In order to consolidate advantage, further expand market share and lead the future trend, the global oil majors such as ExxonMobil, Shell and BP have been adjusting their refining business strategies and portfolios under the new situation of volatile oil market, demand growth slowdown, energy structure transformation and increased competition. This paper analyzes the situation in details and studies the refining strategic adjustments of the global oil companies. These companies have changed their previous strategy which emphasizes on ‘big and comprehensive’ refining operations to pursuing excellent performance of their competitive assets, insisting on market oriented, leading in the development of disruptive technologies and promoting the low-carbon transformation. The focuses of their refining strategies concentrate on the following areas:maintain the competitive advantage of refining assets and achieve steady growth; emphasize the integration of refining and downstream business; focus on the expansion of key markets and think twice of investment on new projects; maintain leading status in technology innovation and highlight the technical support for business development; make low carbon strategy one of the priorities in advance to enhance the flexibility and adaptability of refining business in the future low carbon scenario. Chinese oil companies could learn experiences from the strategic adjustment of refining business by global oil majors to strengthen their downstream business.

Pulsating heat pipe(PHP)is a heat transfer device with simple structure capable of transferring heat effectively in comparatively small space. Visualization experiment is a common method to study flow characteristics of working fluid, which is very important to understand thermo-hydrodynamics of PHP. Previous studies have shown that bubble flow, slug flow, annular flow or semi-annular flow are common flow patterns. Phenomena such as nucleation boiling, coalescence of bubbles, formation of vapor plug and liquid slug were observed in the closed loop PHP. In this paper, five visualization techniques were introduced. Gas-liquid phase transition and flow patterns observed in the visualization experiments of PHPs in recent two decades were briefly introduced. The influencing factors of flow pattern were analyzed, and the correspondence between flow characteristics and heat transfer performance were summarized. At last, future developments were suggested.

As the core of describing physical phenomena in flow boiling process, source term plays an important role in numerical simulation of flow boiling, which is mainly reflected in:①being derived from the heat and mass transfer mechanisms of the flow boiling process; ②describing boiling heat transfer, two-phase flow characteristics; ③influencing numerical calculation stability. It is of great importance to maintain accuracy, applicability and stability of the source models for numerical study on flow boiling mechanism of the refrigerant. Therefore, the existing source models through the literature review method were sorted out in this paper. Firstly, the source models were reviewed for the numerical simulation of flow boiling according to the roles of source term in the numerical simulation. Then, the research progress of the source models was presented for the pure and mixed working fluids respectively. The pros and cons of classical models such as kinetic model, scalar field model, diffusion model were discussed. Thereafter, typical verification methods of these source models were systematically summarized from the aspects of standard model and experimental verification. On these bases, the development direction of source models for numerical simulation of flow boiling was clearly pointed out.

Wavelet neural network model was obtained to predict tubular corrosion rate for oil-gas gathering and transferring under multiphase dynamics condition. The laboratory multiphase dynamics corrosion experiment was adopted firstly in order to gain coupon corrosion rate in conditions of various operating situation for learning and testing of wavelet neural network prediction model. Then, a multi-factors analysis of variance was used to research the influence on corrosion rate of temperature, pressure, velocity, hydrogen sulfide content, carbon dioxide content, dissolved oxygen content, moisture content, salt content and pH to fulfill factor validity filtration. Finally, the suitable wavelet neural network prediction model was established by the way of learning and testing in the basis of recognition of neuron number of hidden layer. The model reliability was further verified. The result showed that above factors except pressure had great impact on corrosion rate and were considered as effective input signals. 8-17-1 type of wavelet neural network structure exhibited the favorable accuracy and stability when neuron number hidden layer was 17. Levenberg Marquardt optimization algorithm was chosen to train model repeatedly until its root mean square error less than convergence tolerance 0.001. The predicted value was approximately linear with the experimental value. The determination coefficient of learning stage and testing stage was 0.9992 and 0.9967, respectively, and demonstrated the superior correlation. There was also no significant difference between model predicted value and verified one. Therefore, the prediction model of wavelet neural network possessed well capacity of tubular corrosion rate for oil-gas gathering and transferring under multiphase dynamics condition.

The investigation on hydrate particle size distribution characteristics is of great importance for the assurance of deep water flow. In order to simulate hydrate particle size distribution characteristics in pipeline flowing systems, a population balance model based on the dynamics of hydrate particle agglomeration was established first. This model concentrated on the collision frequency, agglomeration efficiency, breakage frequency and particle size distribution of the sub-hydrate-particles, and could well describe the flow behavior of hydrate particles. Subsequently, a three-dimensional geometric model was built according to an experimental setup in the literature and then solved using software FLUENT 14.5 together with several relevant solid-liquid two-phase flow models. In this way, the influences of initial hydrate particle size distribution, hydrate volume fraction, flow rate and initial hydrate particle size on the types and regularities of hydrate particle size distribution were simulated. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results in literature and could provide references for hydrate management strategies.

In order to improve the heat transfer efficiency of the pulsating heat pipe heat exchanger(PHPHE)in the exhaust energy recovery of air conditioning system, a new type of parallel channel plate pulsating heat pipe heat exchanger was proposed. Firstly, the detailed research was carried out on the heat transfer performance of the single-chip heat pipe in the air-conditioning of exhaust energy in summer condition. The influencing factors include channel equivalent diameter, liquid filling rate, working fluid type, speed of wind and inclination angle. On the bases of the above, the heat transfer efficiency of the PHPHE formed by seven pieces of heat pipe in line was calculated. Results showed that R141b is an appropriate working fluid and the optimum filling rate is 25%. The heat transfer performance was enhanced with the increase of fresh air temperature and wind speed. The pulsating heat pipe almost cannot start up, when the difference between the indoor air temperature and the exhaust air temperature is less than 6℃. The heat transfer efficiency of the PHPHE is 44.1%. The micro-inclination angle can make this system keeping higher heat transfer efficiency without orientation changes in different seasons. The better installation angle is around +2°.

The effects of condensation conditions on the cycle performance of ORC (organic Rankine cycle) using zeotropic mixtures as working fluids for recovering exhaust heat of engine were analyzed in this paper. R245/cyclohexane and R245 fa/cyclopentane were selected as working fluids. Fixed condenser bubble temperature, fixed condenser dew temperature and optimized condensation temperature were considered as condensation conditions. The impacts of condensation conditions on the cycle performance were performed by establishing energy and exergy model of the ORC. Method determining condensation temperature was presented when using zeotropic mixtures as working fluids. Results showed that condensation condition is an important factor affecting the cycle performance. The cycle performance of pure component is better than that of mixture under the fixed condenser bubble temperature, however, the conclusion is opposite under the fixed condenser dew temperature. The condensation temperature of mixture should be optimized according to the inlet and outlet temperature of cooling air, temperature glide of mixture and pinch point temperature. Two optimal working fluids mass fractions maximize the net power output for cooling air increases less than the maximum condensation temperature glide, while the highest net power output appears at the higher mass fraction of the better cycle performance component. For the cooling air increases more than the maximum condensation temperature glide, the maximum net power output appears at the mass fraction of the maximum temperature glide.

The heat exchanger network retrofit model based on actual heat load distribution was established. The stage-wise superstructure model with non-isothermal takes into account the trade-offs between operation cost and retrofit cost involving the cost of increasing area of the existing heat exchangers, configuring new heat exchangers, repiping the streams and moving the existing heat exchangers. The differences between original heat exchanger network and structure after retrofitting were taken into account. Meanwhile, the deviations between the existing equipment area and the required area were also averted. Heat load distribution of heat exchanger network was calculated according to actual heat transfer area after the recycle of existing equipment. The genetic algorithm was applied to optimize heat exchanger network structure. Result indicated that structure of heat exchanger network after retrofitting has outstanding energy-saving benefits and more energy recovery with lower modification cost, all over a short return on investment of only 0.43 years. Moreover, the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method were demonstrated.

Microemulsion is usually composed of water, oil, salt, surfactant and additives, and each component affects phase behavior and solubilization of microemulsion system. The effects of inorganic salt species and concentration on phase behavior of CTAB microemulsion were studied by using Winsor phase diagram and ε-β fish phase diagram. It was found that the microemulsion of Winsor I→ Winsor Ⅲ→Winsor Ⅱ changed with the increase of inorganic salt concentration or alcohol content, but the inorganic salt with different cations or anions had different effects on phase behavior of microemulsion system. In the microemulsion system, inorganic salt mainly reacts with the counter ion of the surfactant. The inorganic salt anion has a stronger effect on cationic surfactant of microemulsion system, and the higher the valence state, the greater the ionic radius, the greater the effect on microemulsion phase. Through the analysis of interfacial composition and solubilization parameters under different inorganic salt conditions, the change of inorganic salt species had little effect on the distribution of fish head and fish surface surfactant and the distribution of alcohol in the interface layer;the change of anion in inorganic salt has a great effect on the solubilization ability of microemulsion. The change of cation has little effect on the solubilization ability of microemulsion.

To investigate the gas-solid flow characteristics in an ultra-high riser, the upper 20m of the original 60-meter-high cold CFB riser of the 600MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler in the Sichuan Baima power plant, was changed into a rectangular cross section riser. It was focused on illustrating the impacts of the fluidizing velocity on the axial/section distribution of particle concentration and diameter in the upper riser. The experimental results indicated that the distribution of particle concentration and diameter was closely correlated with fluidizing velocity and geometric structure. At a certain initial height of bed materials, the void fraction at the top of the riser stayed uniform, then decreased along the axial direction, and finally appeared an inverted C-shape distribution with the increase of fluidizing velocity. Moreover, a non-uniform section distribution of particle concentration was observed at high fluidizing velocity, where the particle concentration was obviously larger near the short side than that near the long side. Besides, the average particle diameter increased with the fluidizing velocity, and distributed uniformly along the section. However, the particle diameter decreased slightly along the height direction and was slightly smaller near the short side than that near the long side in the upper riser.

A hybrid microchannel/grooved heat pipes heatsink was designed based on excellent characteristics of gas and liquid flow separation in axial grooved heat pipes at work. The heatsink contains 20 Ω-shape parallel channels on the substrate, and the zone between top sides of the ribs and the bottom side of the glass cover plate forms a vapor chamber in boiling condition. The structure was designed to remit the instability boiling problems such as gas plunger and vapor return symptoms in large-size or high heat flux dissipation conditions. The experiments were divided into two main parts:visualization experiments and heat transfer performance test with the usage of a digital camera and a data acquisition system. Absolute ethyl alcohol and 3M Novec HFE 7100 electronic coolant were used as working fluid in all experiments. The two variables of effective input heat flux q_eff and mass flux q_m were respectively controlled by voltage and electric current of the direct-current source and indirectly controlled by the control voltage of the micro gear pump. The range of q_eff was 0-30.32W/cm² and the range of q_m was 280.37(534.5)-533.26(807.22)kg/(m²·s) for C₂H₅OH(HFE 7100). To maintain same coolant properties, the inlet fluid temperature was kept at 20℃ by the cooling machine. Visualization experiments indicated that the boiling regimes from onset boiling state in low heat flux to nuclear boiling match well with the measuring temperature. The experimental results showed that, when q_m=280.37kg/(m²·s)、q_eff=30.32W/cm², the max heat transfer coefficient is 9494W/(m·℃);the coolant vapor can easily escapes from the top side of channels in fully developed boiling condition so that this design can control the instability boiling problems caused by vapor plunger effectively.

Microalgae has become the ideal renewable energy due to its low production costs,higher esters and glycerol content. Hydrothermal liquefaction has drawn a lot of attentions because of directly processing wet biomass and converting microalgae into high quality substitute for petroleum at appropriate temperature and pressure. This paper explores the hydrothermal degradation pathways of three components(protein,lipid and carbohydrate)of microalgae and main influencing factors including temperature,residence time,solvent,catalyst,and other reaction conditions of the microalgae hydrothermal treatment. To improve the economic efficiency of the microalgae bio-oil,further optimization of the reaction conditions and reduction of the cost of catalyst should be addressed. It is also suggested that hydrothermal liquefaction microalgae should concentrate the high value-added components of liquid products to realize the comprehensive utilization of high value-added chemicals,which has certain commercial value for the microalgae bio-oil.

The corn straw is the residues produced in the process of agricultural production. Gasification process is an important choice for corn straw's treatment and application. A circulating fluidized bed gasification pilot plant was built to study the effect of air equivalence ratio and water content of raw materials on gasification characteristics, such as reaction temperature, gas composition and calorific value, gasification efficiency, and tar content in produced gas. The optimized operating conditions under different loadings were obtained by changing the feed quantity experiment. The results showed that the gasification temperature and CO₂ in fluidized bed gradually increased with the increase of ER, while the calorific value and tar content both decreased. The gasification efficiency increased first but then decreased. The optimum range of ER was 0.26, and the gasification efficiency and calorific value could reach 70.2% and 5.1MJ/m³ respectively. The increase of raw material moisture content decreased the reaction temperature in the gasification furnace. H₂ content, gas calorific value and gasification efficiency all increased with the increase of moisture content from 5% to 15%. The gas calorific value and gasification efficiency declined rapidly when moisture content increase from 15% to 25%. The better operating conditions were obtained when gasifier operated within a load range 66%-120% of the design feeding rates. The optimum range of ER was 0.26-0.3, and the calorific value and gasification efficiency were 4.8-5.1MJ/m³ and 69%-72% respectively.

A mathematical model for solar binary-flashing cycle (SBFC) driven by flat-plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors was developed based on EES (engineering equation solver) software in this paper. With R245fa as working fluids, the effect of hot water temperatures at solar collector outlet, ranging from 353.15K to 373.15K, on the thermodynamic performance and investment cost of the SBFC system has been analyzed. In the analysis, the net power output, thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, exergy loss and specific investment cost were selected as performance indicators. Results showed that under the given working conditions, an increase in the hot water temperature at solar collector outlet could significantly improve the thermodynamic performance of the SBFC system. The thermodynamic performance of the system with ETC outperformed that of with FPC; and the advantage increased with the increased hot water temperature at solar collector outlet. Meanwhile, it was also found that the investment cost of solar collector accounted for the largest proportion of the total investment cost and the system with ETC had higher investment cost than that of with FPC. Besides, the specific investment cost decreased with the increased hot water temperature at solar collector outlet.

Thermogravimetric apparatus (TGA) and HBR are widely employed for determining the gasification kinetics. However,the limiting external mass transfer could not be avoided in these types of apparatus because the reacting gas is usually not allowed to flow through the sample bed. Consequently,the kinetics determined in TGA and HBR may not be intrinsic. To investigate this problem,a VBR and a HBR were used to study the kinetics of K₂CO₃ -catalysed steam gasification of pinewood char. The gasification experiments were conducted isothermally in the temperature range of 690-750℃ and at atmospheric pressure with 10% and 15% K₂CO₃ loadings. A characteristic difference of VBR from HBR was that the steam passed through the sample grain bed with a high flow velocity in the former reactor,resulting in an accelerated external mass transfer. It was found that the mean gasification rate obtained in VBR was 2.0-2.8 times that from HBR at a comparable condition. The activation energies obtained in VBR decreased with increasing carbon conversion,while those obtained in HBR showed an increase trend. These results were attributed to the different effects of external diffusion limitations in two types of reactor. A modified random pore model (MRPM) was found to be fit to the profiles of rate versus carbon conversion obtained from both reactors,but with distinct differences in the kinetic parameters.

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis combined with ash melting temperature measurements were used to study the morphological changes of minerals in the combustion process of high sodium coal of Wucai Wan and the effects of sewage sludge on the formation characteristics of ash. The results showed that when the sludge addition mass ratio of sludge/coal (S/C)=4, (F_s)_sludge=1150℃, the sludge could not significantly increase the ash melting temperature. Modifying the molar ratio of (SiO₂/Al₂O₃) of sludge to 2, it was found that F_s was higher than 1235℃ so that the ash melting temperature was highly increased when the ratio of S/C was greater than 1. Indicators such as R_b/a、R_b/a(+P)、R_b/a×Na and so on were good in predicting of fouling and slagging of the co-combustion of high sodium coal and sludge. Combusting at 800-1100℃, the main minerals in ash such as albite, hedenbergite, hauyne were with low melting point and high meltability under air atmosphere. Nepheline and other high melting point minerals were fusibility and disappear at low temperature. When adding sludge to coal, the new formed minerals with high melting temperature such as Ca₃(PO₄)₂, Ca₂P₂O₇ and CaAl₂Si₂O₈, which help to raise the ash melting temperature, were formed in the ash. But high (SiO₂/Al₂O₃) ratio and Fe content in sludge were readily to react with aluminum silicates to produce amorphous substance with a low melting point. And it will inhibit the role of P in the sludge to increase the ash melting temperature.

The integration of flue gas denitrification and waste heat recovery inside heat exchange tubes loading with the denitrification catalyst has shown a good prospect. However, high-efficient and stable technique to load the denitrification catalyst on the surface of the iron substrate are lacked in practical application. In this paper, various loading methods and their characteristics of denitrafication catalyst on the surface of metallic matrix at home and abroad are reviewed. The direct loading method such as impregnation method, powder-coated method, ion-exchange method, pulsed laser deposition method, roller pressure method, slurry spraying method, and the indirect loading method such as sol-gel method, high-temperature oxidation method, plasma spraying method, high velocity oxygen fuel method, arc spraying method and electrophoretic deposition method are discussed respectively. At the same time, in order to provide reference for the application of the integration technology of flue gas denitrification and waste heat recovery, the advantages and disadvantages of the direct and indirect loading methods are compared and analyzed. One of the plasma spraying-impregnation method was proposed as a feasible method for loading denitrification catalyst on the surface of the iron substrate.

Cerium dioxide has been widely used in the field of heterogeneous catalysis because of its relatively high oxygen storage capacity. The agglomeration, however, restricts its applications because there is a sharp decrease in oxygen storage capacity and reactivity during catalytic process at high temperatures. The doping of heterogeneous metal ions is the most effective way to improve the catalytic performance of cerium-based solid solution, which can cause lattice distortion, increase the oxygen anion mobility and improve the oxygen storage capacity of the cerium-based solid solution. In this paper, the research progress of ion-doped cerium-based solid solution in the field of catalysis was reviewed. The foreign ions can be transition metals, precious metals, rare earth metals, alkaline earth metals and alkali metals. Based on the physicochemical properties of the dopant elements, the effects of heterogeneous metal ions on the oxygen storage capacity, the dispersion of active components, the activity and stability of the cerium-based solid solution were summarized. The review points out that further research should be more focused on increasing the solubility of heterogeneous metal ions in cerium dioxide crystal lattice and enhancing the stability in cases of high humidity, high toxicity and long term.

In this paper, we prpared low viscosity poly-alpha-olefin base oil from 1-decene with BF₃/acetic acid as the catalyst. We investigated the effects of reaction temperature, reaction pressure, reaction time, BF₃/acetic acid complex dosage and the recycle of BF₃/acetic acid complex on the performance of PAO products. Experimental results showed that when the reaction was taken place at temperature of 30℃, pressure of 0.2MPa, and with reaction time of 2h, and the mass ratio of fresh BF₃/acetic acid complex to 1-decene of 1:100, the conversion rate of 1-decene was > 99.4%, and the yield of PAO was > 95.7%, The kinematic viscosity of the obtained product at 100℃ was 4.33mm²/s, and the viscosity index was 134, the pour point was -53℃. The recycling of BF₃/acetic acid complex can effectively reduce the production costs and the pollution emissions, but the catalytic activity was decreased. However, when some fresh BF₃/acetic acid complex were added into the recycled ones, the composition and PAO performance of the products were almost the same as those produced with fresh complexes.

Spinel ferrite MnFe₂O₄ magnetic nano catalysts were prepared through hydrothermal synthesis. Their morphology and structure were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, BET and TG/DTA. Methylene blue (MB), Rhodamine B and phenol were selected as the degradation object for activity test. The results showed that when the reaction conditions were 0.5g/L catalyst and 1.25mmol/L H₂O₂, 20℃ and pH=7, the degradation rate of MB, Rhodamine B, phenol reached 97.34%, 94.48% and 16.63% respectively in 130 minutes. Moreover, the degradation rate of MB was increased to 95.61% within 50min with the introduction of ultrasound, which was higher than that of the sole heterogeneous Fenton reaction system, indicating the synergistic effect between ultrasonic cavitation and heterogeneous Fenton reaction. The identification of active center revealed that high valence ferrite is the main active substance of the dye degradation system, whereas the hydroxyl free radical is the most important for phenol degradation. Recycle tests showed that the catalysts had high activity, good stability and excellent renewable capacity.

Four transition metal oxides of NiO, Fe₂O₃, Co₃O₄ and MoO₃, were respectively supported on USY molecular sieves by equal volume impregnation to prepare M_xO_y/USY bifunctional catalysts. The catalysts, all with 9% transition metal oxides, were characterized by ICP, XRD, BET, TEM, NH₃-TPD, and TG. The rapid pyrolysis experiments of shendong coal were conducted on a self-built powder-particle fluidized bed. The results showed:① M_xO_y/USY bifunctional catalysts increased the yield of the gas product and the amount of carbon deposition, and decreased the yield of the liquid product, but had no effect on the yield of the char. ② M_xO_y/USY increased the production of CH₄ and CO, but decreased the yield of H₂ and C₂. The bifunctional catalysts significantly reduced the content of naphthalene compound and biphenyl (poly) benzene in the tar, while increased the content of aliphatic hydrocarbons,monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,phenolic compounds and oxygen compounds. ③ The four M_xO_y/USY bifunctional catalysts showed differences in the regulation of the product and its composition. In addition,Fe₂O₃/USY and Co₃O₄/USY had similar regulatory effect on products and their composition. But Fe₂O₃/USY had a higher gas selectivity,and the total gas yield for Fe₂O₃/USY was as high as 23%. NiO/USY increased both the C₃ yield by 79% and the content of aliphatic hydrocarbons,phenols and oxygen compounds in the tar by 1555%,739%,412%, respectively,but decreased the CO₂ yield by 91% and the content of naphthalenes by 46%. MoO₃/USY increased the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by 8%.

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs)is an important filler for preparation of high conductivity polymeric composites due to its excellent axial ultra-high thermal conductivity. In present paper, the latest research progresses in the heat conductive CNTs/polymer composites are reviewed. The thermal conduction mechanism of CNTs/polymer composites, and the influencing factors, such as the CNTs concentration, size and microstructure, surface modification, hybrid fillers, and polymer structure, on the thermal conductivity of the composites are discussed. Compared with electric conductivity, thermal conductivity of CNTs/polymer composites is far behind the expectations due to the mismatch of phonon frequency between CNTs and polymer which causes significant phonon scattering at the interface, and thereby decreases the thermal conductivity. Some feasible strategies to improve the thermal conductivity are analyzed and summarized, and future research and development direction should mainly focus on constructing special isolated structure or orientation and alignment structure of CNTs in a matrix to form heat conductive pathways for the transfer of phonons.

Polycarboxylate-type superplasticizers(PC) is an indispensable component of high performance concrete. In this paper, maleic anhydride (MAH), acrylic acid (AA) and methyl allyl polyoxyethylene ether (TPEG) were used as monomers to synthesize maleic anhydride polycarboxylate superplasticizers(MAHPC) by aqueous solution free polymerization. These copolymers were characterized by IR and GPC and the molecular structure of MAHPC was the comb structure with long side chain. The results reveal that the decrease of COO-concentration in MAHPC results in the decrease of the adsorption capacity on the cement surface and the properties of cement paste when the MAH substitution for AA is increased. MAHPC had a good retardation effect on the cement slurry, so the cement slurry still had good workability after 3h flow loss. In the alkaline slurry, the COO-of MAHPC was adsorbed on the cement and cement hydrate as an anchor group. The long side chains of MAHPC had the synergistic effect of steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion, which helps to disperse the cement.

Magnetic ion exchange resin (MIER) was successfully prepared using styrene type strongly alkaline ion exchange resin as matrix and with the method of co-precipitation. The surface morphology, magnetic component and magnetic property of MIER were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The effects of adsorption time, temperature, pH and competitive ions on the adsorption performance of MIER to Cl^- in waste water were studied. The results showed that the MIER's surface was rough, the magnetic component was Fe₃O₄, and the saturation magnetization was about 2.23emu/g. Adsorption time, temperature and pH all had great influence on the adsorption performance. When the adsorption time was 3h, temperature was 30℃, and pH=3, the saturated adsorption capacity of MIER could reach 140.43mg/g. The anti-interference ability and the adsorption selectivity to Cl^- were enhanced in the wastewater containing competing ions such as SO₄^2- or NO₃^-.

Considerable attention on next generation rechargeable battery has been attracted by sodium-ion batteries(SIB), due to the similar working mechanism and electrochemistrical properties to lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, review of cathode materials of SIB has been made. Typical properties of different cathode materials were introduced firstly. Two major deficiencies of large ionic radius and slow diffusion velocity were pointed out. On the one hand, sodium ion owned larger ion radius, which will cause structural wreck during cycling. On the other hand, larger ion radius may cause a slower kinetics, which will indicate a poor rate performance. Then, different modification methods and their performance in application was reviewed. This review provides a foundation for future investigation of the cathode materials of sodium-ion batteries.

Wrinkling and deformation of the microcapsule membrane introduced by flow are commonly observed, and have been stuided both experimentally and computationally. However, there are few discussions on the effect of different factors inside the micro-channel on the wrinkling of the microcapsules and on the effect of the wrinkles on the actual microcapsule size and membrane area. To solve this problem, we prepared a series of polyamide microcapsules with wrinkled membrane, and empolyed a solvent soaking method to make the wrinkled membrane outspread, which allows the actual particle size and membrane area to be measurable. We also put forward the concept of wrinkling degree to define different wrinkling situations. During the preparation of microcapsules, we found that the wrinkling degree of the microcapsules increased along with the increase of the fluid viscosity and the continuous phase flow. When these two factors were fixed, the wrinkling degree didn't change with the microcapsule size. The reason is that the change of the wrinkle degree is mainly related to the flow shear. Furthermore, the microcapsules with wrinkle membrane could be used to prepare double layered microcapsules.

During the fracture process of oil production,the rapid break of hydrogel fracturing fluid would negatively affect the fracturing construction. To solve this problem,a microcapsule breaker with the sustained-release performance is the key point. Ammonium persulfate (APS) was microencapsulated with the shell of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) via coacervation induced by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Here,we investigated the composition structure,micro-morphology,particle size distribution,and release performance of product,and the influence factors. It is concluded that the APS microcapsules coated with ABS (APS/ABS microcapsules) were microspheres at micron scale which possess a core-shell structure,good slow release property and benign breaking performance for the hydraulic gel fracturing system. There were some factors such as the ratio of nuclear to shell,the viscosity of PDMS and stirring rate affecting the particle size distribution,release property of the microcapsules and the embedding rate of ammonium persulfate in the microcapsules. Once the viscosity of PDMS surpassed 3000mm²/s,the embedding rate of ammonium persulfate in microcapsule breaker could be > 70%. In addition,all the reagents could be recycled to lower production cost during the preparation process. Therefore,it is an economical and feasible method to achieve the microencapsulation of APS through ABS coacervation induced by PDMS.

Solution combustion synthesis was firstly adopted to prepared Ca/Cu composites for low-cost carbon capture. The synthesis conditons such as background temperature of combustion and calcination time were investigated on a thermogravimetric analyzer to test their effects on the performance and cyclic stability of the sorbents. Microstructure of the sorbent was further analyzed by SEM and nitrogen sorption. It was demonstrated that carbonation of Ca/Cu composites, calcinated at background temperature of 800℃ for 0.5h with molar ratio of Ca:Cu=1:1 after 15 cycles, reached 51.2%, 44.9%, higher than that of pure CaO. The as-synthesized sorbents possessed a clear self-activation capacity through the 15 cycle tests, exhibiting enhanced carbonation performance with the increase of cycles. Meanwhile, the ability of oxygen-carrying kept stable, with the oxidation rate higher than 90%. Microstructure characterization indicated that there was no severe sintering or decline in BET specific area for Ca/Cu composites after 15 cycles. The results provide valuable data for further study of Ca/Cu composites by solution combustion synthesis.

Porous graphene aerogels (emGA) were fabricated using emulsion method. Different emGA were prepared through changing the emulsion oil/water ratio. Analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nitrogen adsorption showed that emGA had porous structure with specific surface areas of 103.3-243.1m²/g. Most oxygen-containing functional groups were removed after hydrothermal reduction. The adsorption of emGA to MB in water was investigated by changing the methylene blue(MB) concentration and temperature. The results indicate that the larger the specific surface area of emGA, the greater the equilibrium adsorption capacity of MB. High initial MB concentration and temperature are beneficial for the adsorption of emGA. The adsorption kinetics is well described by the pseudo second-order and intra-particle diffusion models, and the adsorption process can be divided into macropore diffusion and micropore diffusion. The adsorption isotherm data are well fitted by the Langmuir model, indicating that MB adsorption belongs to single molecular layer adsorption. Large specific surface area is favorable for the MB adsorption on emGA. The saturated adsorption capacity of emGA-2 is 307.7mg/g, given by the Langmuir model, which is to the experimental value of 291.3mg/g. Analysis of the thermodynamic parameters shows at the adsorption of MB on emGA is a spontaneous endothermic process, and belongs to physical adsorption.

Molded biochar was prepared at pyrolysis final temperatures of 400℃, 500℃, 600℃, 700℃, 800℃ and oxygen content of 0, 2%, 4%, 6% respectively. Using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the specific surface area analyzer (SSA), the pore structure characteristics of the obtained molded biochar were analyzed. The effects of pyrolysis atmosphere with different final temperatures and different oxygen contents on the pore structure of molded biochar were studied. The results showed that, under the condition of inert atmosphere, the specific surface area increased firstly and then gradually decreased with temperature ranging from 400℃ to 800℃. The macro-porous were more easily observed from the SEM in the final temperature at 800℃. As the oxygen concentration was large, which promoted the pyrolysis. The specific surface area and the pore volume increased when the temperature remained constant and the oxygen volume fraction increased from 0 to 6%, but the rate of the increase decreased when at 600~800℃. It showed that with the same oxygen content pyrolysis atmosphere, with the increase of the final temperature, the specific surface area first increased and then decreased. At the same final temperature, the specific surface area increased with the increase of oxygen content in the pyrolysis atmosphere, while the specific surface area increase slowed down at higher final temperature and higher oxygen content in pyrolysis atmosphere. And the increase of specific surface area helped enhance the sorption capacity of the molded biochar.

According to the corrosion characteristics and the corrosion protection requirements of metal materials, ZnO thin films were prepared by anodic oxidation method and then the ZnO films were modified by polyaniline by constant potential method. The properties of ZnO thin films and ZnO/PANI composite films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photocurrent, open-circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that the ZnO/PANI composite films have been successfully prepared with excellent corrosion protection performance. The photocurrent and open-circuit potential (OCP) experiments show that the corrosion protection performance of the ZnO/PANI composite film is 2~3 times higher than that of the nano-ZnO thin films. The photocurrent of the ZnO thin film increases by 7μA, and the OCP decreases by 5mV, while the photocurrent of the composite film increases by 22μA, and the OCP decreases by 13mV. Finally, the analysis of the photo-cathodic protection performance of the two films shows that the ZnO thin films and the ZnO/PANI composite films both have photo-cathodic protection effect on 316L stainless steel and Q235 carbon steel. When we used the composite film to protect 316L stainless steel, the corrosion rate is less than half of that of the ZnO film.

Fumaric acid,as one of the twelve platform chemicals, is an important fine chemical product. However,the development of fumaric acid had been seriously restricted due to the imperfection of the traditional synthetic technology. Therefore, developing a new technology with high efficiency and low energy would become the new research trend in fumaric acid synthesis. In this review, the fermentation strains of fumaric acid (such as bacteria,yeasts and fungi) had been firstly introduced. Among these microbiological fermentation strains,the R. arrhizus has the highest conversion rate and yield strain of fumaric acid; and the R. oryzae is the most powerful strain of fumaric acid. Meanwhile, the synthesis pathway of fumaric acid using different non-grain materials (i.e.,glucose and xylose) and the tolerance mechanism of the R. oryzae under the furfural hydrolysate stress were illustrated clearly. Specially, the prospects and problems of fumaric acid synthesis using the synthetic strain had also been discussed in detail. Based on the above analysis, the comprehensive analysis of the inhibition mechanism of non-grain materials on fumaric acid microbiological synthesis (especially for all synthesis enzymes) will become a key work in the future. And the strain reconstruction of artificial designing would be also very important in fumaric acid synthesis for exploring the response mechanism of synthetic strain to external environment.

The increasing challenges on gradual depletion of fossil fuel and global warming are driving the development of alternative fuels and utilization of bioenergy. Production of fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks including a variety of agricultural and forestry residues has received increasing interests in recent years. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most commonly used microbial organism for ethanol production. However, it cannot efficiently assimilate xylose, which is the most abundant pentose in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Therefore, construction and optimization of xylose utilizing S. cerevisiae is of great importance for improving economic cellulosic ethanol production. The construction and optimization of recombinant S. cerevisiae strains by integrating xylose utilization pathway, and the effect of xylose transport on xylose assimilation were summarized. Furthermore, the current status of cellulosic ethanol production using the recombinant S. cerevisiae strains was discussed, and further prospects on improvement of production efficiency of cellulosic ethanol was provided. Currently, the yield of ethanol from xylose by the recombinant strains has been improved significantly. However, the regulatory mechanisms of xylose metabolism remain unclear, which limits further optimization of production efficiency. In addition, the evaluation of fermentation performance of the recombinant strains using various lignocellulosic hydrolysates is limited. Future studies will be focused on the regulation of xylose metabolism in the recombinant strains, and the influence of various inhibitors in the hydrolysates on fermentation performance will be emphasized. Strain optimization will be further explored in combination with different fermentation processes, and economic production of celluosic ethanol using the efficient recombinant stain is expected to be achieved.

Compared with intracellular proteins, the secretory protein production has the advantages of rapid and convenient production as well as easy downstream separation. Therefore, the protein secretion systems and secretion mechanisms of bacteria and fungi are first summarized, then the effects of protein secretion system, protein folding and secretion process,metabolic burden and fermentation conditions on protein secretion are analyzed and the resulting bottlenecks are listed. Based on these, the expression system, protein secretory component, omics studies and fermentation conditions involved in protein secretion are reviewed, and the corresponding optimization strategies are put forward to provide more available information and inspiration for efficient protein secretion, aiming to offer some theoretical basis and technical support for the efficient production of heterologous proteins using microbes as cell factories in the future.

Sustained-release can improve the drug utilization rate and reduce its toxicity. Calcium alginate/halloysite drug loaded microspheres were prepared by cross-linking method. The preparation conditions and release properties of drug loaded microspheres were investigated by the entrapment efficiency and the release effect of metformin hydrochloride (MH). The as-prepared microspheres were characterized by SEM, FTIR and TGA. The results showed that the microspheres had a better encapsulation efficiency (79.23%) under optimum prepare conditions that the cross linking temperature was 0℃, the amount of sodium alginate was 1g and the amount of halloysite was 2g, respectively. The prepared drug-loaded microspheres showed good pH sensitivity and sustained release effect, and they could be effectively released in phosphate buffer of pH=6.8, and the sustained release rate reached 85.83% within 720min. The calcium alginate solidified particles and halloysite formed composite structure in drug-loaded microsphere demonstrated by SEM images. The FTIR results showed that MH was mainly distributed in drug loaded microspheres in the form of physical embedding. The TGA results demonstrated that adding halloysite can improve the thermal stability of composites over 200℃.

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is an important bio-based monomer with broad market prospect in producing the bio-based polyesters, such as poly(ethylene furandicarboxylate) (PEF). Production of FDCA in large scale with high efficiency and low cost is the key for development of FDCA-based polyesters. At present, R&D of FDCA has attracted extensive attention from academy to industry. In this paper, the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) route for FDCA synthesis was reviewed, including HMF synthesis via dehydration of sugar in water, high boiling point organic solvent, low boiling point organic solvent, two-phase solvent system and ionic liquid, FDCA synthesis via oxidation of HMF in base-free water, base solution and organic solvent, and one-pot FDCA synthesis from sugar. Based on comparison of various reported methods, perspectives are given that the FDCA R&D should be focus on the sugar dehydration to HMF in low boiling point solvent and HMF oxidation to FDCA in base-free water or organic solvent, which will establish the foundation for eventually realizing inexpensive and efficient one-pot FDCA synthesis directly from sugar without separation of the intermediate HMF.

Fracturing technology is very important for improving the production capacity of the low permeability reservoir, and the recovery of oil and gas wells. The fracturing fluids are the key factors to affect the fracturing effect.Gemini surfactant clean fracturing fluids have become the key items in the development of new generation clean fracturing fluids, for its excellent utilization property compared with the water base plant fracturing fluid and traditional clean fracturing fluids with single-tailed surfactant as viscosifier. The recent advances in the preparation, performance and application of gemini surfactant clean fracturing fluids were reviewed in this paper. Different gemini surfactant clean fracturing fluids, including cationic gemini surfactant clean fracturing fluids, anionic gemini surfactant clean fracturing fluids, zwitterionic gemini surfactant clean fracturing fluids are compared, and the applications of gemini surfactant clean fracturing fluids in oilfield are also discussed. Cationic gemini surfactant clean fracturing fluids could be applied in medium-high temperature oilfields with the advantage of mature preparation methods and good anti-temperature property, the disadvantage of cationic gemini surfactant clean fracturing fluids is high cost. Anionic gemini surfactant clean fracturing fluids has the advantage of lower damage to reservoir permeability and stratum adsorption amount of surfactant, the disadvantage of anionic gemini surfactant clean fracturing fluids is harsh reaction conditions and medium anti-temperature property, so it could be applied in medium-low temperature oilfields. The zwitterionic gemini surfactant clean fracturing fluids has high anti-temperature property, but it is difficult to apply because of the complex preparation process and high cost. From the view of preparation, performance and practical applications, the research perspective of gemini surfactant clean fracturing fluids was outlined in the end of this paper, which are the development of low-cost methods and the preparation and application of gemini surfactant clean fracturing fluids with high anti-temperature.

The catalysts for making pentaerythritol ester of rosin have some drawbacks, such as strong toxicity and high costs. To solve such problems, a new type of catalyst was proposed to produce rosin pentaerythritol ester in this paper. Using the efficient, nontoxic, environment-friendly and cheap carboxylic acid salts and alkali salts as catalysts, the pentaerythritol ester of rosin was synthesized, and the effects of the variety of catalyst, catalyst amount, n(rosin):n(pentaerythritol), reaction time, and reaction temperature on the catalytic performances were investigated. It was found that zinc stearate was an efficient catalyst for the reaction, and the optimum reaction conditions were obtained as follows:n(rosin):n(pentaerythritol) is 1:0.25, rosin 30.0g, zinc stearate 0.06g, reaction time 7h and reaction temperature 250℃. Under those reaction conditions, the acid value of rosin pentaerythritol ester reached 18.07mg/g, and the melting point and the color of the product was 94.7℃ and 9-10 (Fe-Co scale), respectively. Compared with the traditional catalyst zinc oxide, the obtained product had some advantages such as lighter color, lower softening point and acid value, less catalyst, and lower reaction temperature.

Diester-based silicon quaternary ammonium salts with long carbon chains were synthesized via esterification and quaternization reaction in two steps using behenic acid, N-methyldiethanolamine, and γ-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane. Single-factor and orthogonal array design experiments to synthesis desired products by microwave method were carried out to investigate the optimal reaction conditions, which were the microwave power 800W, material mole ratio n(silane):n(ester amine)=1.2:1, reaction temperature 170℃, the amount of solvent m(solvent):m(raw material)=0.8:1, and reaction time 12h, and a yield of 96.60%. The method overcame the long time-consuming difficulties in the quaterization process of long chain tertiary amine, improved the reaction rate, and obtained a good reaction repeatability. The chemical structures of the intermediates and target compounds were characterized by FTIR and ¹H NMR spectra, which were consistent with the expected results. A simple, rapid and accurate method for the purity determination of quaternary ammonium salts by HPLC-ELSD was established with some reference valuea. The purity of the product was confirmed to reach 98.77% with a stable baseline and sharp peak.The results of performance tests showed that, compared with DC-5700, the target products had good thermal stability, excellent emulsifying and solubilizing properties; the CMC of the aqueous solution was 1.81mmol/L, and the corresponding surface tension was 49.4mN/m.

Heavy metal pollution represents a serious threat to the living population because of their non-degradable, persistent, and accumulative nature. How to remove heavy metal ions from the water has become one of key water issues, and one of the most effective treating methods is adsorption with modified montmorillonite. In this paper, the progress in development of modified montmorillonite for adsorption of heavy metal ions was reviewed, in particular, the sorts and structures of the modified montmorillonite were introduced, such as organic modified montmorillonite, organic modified montmorillonite, and inorganic-organic clay. The paper summarizes the removal ability and mechanism of heavy metal ions by modified montmorillonite and confirms that the modified montmorillonite have excellent feasibility in adsorbing heavy metal ions in water. The preparation of efficient multipurpose montmorillonite/polymer microspheres, hydrogels and membranes will be the research direction of the future. This paper can provide certain scientific directions for study on the modified montmorillonite for adsorption of heavy metal ions in the future research.

The iron-carbon micro-electrolysis technology has obvious advantages, such as high efficiency, ease of operation, less area requirement and cheap raw materials, and has a broad application prospect as well. But there are still some problems remaining to be solved for the mechanism research and practical application. Therefore, the removal mechanism of contaminant from refractory wastewater was comprehensively analyzed. The quantification and coupling relationship of the micro-electrolysis functional mechanism is an important research direction. There are still two major problems in the applied research. The first is agglomeration and passivation of the material. The second is how to improve the applicable pH range of micro-electrolysis. Synthesis of materials and improvement of the reactor were systematically analyzed in this paper. For the former problem, the nanotechnology and high-temperature sintering process could be applied to synthesize new material, and the employment of fluidized bed and internal circulation micro-electrolysis reactor were the solution to the problem. For the latter, modification of the micro-electrolysis material, and employment of electric assist and ozone aeration were the solution. Finally, research and application of the technology were also systematically summarized in dye wastewater, landfill leachate, pharmaceutical wastewater and heavy metal wastewater.

Zinc ferrite high temperature desulfurization sorbents were prepared by microwave and conventional solid-state method., X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterized the phase composition, morphology texture and surface elements of the sorbents prepared by two different methods. The date revealed that the sorbent prepared by microwave features abundance of pore structure, high content and low binding energy of metal element on the surface. The sulfurization behavior of sorbents were investigated on thermal analysis balance. The kinetics parameters of reaction between sorbents and H₂S gas were calculated based on equivalent grain model and the kinetics equations of sulfurization reaction were obtained. The performance of coal gas desulfurization were tested on a fixed bed. The results showed that the sulfurization process was divide into two regions which were chemical reaction control region and intraparticle diffusion control region. The sorbent heated by microwave occupied lower chemical reaction activation energy and intraparticle diffusion activation energy, indicating that it had higher reactivity on the removal of H₂S gas. In the environment of simulated coal gas, the desulfurization performance of sorbent prepared by microwave had a significant improvement with higher sulfur capacity and longer deep desulfurization time as compared with that of sorbent prepared by conventional method.

This paper carried out the experiment about slurryability, rheological properties, stability, and additive adaption of coal water slurry, which was made by organic wastewater from the gas washing process of coal gasification (gas washing water for short), deionized water and Shenhua coal. The results indicated that the solid concentration of coal-gas washing water-slurry can reach more than 61%, which was 1%~2% higher than coal water slurry and pseudoplastic was more obvious. By comparing the effect of different additives, it was found that the dispersing agents NNO and FDN were better. The stability of coal water slurry was related to the structure of additives and ligninesulfonic acid sodium salt (LS) showed a better result because of the formation of steady complex structure. Comparing with coal water slurry, the thixotropy and stability of coal-gas washing water-slurry were slightly lower. The application of coal gasification wastewater for production of coal water slurry not only realized the resource and harmless utilization of wastewater, but also improved the slurry concentration, which was with a good industrial application prospect.

Using the modified ZSM-5 molecular sieve (ZSM-5_m) with micro-mesoporous structure as a support, the laccase was immobilized by physical adsorption method (Lac/ZSM-5_m). The morphology structure, pore size distribution and immobilization of laccase on the support were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, surface area and pore size analyzer, and the laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that Lac/ZSM-5_m had large number of micro nano pores on the support surface with a most probable pore size of 24.8nm. The specific surface area of the ZSM-5_m decreased slightly after the laccase was successfully adsorbed and immobilized in ZSM-5_m. Compared with the free laccase, the immobilized one had a better tolerance to the pH and temperature. The optimal temperature and pH were 50℃ and 3.0-7.0, respectively. It had good operation stability and kept at 69.2% after 10 batch reactions. Taking resorcinol (1,3-DHB) as the target pollutant, the influence of Lac/ZSM-5_m on 1,3-DHB degradation at different initial concentrations was investigated. It was further found that the system conforms to the heterogeneous enzyme reactionkinetics model α(1-α)=(K·t)^χ. Under the following conditions:the ultrasonic power of 120W(45kHz), the temperature of 50℃, pH of 4.0, the initial concentration of 1,3-DHB of 30mg/L, and the dosage of Lac/ZSM-5_m of 8.0g/L, the degradation rate of 1,3-DHB reached 79.4%, which showed a better catalytic activity. The contact reaction assisted by the ultrasonic ZSM-5_m with porous structure can provide the channel for laccase and pollutants, shorten the diffusion of substrate and intermediates in the molecular sieve in the distance, and significantly improve the performance of mass transfer and have a potential commercial value for the treatment of toxic and harmful industrial organic wastewaters.

Based on difficult situation of granulation of activated sludge in low-strength wastewater, and in order to promote the formation of granular sludge and investigate the mechanism of different carriers in the process of aerobic activated sludge granulation in low-strength wastewater, the polymeric ferric sulfate, aluminum sulfate and diatomite were dosed respectively into different sequencing batch reactor activated sludge process (SBR) reactors during the logarithmic phase of microorganisms. According to the results, with a dose of ferrous sulphate, diatomite, and aluminum sulfate, the characteristics of sludge have been significantly improved. Also, the required time of sludge granulation was decreased by 11d, 7d, and 4d, respectively. Compared with the control group broking up due to the presence of filamentous bacteria, the structure of granules cultivated with carriers was more compact with good stability. Different to ferrous sulphate and diatomite, after dosing aluminum sulfate, the total amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was significantly increased from 171.31mg/gMLVSS to 223.47mg/gMLVSS. The amount of PN reached 205.69mg/gMLVSS, and PN/PS could reach over 10, indicating that promoting the secretion of EPS is one of the important ways of aluminum sulfate to enhance the microorganism aggregate. In addition, the fluorescence spectra parameters of EPS from granular sludge showed that the carriers can affect the composition of the EPS, and it probably promotes the process of granular sludge to a certain extent.

In this study, L-ascorbic acid stabilized Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron (AAS-nZVI) was produced by liquid-phase reduction and was used for wastewater treatment containing Cd(Ⅱ). On the basis of the optimum AAS/Fe²⁺(molar ratio), the influence factors of reaction system, such as AAS-nZVI dosage, reaction time and initial pH for the effects of the Cd(Ⅱ) removal efficiency were studied. The influential order of the 3 factors and optimal combination conditions were determined by improving the L₉(3⁴) orthogonal layout. Air stability of AAS-nZVI and its kinetic characteristics in Cd(Ⅱ) wastewater treatment were also investigated. The morphology of AAS-nZVI before and after the reaction was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The results indicated that AAS-nZVI has the best removal effect on Cd(Ⅱ) removal when the molar ratio of AAS/Fe²⁺ was 1:3. The effect of AAS-nZVI dosage on Cd(Ⅱ) removal rate tended to be very significant(p < 0.01), while the effect of reaction time and initial pH were significant(p < 0.05).The important effects of the 3 factors on Cd(Ⅱ) reduction can be shown in the following descending order:AAS-nZVI dosage > reaction time > initial pH. The numerical optimization revealed that the optimum removal rate 92. 62%(the initial Cd(Ⅱ) concentration and volume was 20mg/L and 100mL, respectively)obtained at AAS-nZVI dosage of 2.0g/L, contact time of 40min and initial pH of 6. AAS-nZVI has good air stability, and the removal rate of Cd(Ⅱ) by AAS-nZVI placed 15d in the air was only 1.99% lower than that of the fresh AAS-nZVI. The removal of Cd(Ⅱ) was in accordance with the pseudo first order reduction kinetics model and could be described by the L-H kinetic model. The removal of Cd(Ⅱ)by AAS-nZVI was the common effect of adsorption and reducing action.

The hydrolysis of nylon 66(PA66) was investigated by using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The structures of the obtained products were characterized by FTIR and ¹H NMR. The results confirmed that these products are adipic acid (AC) and hexamethylene diamine (HMD),respectively. Using L₉(3⁴) orthogonal experiment,the effects of reaction temperature,reaction time,amount of catalyst and amount of water on the hydrolysis of PA66 were studied. The optimum reaction conditions were the molar ratio of PA66 to sulfuric acid is 1:2.5,the molar ratio of PA66 to methanol is 1:30,reaction temperature is 110℃,reaction time is 4h. Under these conditions,the conversion of PA66 was 100%. The molar yields of AC and HMD reached 98.06% and 97.15%,respectively. The kinetic experiment results showed that the hydrolysis of PA66 was a first-order reaction with an activation energy of 145.31kJ/mol. In addition,the hydrolysis mechanism under these conditions was discussed briefly.

In order to realize the remediation of filamentous bulking aerobic granular sludge (AGS), an anaerobic biological selector was employed in a SBR to inhibit filamentous bacteria growth. Variations of sludge substrate degradation kinetic parameters during the remediation process were investigated. A large amount of filamentous bacteria were entrapped on the surface of the bulking AGS (SVI was up to 186.56mL/g). However, the proportion of bulking AGS gradually decreased and its surface gradually became smooth and clear, and the trend of sludge bulking was completely inhibited on the 21st day. SV₃₀/SV₅, SVI and granulation rate of the AGS eventually reached to 0.92, 48.74mL/g and 92.79% respectively, and good pollutants removal performances were achieved. The maximum specific growth rate and saturated constant of filamentous bulking AGS were obtained by double reciprocal method, which were 75.67mg/L and 0.47h^-1, respectively. Although the two parameters were slightly higher than that of activated sludge, they were much lower than that of AGS recovered, which were 354.47mg/L and 1.43h^-1.Therefore, the zoogloea bacteria insides AGS was prior to obtain substrate and proliferate under high substrate concentration environment created by the anaerobic biological selector, while the filamentous fungi gradually eliminated due to the growth inhibition, and remediation of bulking AGS was finally realized within 22 days.

Four kinds of carbonaceous sorbents including wood (A₁), coconut shell (A₂), coal (A₃) and coke (H), with different pore structures were selected for the static adsorption of total organic carbon (TOC) in coking wastewater. The influences of adsorption capacity, molecular weight and other factors on the adsorption performance were investigated. For the purpose of fully understand the correlation between surface chemical properties and pore size distribution of carbonaceous sorbents and its adsorption performance toward coking wastewater, the adsorbents were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and other analysis means. The results showed that the above four adsorbents had similar surface characteristics. Pore structures of adsorbents were the main factors that affected the adsorption performance. BET surface areas:A₁(1723.59m²/g) > H(1716.19m²/g) > A₂(911.55m²/g) > A₃(505.23m²/g), average pore diameter:A₁(5.14nm) > H(5.02nm) > A₃(3.81nm) > A₂(3.45nm). The adsorption behavior could be well described by Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm equation. The investigation about the molecular weight distribution, UV₂₅₄, SUVA, and EEMs indicated that A₁ and A₂ with large micropore area preferentially adsorbed low molecular weight organics, while A₃ and H could refractory high molecular weight organics, reducing aromatic structure degree of coking wastewater; 94.29% organic matter in the TOC of coking wastewater was less than 10000. Carbonaceous sorbent with micropores(< 2nm)and small mesopores(2-10nm)were more suitable for the treatment of coking wastewater. All these findings indicated that correlation was existed in the pore structure, pore size of the sorbent material and properties of coking wastewater as well as the molecular structure of organic matter. Therefore, adsorption and separation process with optimization of wastewater pretreatment can be achieved by matching the properties of sorbent and wastewater.

Considering the status of high energy consumption and low energy efficiency in coking industry, Hesteel Group developed a series of key technologies of coking waste heat recovery based on the theory of metallurgical process engineering. The high temperature and high pressure CDQ waste heat recovery technology produced the high quality steam 550kg per ton coke, at 540℃ and 9.81MPa, and the coke burning loss rate decreased by 0.2%. The development of nano multilayer composite structure and temperature controlled of the raiser integration of the waste heat recovery technology reduced the exiting temperature of the coke-oven raw gas from 804℃ to 552℃ and produced 119kg stream per ton coke. The development of coal moisture control CMC reduced the moisture content of blended coal by 4%, and also reduced the process energy consumption of 250.8MJ per ton coal. The development of effective compound extractant and energy efficiency technology using heat conducting oil as a heat carrier reduced energy consumption of benzene removal by 30.6% and energy consumption of ammonia evaporation by 21.4%, and increased benzene removal efficiency by 0.15% which was realized without producing waste water. The developed technology of multi tower continuous refining crude benzol produced the benzene with the purity of 99.95%, the toluene with the purity of 99.8%, and the thiophene with purity of 99.0%. There was no steam consumption in the entire process. The successful implementation of the above key generic technologies on the large coke-ovens in over Hesteel is leading the coking industry in China to utilize resources efficiently and the sustain the growth.

There are many hazards in the Chemical Industry Park, which are prone to cascade effect under the influence of various natural disasters and industrial accidents. The relationship between disasters and accidents and the work of chain-cutting disaster mitigation are gradually paid more and more attention. Through the statistical analysis of chemical accidents induced by natural disasters (Na-Tech) based on the view of science of disaster, the formation mechanism of single natural disaster and industrial accident and multi-hazard coupling relationship in Chemical Industry Park(three stages:the chain of natural disasters, Na-tech accidents and Domino effects) was analyzed. The characteristics of coupling relationship between disasters and accidents were clarified. Based on the complex network theory, the direct and indirect effects of disasters were explored, the mathematical model of multi-hazard coupling chain relationship in Chemical Industry Park was established, and the model of chain-cutting disaster mitigation based on the importance of network nodes was proposed. With the application example of a Chemical Industry Park by applying statistical data and mathematical model, and comparing the influence of different network nodes on the system disturbance value (node importance), the chain-cutting disaster mitigation of multi-hazard coupling chain network was analyzed. It is of great significance to further promote the risk assessment and safety management of disasters and accidents in Chemical Industry Park, and to carry out the work of disaster prevention, chain-cutting disaster mitigation, emergency rescue, and so on.