction of SiO₂ in SA/SiO₂ microspheres reduced the crystallization ability of the hybrid microspheres. The decomposition temperature of the hybrid microspheres increased from 250℃ to 310℃, indicating an increase in the thermal decomposition temperature. The specific surface area of calcium alginate (CA) was 7.254m²/g and the pore size was 19.65nm, while those of CA/SiO₂ hybrid microspheres was 49.151m²/g and 21.75nm, respectively. It showed that the specific surface area of hybrid microspheres increased, and the pore size was at the level of mesoporous. When MB initial concentration was 100mg/L, the adsorption removal rate of SA/SiO₂ hybrid microspheres was 87.09%. When the initial concentration of Cu²⁺ was 2.5g/L, the adsorption removal rate of SA/SiO₂ hybrid microspheres was 86.8%.

In order to increase the CO₂ adsorption capacity and to improve the water resistance of activated carbon fibers, a series of modified activated carbon fibers were prepared by impregnation method, and characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of the activated carbon fibers types and the immersion reagents (NaOH solution, ZnCl₂ solution and ionic liquid) on the pore structure, CO₂ adsorption capacity, cycling performance and water resistance of the adsorbents were studied. The adsorption kinetics and diffusion behaviors of CO₂ in the modified activated carbon fibers were also discussed. The results show that the CO₂ adsorption and water resistance of the modified activated carbon fibers are significantly improved, and the maximum adsorption capacity of CO₂ is 24.4% (0.1MPa and 25℃), and the moisture absorption rate was reduced to 1.33%. The adsorbents also performed well during the adsorption/desorption cycles. The homogeneous diffusion model (HSDM) was used to describe the real-time adsorption data, and reflected the diffusion behavior of CO₂ in the samples quite well. The modified activated carbon fiber can still maintain a high diffusion rate with the diffusion coefficients D_s at a level of 10^-5 m²/s, equivalent to that of the blank activated carbon fibers.

We studied the influence of surface morphology, crystal structure and optical absorption of the perovskite (CH₃ NH₃ PbI₃, MAPbI₃) films on the performance of the organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells which prepared by various sequential deposition technology. It is shown that deposition conditions have significant impacts on the morphologies of the MAPbI₃ adsorbent layers as well as the performance of the solar cells. Compared with the sequential MAI-soaking method, other deposition methods can effectively improve the morphology by increasing the flatness and full surface coverage. Meanwhile, the mechanism involved in the preparation of smooth, full-coverage MAPbI₃ films using the post-treatment method at room temperature (RT) was studied further. The results demonstrate that the resulting smooth MAPbI₃ thin films are virtually independent on the morphology of the raw perovskite films using various deposition methods, due to the formation and spreading of an intermediate MAPbI₃·MA liquid phase. These processes improved the morphology and crystallization of perovskite resulting in a significant enhancement in light absorption, photocurrent and the performance of solar cell devices.

Ultra-high molecular weight polypropylene (UHWMPP) is a kind of thermoplastic engineering plastics which has viscosity-averaged molecular weight of more than 1 million, along with incredible strength, high wear resistance, strong antioxidant abilities, and thus it can be used to prepare the polypropylene products with high strength and modulus, as well as high resistance to corrosion, impact and stress crack. The main purpose of the study is to produce the polypropylene with molecular weight over 2 million, which can be used as a 3D printing material to avoid the problems of high melt viscosity and low fluidity caused by long molecular chain. Based on the traditional Ziegler-Natta catalyst, the main catalyst was loaded with metal ions and organics. The molecular weight of the polypropylene was controlled by controlling the chain transfer of propylene and hydrogen (active hydrogen-containing substance) was not added during the polymerization to prevent the termination of the reaction. The effects of the polymerization action temperature, polymerization action time, promoters and external electron donors on the molecular weight of polypropylene were investigated. The molecular weight of the prepared polypropylene was characterized by viscometry and temperature rising elution fractionation method. Finally, the ultra-high molecular weight polypropylene with molecular weight of more than 2.04 million was successfully prepared at polymerization reaction temperature of 70℃, polymerization time of 60min, with triisobutylaluminum as the promoters and P Donor as the external donor.

The heat transfer model of porous metal foam filled with phase change material by Sierpinski fractal is developed and numerically analyzed. The phase field of phase change material inside porous metal foam is presented, and the effect of the pore structure on the heat transfer characteristics is analyzed. The results indicate that, if there are some open pores connected with the thermal boundary of the foam metal, the heat transfer rate of the phase change material will be higher than that without pores. For the latter case, the heat transfer rate increases with the specific surface of the metal foam. In addition, the higher the fractal order of the fractal model, the greater the influence of the pore structure on the heat transfer characteristics.

In this study, the SiO₂/Polyacrylamide (PAM) composite with a core-shell structure is designed to prepare a functional material, where SiO₂ provides the rigidity, stiffness and strength, while the PAM provides the flexibility and elasticity. These excellent properties mentioned above make the resulting composite to be able to enter, expand, shut off and be removed from deep layers of oilfields. A methodology to create the SiO₂ grafted by the crosslinked PAM has been developed.The interaction energies (E_inter) of the SiO₂ and PAM and the mean square displacements (MSD) of PAM have been calculated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to study the effects of the number of crosslinkers N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and temperature on the mechanical properties of the SiO₂/PAM composites, and the interactions between SiO₂ and PAM, the mobility of PAM, and the mechanical properties of the composites. The results show that the electrostatic energy is the key component of the interaction energy and the E_inter can be enhanced by the addition of appropriate amount of MBA and the increase of the temperature. The mobility of the PAM is decided by the interaction between SiO₂ and PAM, its network structure and the temperature. The temperature is the key factor influencing the mobility of the PAM. The mechanical properties of the composite are improved by the crosslinking of the PAM and appropriately increasing of the number of MBA. The malleability of the composite can be improved by the moderate crosslinking of the PAM and the toughness of the composite can be improved by the proper increase of the temperature, while both measures can enhance the interactions between the SiO₂ nanoparticles and PAM. The stronger the interaction energy, the bigger the modulus of the composite.

Microcapsules were synthesized by in-situ polymerization. The epoxy resin was chemically modified with γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propyl trimethoxy silane (KH560) and used as the core material and melamine-urea-formaldehyde was employed as the wall material.The preparation process of the microcapsules was discussed. The morphology, structure and thermal properties of the microcapsules were characterized by optical microscope(OM), scanning electron microscope(SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA). The microcapsules were applied to epoxy resin matrix to prepare self-healing coating. The mechanical properties and the electrochemical properties of the self-healing coating was investigated. The obtained microcapsules were uniform sphere with rough and compact surface and an average size of 100μm, when the core/wall was 1.5:1 and the emulsifier content was 1.4%. The microcapsules possessed good thermal stability. When the microcapsules content in the coating was 3%, the tensile intensity, the bending intensity, the impact intensity and the bonding intensity of the modified self-healing coating increased by 14.9%、14.3%、16.0% and 9.6% respectively, and the electrochemical properties as well as the electrochemical impedance value were significantly enhanced, as compared with the unmodified one.

EVA-g-MAH polymer was synthesized by solution grafting method. The molecular chain structure of EVA-g-MAH was analyzed by NMR and IR. The results showed that maletic anhydride has been successfully grafted in the main chain of the EVA and the ester group has been connected to the tertiary carbon atoms. By adjusting the feed ratio of maleic anhydride (MAH) to vinyl acetate (VA) units in EVA, we obtained products with different grafting ratios (4.87%-12.3%). Subsequently, high density polyethylene (HDPE)/polycarbonate (PC)/EVA-g-MAH blends were prepared by polymer processing with EVA-g-MAH graft copolymer as the compatibilizer. SEM results of the cross-section confirm that EVA-g-MAH is a good compatibilizer for HDPE/PC blends. Finallly, the effect of EVA-g-MAH on the impact strength of nylon (PA6)/EVA blends was studied. When the adding amount of EVA-g-MAH was 6%, the impact strength of blends was highest.

Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) is a biological process that combines cellulose production, cellulose hydrolysis saccharification, pentose and hexose fermentation into one step. CBP is influenced by the single microorganism or microbiome. This article focuses on the development course of fungi in cellulosic ethanol production using CBP. Meanwhile, it reviews the development process of cellulosic ethanol industrialization, and then introduces the function mechanism of cellulosic ethanol produced by CBP. In addition, this paper systematically summarizes the main types of the original fungi in CBP as reported in the literatures as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, it reviews the development strategies of fungi in CBP, including the engineering strategies and the co-culture strategies. Engineering strategies has been emphatically stated from the prespectives of the technological routes and the research progress. The article also points out that the combination of advanced biotechnology and computer simulation system based on metabolic analysis data to develop target microorganisms in CBP, the design of new and efficient bioreactors and the integration of CBP technology with the existing biotechnology, is the key for the future application of CBP technology in the cellulosic ethanol industry.

As an important intermediate for organic synthesis, glycolic acid can be obtained from many ways. Crude glycolic acid can be made by natural product hydrolysate, chemical method and biological method, respetively. At present, the separation and purification technology of glycolic acid in China exhibit many shortcomings although the production technology of glycolic acid is mature. In this paper, the separation and purification methods of glycolic acid were summarized, including distillation, crystallization and recrystallization, methanol esterification hydrolysis, electrodialysis separation, and solvent extraction. Among them, the methanol esterification hydrolysis method and the solvent extraction method are more popular. We pointed out the purities of glycolic acid could be achived by pre-mentioned method as well as their disadvantages and applicable conditions. One of the main uses of glycolic acid is to produce polyglycolic acid. The recent progress of synthesis of polyglycolic acid by different methods including direct melt polymerization, condensation polymerization, solvent method and suspension polymerization, was reviewed. Finally, we prospected the future developments of glycolic acid and polyglycolic acid. Solvent extraction is considered as a good way to get high-purity glycolic acid, which will provide excellent staring material for the synthesis of polyglycolic acid so as to reduce the importing glycolic acid.

The synthesis of polyacrylamide was explored in the system of unsteady state. The unsteady system is a kind of water-in-oil environment where acrylamide aqueous solution was dispersed into small droplets by vigorous stirring. This method could effectively improve the heat removel of the polymerization reaction and increase the solid content of the polymer as well. Furthermore, the polymer particles and the oil phase could be splitted spontaneously. And pure PAM was obtained by subsquent filtering and washing. Dihydroxypolydimethylsiloxane was used as the oil phase of the unsteady system. The experiments were carried out under different temperature, and with monomer aqueous solution concentration and pH. Besides, the effects of oil-water ratio and stirring speed on the solid content and particles size were studied respectively in unsteady system. The particle size was measured precisely by vernier caliper. The reaction conversion rate and the molecular weight were measured by the bromination method and the one-point method, respectively. The product of the unsteady system was analyzed by FTIR and ¹H NMR. Finally, the results cinfirm that the polyacrylamide particles with high molecular weight and good solubility were synthesized successfully in the unsteady system. And the conversion rate of polyacrylamide reached 99% at the oil-water ratio of 4:3 and the stirring speed more than 300r/min.

A novel approach for the synthesis of bis(diethylene glycol butyl ether) formal via acid-catalyzed acetal exchange reactions with diethylene glycol butyl ether and diethoxymethane was reported. Compared with formaldehyde, diethoxymethane was greener as thereagent. The effects of catalyst type, dosage of the catalyst, the ratio of the reactants, reaction temperature and reaction time on acetal exchange reaction were investigated. The results showed that the maximum conversion of 84.9% could be obtained with diethylene glycol butyl ether:diethoxymethane=1:3 in mole and in the presence of 1.0% phosphotungstic acid at 80℃ for 90min. The phosphotungstic acid catalyst could be reused for 6 times. The product was characterized by FTIR and ¹H NMR.The reaction mechanism of the exchange reaction was also provided. The method for the preparation of bis(glycol ether) acetals has several advantages, such as mild reaction conditions, friendly environment, simple operation and wide glycol ether substrates scope.

Red mud is an industrial waste generated from alumina process with a low extend of comprehensive utilization, and it is widely considered to be a potential resource. It is of great research interest and broad significance to recover iron from red mud due to high contents and large amounts. In this paper, The common process routes and research status of the extraction and recovery of red mud at home and abroad were introduced. The basic characteristics of red mud derived at home and abroad were summarized, and the differences in iron content of chemical and mineral composition of red mud were described. Recovery methods including separation, leaching and extraction of iron from red mud can be concluded as direct physical separation, the reduction-magnetic separation and hydrometallurgy extraction method. The basic principles for separation, reduction and extraction process of three main methods were summarized, respectively. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods mentioned were pointed out in terms of feasibility, energy consumption and cost. Furthermore, how to obtain the breakthrough of iron recovery from red mud for industrial application were discussed. It was concluded that the cost for iron recovery remained the main decisive factor. At last, valorization other valuable element in red mud when recovery of iron was proposed as future research directions.

Nowadays, coal-fired power generation is applied widely in most countries, and the SO₂ control is important. In this paper, several magnesium methods which have been applied were introduced, and their drawbacks were analyzed. The development direction of magnesium methods were put forward. The dry/semi-dry methods will be used widely in the coal-fired power plants for a generation or more, which might be hindered by the low desulfurization efficiency. According to this, the modified adsorbent is one of fundamental methods. Meanwhile, byproduct reuse can be achieved for the lower cost. The pollution control is aimed at the single pollutant. However, with the severer environmental protection requirement, more and more equipment will be used, which is complicated. So, integrative flue-gas pollutants removal technology will be developed, which based on the dry methods. This paper provides a reference for magnesium desulfurization.

With the exhaust of sulphide ores, development and utilization of oxide ores have been received increasing attention in recent years. Sulfidization flotation is an extensively used method to recover copper/lead/zinc oxide minerals, and sulfidization is a key part of this methodology. In this review, five oxidized minerals bearing copper, lead or zinc were introduced. Roles on oxidized minerals flotation of sulfidation were dissected. The surface sulfidization mechanism of oxide minerals and its influenced factors were presented. Two stages are involved in the sulphidizing process:chemical adsorption and chemical reaction. After adsorption on the particle surface, the sulfide ions might react with oxide minerals to form a metal sulfide coating, which activate minerals flotation. The sulphidizing reactions are affected by pH and slurry temperature, sulphidizing reactions time, sulphidizing agent dosage and its addition form, metal ions and minerals characteristic, etc. There may be interaction among the factors. Surface sulfidization can be enhanced with some reagents which can improve the rate and limit of sulphidizing reactions, or mechanical strength of reaction products. The results suggested that some influence factors and mechanism of enhanced sulfidization are unclear. In order to guide practice better, further studies on them are needed based on multidiscipline approaches, in-situ measuring technique and computer simulation which are also the research directions and inevitable requirement for flotation.

The CO₂ capture peformance of the CaCO₃ doped with Cl through impregnation method was investigated in a dual fixed-bed reactor together TGA measurment. A gas-solid ion reactive adsorption kinetics model was employed to describe the chemical-reaction controlled stage of the carbonation process of the sorbent. The results show that the existence of Cl has negative effect on the CO₂ capture with the calcium based sorbent. When the Cl/Ca molar ratio is greater than 0.25%, both the carbonation rate and the lasting time during the chemical reaction controlled stage decrease with the increae of the Cl/Ca molar ratio, leading to a low ultimate carbonation conversion in this stage. The pore distribution of the Cl^- doped sorbent were analyzed through N₂ adsorption method. The existence of Cl leads to a lower BET surface area and reduced pore distribution in the range of 10-120nm, resulting in higher CO₂ diffusion resistance in the sorbent and less CaO that can react with CO₂. Thus, the carbonation rate and ultimate conversion of the Cl^- doped sorbent in the chemical reaction controlled stage are lower. Therefore, high content Cl in the final sorbents should be avoided when choosing calcium materials as CO₂ sorbent or synthesizing high reactive calcium-based sorbent.

In recent years, the abuse of antibiotics has become one of the most prominent issues due to the wide detection of antibiotics in the aquatic environment, and the associated risks to aquatic ecological system and human health. Sodium percarbonate (SPC), which has a strong oxidation capacity and is friendly to the environment, is promising in groundwater remediation. However, up till now, there have been few studies on the removal of antibiotics by SPC. Thus, the performance of Fe(Ⅱ) activated SPC[SPC/Fe(Ⅱ)] process to remove sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a typical antibiotic, was evaluated in the present study. The effects of pH, inorganic ions and humic acid were extensively investigated. The results showed that SMX was efficiently removed by SPC/Fe(Ⅱ) process. The removal efficiencies increased from 45.2% to 91.9%, with the increased dosage of Fe(Ⅱ) and SPC. The influence of initial pH, ranging from 3 to 9, was relatively minor. However, when the pH exceeded 10, the degradation did not occur. HCO₃^- inhibited the oxidation significantly. When the concentration of HCO₃^- was 0.6mmol/L, the degradation of SMX declined from 98.9% to 38.6%. High concentration of Cl^- would have slight inhibition on the reaction. When Cl^- reached 60mmol/L, the degradation of SMX decreased from 98.9% to 95%. As for other inorganic ions such as SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, the influence on the reaction was negligible. In addition, humic acid had slight inhibition in the degradation of SMX. The reaction would be inhibited only when humic acid concentration reached 50mg/L.

A double-rod dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was applied to degrade the Brilliant Crocein under different parameters, including energy density, initial conductivity, initial pH, and initial mass concentration and standing time. The active particles such as H₂O₂ and O₃ were detected as well. The UV-vis absorption spectra indicated the N=N and naphthalene ring of the Brilliant Crocein were destroyed. The degradation rate increased with the increase of energy density. The degradation rate reached 70.0% with the energy density of 265.8kJ/L, and the corresponding energy efficiency was up to 2.84mg/(kW·h). The energy efficiency improved when the initial mass concentration increased. The yield of hydrogen peroxide was higher with a longer discharge time, and the persistent effects on the degradation of Brilliant Crocein still existed after discharge. However, the ozone increased first and then decreased.

The preparation of TiO₂/polyphenylsulfone (PPSU)/polyetherimide (PEI) photocatalytic membrane by using wet phase transformation method was studied. The control of humic acid (HAs) and fouling mechanism from wastewater were also investigated. Results showed that the increasing of PEI ratio, water and filtration flux of humic acid were higher and the removal efficiency of humic acid was lower. With the extension of illumination time, the removal efficiencies were tended to stable and there was a recovery phenomenon. Under 0.2 MPa operating pressure, the prepared TiO₂/PPSU/PEI photocatalytic membrane (1%/50%/50%) were the good reversible resistance ratio (R_c/R_t=48.24%), flux and HAs removal efficiency. The permeate flux, photocatalytic removal efficiency of HAs and backwash flux were 34.0L/(m²·h)、63.2% and 22.5L/(m²·h), respectively.

In this study, CO₂ gasification experiments of sludge were carried out in a tube furnace and compared with N₂ pyrolysis experiments. The characteristics of medium-low temperature gasification of sludge and the characteristics of heavy metals' migration and transformation in sludge were systematically studied. The results showed that the peak time of each combustible gas's releasing rate in pyrolysis experiment was in this order:peak of CO < side peak of H₂ < peak of CH₄ ≈peak of C_nH_m < main peak of H₂. But in gasification experiment, the time was in another order:main peak of CO < peak of CH₄ ≈ peak of C_nH_m < peak of H₂ < side peak of CO. The cold gas efficiencies, the weight loss rates of samples and the carbon's residual rates in gasification experiments and pyrolysis experiments were similar to each other when the temperature was between 450℃ and 550℃. However, the gap of cold gas efficiencies increased gradually when the temperature was over 550℃. The gap of weight loss rates of samples and carbon's residual rates increased gradually when the temperature was over 700℃. When the gasification temperature was 850℃, the cold gas efficiency was up to 87%. The residual rates of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb in gasification residues firstly showed a slowly decreasing trend in the range of 450℃ to 700℃ and then dropped faster in the range of 700℃ to 850℃. The residual rate of Cd firstly decreased slowly in the range of 450℃ to 550℃, then decreased significantly in the range of 550℃ to 700℃ and lastly decreased slowly in the range of 700℃ to 850℃. After gasification, the stable morphology ratios of Cr, Ni, Zn, As and Cd in the residues were obviously higher than those ratios in original sludge. However, the stable morphology ratios of Pb and Cu are close to original sludge. When in medium temperature (700℃) gasification, the cold gas efficiency was about 50%. The residual rates of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and As in medium temperature gasification residues were about 1.2 times that of higher temperature (850℃). The rates of Pb and Cd in medium temperature gasification residues were about 2.7 times and 7.5 times that of higher temperature. The proportions of stable forms of heavy metals in residues of medium temperature gasification were close to high temperature, which was less harmful to the environment.

In order to realize the effective reusing, alcoholysis waste liquid of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was decolorized by adsorption and electrochemical methods and reused to degrade PET. Alcoholysis waste liquid, was decolorized by utilizing γ-Al₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, Fe₃O₄@chitosan and activated carbon as adsorbents. The alcoholysis waste liquid of PET was also decolorized by means of electrochemical method by utilizing Fe₃O₄@chitosan nanoparticles as the dispersed electrodes. The effects of decolorization methods, dosage and treating time on the color removal ratio were compared. The dynamic parameters of adsorption and electrochemical reaction were studied. Adsorption kinetic curve conformed to pseudo second order reaction model. The highest color removal ratio of was 84.56% and the maximum unit adsorption mass was 44.84mg/g by treating with 200mg/L activated carbon for 12h. The highest color removal ratio of electrochemical method was 94.62% after 5h treating. The kinetic curve conformed to first order reaction model.

The divalent cations can neutralize the negative charge on activated sludge surface and thus influence its microbial activity and biological flocculation performance. The sequencing batch reactors (SBR) were employed to investigate the effects of Ca²⁺ on the activity and the surface properties of the sludge flocs. The components and structures of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and three-dimensional excitation emission fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM). The relation among Ca²⁺, hydrophobicity and zeta potential of the sludge was revealed and the function of Ca²⁺ during biological flocculation was explicated. The results showed that when influent COD, TN and NH₄⁺-N were 420mg/L, 40mg/L and 35mg/L, respectively, their highest removal efficiencies were up to 96.7%, 90.02% and 73.2%, respectively, under Ca²⁺ concentration of 160mg/L. The maximum dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) were 124mgTF/L and 3.1mg/(min·L), respectively. Ca²⁺ promoted the formation of EPS, improved the biological flocculation performance and enhanced the protein content in EPS. Ca²⁺ formed a bridge with negatively charged functional groups on the surface of EPS. Ca²⁺ adsorbing bridge neutralized the negative charges on the surface of EPS and reduced the electrostatic repulsion between the negative charges on the sludge surface, which stabilized the sludge flocs. Meanwhile, it increased the hydrophobicity of sludge surface and improved the flocculation and settling capability of sludge.

Sodium glutamate (NaGA) is the main component of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Traditional production method is "isoelectric point crystallization-neutralization of acid and alkali". The traditional technology has problems of long process flow, acid-base consumption and environmental pollution, and its sodium glutamic concentration of product solution cannot reach the concentration required for the crystallization process. Therefore, an ion-recombination process based on electrodialysis metahesis was proposed to clean produce sodium glutamate. Experimental verification and process optimization of the electro-membrane process were carried out. Electrodialysis metathesis can realize one-step conversion of raw material solution. High concentration liquid of sodium glutamate product can be obtained directly. Under optimized conditions, the final concentration of product is 1.79mol/L (about 30.2%), the conversion rate is 91.2%, and the energy consumption is 2.98kW·h/kgNaGA. The by-product (NH₄)₂SO₄ can be used as a raw material for producing ammonium fertilizer without secondary pollution. The process shortens the traditional process, without acid and alkali consumption, and secondary pollution. Moreover the resulting concentration of sodium Glutamate product reached the required concentration of the crystallization process, which is significant for electro-membrane process used in the MSG industry. It indicates that it is reasonable to produce NaGA by heterogeneous ion exchange membrane EDI through comparing EDI with ED and homogeneous ion exchange membranes with heterogeneous ion exchange membranes.

The ammonia nitrogen(NH₄⁺-N) concentration in effluent of a chemical industrial wastewater treatment plant had significant annual variations. The pH, concentrations of NH₄⁺-N, anions, metals in influent were not the reasons for inhibiting nitrification and causing the NH₄⁺-N concentration over the standard value in winter and spring. The continuous flow experiments in laboratory showed that dissolved oxygen and mixed liquor suspended solids did not inhibit the nitrification, and were not the reasons for NH₄⁺-N concentration over the standard value in winter and spring. Further analysis showed that the air temperatures had significantly effect on the NH₄⁺-N concentration in effluent and there were two different critical lowest air temperatures. In summer, NH₄⁺-N concentration did not decrease as air temperature rise until it reach to critical lowest air temperature 19-21℃ and then it kept stable in effluent. In winter, NH₄⁺-N concentration in effluent also kept stable as air temperature gradually decreases until the air temperature reach to another critical lowest air temperature 3-5℃ and then steady beyond the standard value. Addition of glucose can improve the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen when the air temperature was too low.