Ammonia synthesis industry founded by Haber-Bosch has achieved its history of 100 years. The huge success altered the history of food production in the world，and met the growing demand of food due to population increase. In addition，it established the solid foundation for the development of heterogeneous catalysis and chemical engineering. Catalytic ammonia synthesis technology has played a central role in the development of chemical industry during the 20th century. This paper reviews the discovery and enlightenment from foundation and development of ammonia synthesis industry，and presents its future and new challenges. There is close relationship between traditional ammonia industry and the emerging industries. To some extent，ammonia synthesis industry is the basis of these emerging industries because ammonia synthesis industry contains a series of high and new technologies. Similarly，new discoveries in the field of ammonia synthesis industry have been extended to other areas of industries. Therefore，the high and new technologies of ammonia synthesis have strong enlightenment and reference for understanding and improving the general and key technologies in a series of fields，such as modern chemical industry，energy，material science and environmental protection，especially for modern coal chemical industry.

Mono ethylene glycol (MEG) is an important bulk chemical widely used in polyester production with huge consumption demand and high purity requirement. Herein，the present status and development of MEG production from oil，coal and biomass are summarized. The MEG production process，catalyst development and purification technology are discussed，and the current challenges of MEG production are highlighted. High stable catalyst development，large scale process integration and green feedstock conversion should be emphasized in the future MEG production.

This paper reviewed the methods of phosphoric acid extractive distillation，reactive distillation and electro-electrodialysis pre-concentration for HI concentration and separation in iodine-sulfur thermochemical cycle. The mechanisms，energy efficiency，advantages，and prospects of these methods were discussed. Phosphoric acid extractive distillation was developed earlier than the other methods，however，its complicated operational conditions prevented the improvement of energy efficiency of this method. The high integrity level of reactive distillation could improve thermal efficiency dramatically，but experimental research concerning the practical application is very limited due to its rigorous operational conditions. Electro-electrodialysis for HI pre-concentration is a promising method because of its easy operation，mild conditions and high efficiency. Future research on this method should be focused on scale-up，modularization and the efficient cooperation with HI distillation.

The electrolyte NRTL model is a kind of important thermodynamic local composition model. This paper describes the research progress of the electrolyte NRTL model，including proposition，improvement，modification and extension of the model and the scope of application of different models. Some applications for correlation calculation of various kinds of complex electrolyte solutions are introduced，providing theoretical directions for process simulation，design and optimization. The main advantage of the electrolyte NRTL model is that it is applicable to a wide range of temperature and concentration with no need for high-order parameters. The disadvantages of the model are heavy regression work for parameters，and poor prediction accuracy at the critical point of electrolyte solution.

Energy recovery device (ERD) is one of the key apparatus to reduce the energy consumption and the costs of water production in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) system. This research developed a rotary energy recovery device (RERD) with innovative endplates. Optimization of the start-up modes of the RERD under different operational conditions，dynamic sealing performances，energy recovery efficiencies and operating stabilities were tested and evaluated. The results showed that the optimal start-up speed of the device before boosting the system to the working pressure level was 500 r/min. The system leakage increased with the increase of pressure. The system leakage was 0.58 m3/h at the pressure of 6.0 MPa. Under the testing conditions of rotating speed of 500 r/min，working capacity of 8.0 m3/h and the operating pressure of 6.0 MPa，the operation of the RERD was stable with an energy recovery efficiency of 93%. The results could be helpful in the development and industrial application of RERDs in future research.

Deionized water，methanol，ethanol and acetone were chosen as working fluids to investigate operation and heat transfer characteristics of pulsating heat pipes （PHP）. The experiment was designed to find out critical physical properties for the heat transfer of PHP under different conditions. The results showed that at small heating power，heat transfer depended on the speed of oscillation，and the key factor was kinetic viscosity. As the heating power increased，oscillatory flow accelerated accordingly，and the differences in frequency and amplitude of temperature oscillation gradually decreased，indicating the heat transfer of PHP was affected by kinetic viscosity，liquid specific heat and latent heat. As the heating power increased to a certain point，oscillatory flows of different WFs became faster and，at this stage，WFs of high latent heat and specific heat were preferable for heat transfer. The correlation study on the physical properties of WFs and the heat transfer performance of PHP may help to understand the heat transfer mechanism and operation characteristics of PHP at different situations and provide reference for the establishment of theoretical model.

This paper presented the uniformity factor of heat flux，which can evaluate the heat transfer efficiency of heat exchanger networks. The uniformity factor was analyzed under two conditions. Simulation was conducted under the condition of constant total heat transfer areas in the same structure，the corresponding relationship between the uniformity factor of heat flux and the heat transfer rate was investigated，and compared with the uniformity factor of temperature difference. Simulation was optimized under the condition of changing structures of heat exchanger networks，the corresponding relationship between the uniformity factor of heat flux and the heat transfer rate was investigated. The factor was validated in two specific heat exchanger networks. The results showed that the heat transfer efficiency of heat exchanger networks increased when the uniformity factor of heat flux decreased. The uniformity factor of heat flux in heat exchanger networks established in this paper could reflect the heat transfer efficiency of heat exchanger networks，it could also be a new evaluation index for the heat transfer efficiency，and a new idea for the synthesis and optimization of heat exchanger networks.

Sulfur content in diesel has been restricted to ultra low levels in many countries with the aim of reducing harmful emissions and improving air quality. As a novel technology for the diesel production with ultra low levels of sulfur，liquid phase hydroprocessing has caused more attention，in which，the oil is externally saturated with H2 in a presaturator and only the H2 saturated liquid oil is passed over the catalyst bed. So the hydrogen solubility plays an important role in the hydrotreating process. In this paper，the hydrogen solubility in different diesel samples was measured and simulated with Aspen Plus，at the temperature of 323～623 K and pressure of 2～10 MPa. The results show that the hydrogen solubility in the 0# diesel，straight-run diesel，coking diesel and catalytic diesel is in descending order. Moreover，the hydrogen solubility in all samples increases with the temperature and pressure. This investigation can provide useful information for the parameter optimization in the liquid phase hydroprocessing.

This paper used CFD as the simulation method in the investigation of the mixing characteristics of six new types of glass-lined agitators，with the same diameter and different blade angles and blade widths. This research analyzed the effects of baffle and impeller off-bottom-distance on the fluid flow field，and the effects of blade angle and blade width on velocity field. The experimental results of stirring power and mixing time agreed well with the simulation. Comparison with traditional glass-lined pitch blade agitator was also investigated. The results showed that the following：①The stirring effect was optimal with added baffle and the impeller off-bottom-distance was 450 mm；②When blade angle and width increased，axial，radial and tangential velocities increased accordingly，and the mixing effect was optimal when the blade width was 95 mm and blade angle was 45°；③When the rotational speed increased，the stirring power increased and mixing time decreased. The power consumption was lowest when the blade width was 95 mm and blade angle was 30°；the mixing time was shortest when the blade width was 95 mm and blade angle was 35°. The mixing characteristics of new type of impellers were better than the traditional impellers.

This paper investigated the classifier particles trajectory tracking simulation . Based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) theory，discrete particle model (DPM) was used to simulate particles trajectory. The process of particles classification was investigated using particle motion equation integral of time. According to the results of 2D plane particles capturing and sampling，time-varying curves of fine and coarse particles mass flow rates under different conditions and the average mass flow rate of stable stage under each condition were obtained. In addition，the diameter distributions of fine particles under different conditions were studied. In order to verify the validity of the simulation results，classifier performance with air volume of 5500 m3/min，rotator speed of 55 r/min，and feeding rate of 60 kg/s was investigated. The results showed that the error of fine particles mass flow rate simulation was 6.12%. The simulation curve of the fine particles diameter distribution results demonstrated a good agreement with the experiment curve. The relative errors for different particle sizes were presented as the following：8.26% for particles smaller than 30 μm；9.37% for particle sizes in the range of 30 to 100 μm；and 6.54% for particles bigger than 100μm. This research provided a simulation method for prediction of classifier product output and particle diameter distributions under given conditions.

Commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells is seriously restricted by its poor durability. Trace amounts of CO，CO2，H2S and NH3 in fuel gas and pollutants，such as NOx，SOx in air are the main factors which affect the durability of PEMFC. The influence and mechanism of fuel gas impurities and pollutants in air on the performance of PEMFC are reviewed. The CO in fuel gas can influence not only anode performance of PEMFC，but also cathode performance through diffusion and mass transfer. H2S can not only cause serious influence on anode performance，but also obviously damage cathode performance of PEMFC. NOx in air can significantly affect the performance of PEMFC，but this process is reversible. Finally，the research on the effect of impurity gases on the durability of the PEMFC needs to combine computer modeling with experiment tests. In addition，it is necessary to study the effect of impurities on the performance of PEMFC stack.

Fuel cell is considered as one of the most promising 21st century energy conversion device. It can be applied to cars，power plants and household electricity generation. Membrane electrode assembly (MEA)，in which electrochemical reaction takes place，is an essential part of the fuel cell. Materials，structure and components. used in the MEA and fabrication methods have direct influence on the performance of fuel cells. MEA preparation methods can be classified into two categories，catalyst-coated substrate (CCS) and catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) methods. The sputtering method，spraying method and decal method used in the CCS and CCM methods are described. Based on existing problems in MEA preparation，several strategies for improving MEA performance，including the optimization of nafion content and hot pressing conditions and the improvement of catalyst layer and proton exchange membrane are summarized. The catalyst layer optimization is discussed from gradient structure，3M’s nano-structured thin film (NSTF) catalyst，carbon paper on which carbon nanotubes directly grow，carbon nanotubes/carbon nanofibers composite network and the improved deposition methods of active metal.

Although lignite is rich in China，there exist serious problems in its clean and high effective utilization. Hence，understanding the composition and mode of occurrence of lignite at the molecular level is more promising to convert the low calori?c fuel into high-valued organic compounds. Combining with our research，the related organic matter，including hydrocarbons，oxygen-，nitrogen-，sulfur-，and chlorine-containing organic compounds are reviewed in this paper. Among them，hydrocarbons include normal alkanes，arenes，terpenes and oxygen-containing compounds comprising phenols，aldehydes，ketones，carboxylic acids and esters. On this basis，the application prospect of lignite is forecasted and some effective methods for dissolution of lignite，separation and analysis of these soluble compounds are proposed.

Microalgae is considered the most viable alternative to replace the use of fossil energy due to microalgae’s advantages of short growth cycle，high lipid content，renewability，and low pollution. However，the high cost in microalgae processing，especially in its collection，hinders its commercialization. In this paper，the domestic and international collection methods of microalgae are reviewed. The mechanisms and recovery efficiencies of flocculation，centrifugation，filtration and flotation are highlighted. Flocculation method is widely used，centrifugation method is efficient，filtration method is economical for microalgae large in volume，and flotation method is simple in process and less energy consuming. Meanwhile，some novel harvesting technologies of energy microalgae are presented，such as magnetic separation，osmosis，vacuum gas lift and microbe co-culture. Among these methods，magnetic separation has a high recovery rate，osmosis causes low pollution，vacuum gas lift is low-energy-consuming，and microbe co-culture can be combined with traditional methods so that the amount of flocculating agents can be decreased. Finally，the problems and development directions of microalgae collection are proposed. Collection cost can be decreased through combining a couple of methods.

Biomass gasification is an interesting technology in the future development of a worldwide sustainable energy system，as an alternative to fossil fuels. Tar is one of the main barriers to biomass gasification technology in its commercial application as a source of renewable energy. To achieve better efficiency of the biomass producer gas applications，tar must be removed to lower than 20 mg/m3 before the gas is used for downstream internal combustion engines，gas turbines，and in particular for methanol synthesis. In this paper，tar fouling and blocking problems in downstream equipments using the biomass producer gas are presented. Tar definition and classification are described. Advantages of tar reduction based on recovery idea (secondary methods，or named as mechanical/physical method) are analyzed. The new technologies in term of biomass tar removal based on recovery idea are reviewed. The representative biomass gasification technologies，which have lately been successfully demonstrated or commercialized，using the water or oil scrubber recovery method to remove tar，are also discussed. In addition，the future main research areas and potential applications of the advanced multi-stage adsorption or membrane separation for tar deep removal，based on oil-based gas washer (OLGA)，and integrating appropriate pore size corresponding to different tar molecules，are presented.

Energy network diagram is considered as an effective tool to assess efficiency and detect the weakness of an energy-use process，and further for decision-making in energy management. This paper presents a comparison between a domestic SNG project and the US Plain project via energy balance based energy network diagram，including purchase and storage，processing and conversion，input distribution and end-use. The total energy conversion efficiency of the Plain project and the domestic project are 53.16% and 48.20% respectively，which mainly reflects low energy conversion efficiency in the end-use process，so the further step is to resolve the energy bottleneck and improve the level of energy utilization in this process.

CFD Fluent 6.3 software was used to perform simulation research and structure optimization on temperature distribution in the lignite swirling low-temperature combustion chamber (1500 mm× 200 mm×1500 mm). This combustion chamber was a separate unit to complement the lignite low-temperature pyrolysis carbonization chamber. By designing two 100mm radius and 130° arc-shaped baffles symmetrical with the center of the combustion chamber in the coordinates of (?25，550，0) and (25，?550，0)，the average temperature of the combustion chamber (755 ℃) could meet the needs of lignite low-temperature pyrolysis (500—650 ℃). Realizable k-ε turbulence model，P-1 radiation model and non-premixed combustion model were used to calculate the temperature distribution. The simulation results were consistent with the experiment，and error fluctuation was 50—70 ℃.

This paper investigated the production of fuel level carbon by electrolysis of molten carbonate mixture Li0.896Na0.625K0.479CO3 at high temperature and the regeneration of carbonate electrolyte by the intermediate products Li2O，Na2O，and K2O，with the absorption of CO2. The electrochemical properties of the reaction were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry and polarization curve. The effects of electrode material，reaction temperature，different current intensities and electrolytic time under same electric quantity in the reaction were also investigated. The surface morphology，composition and phase structure of the electrolysis products were characterized by SEM-EDS，TG/DTA，and XRD. The experimental results showed that the electrode potential decreased as temperature increased with a high electrode stability when Fe was used as cathode and Ni as anode. The preferable reaction temperature was 500 ℃. At the current intensity of 1.0 A and the electrolytic time of 1h，the current efficiency reached 65.98% and the obtained amorphous carbon was higher than 80%.

Water hyacinth is a pollutant for the water body and contains a large amount of energy. In order to solve environmental pollution and at the same time provide a certain energy supply，in this paper based on thermogravimetric analysis，the characteristics of gas，liquid and solid products produced from the fixed bed pyrolysis of water hyacinth at different temperature were investigated by GC，GC-MS，XRD and SEM techniques. The results showed that compared with the bio-oil produced at 450—550 ℃ not only the increase of bio-oil at 275—375 ℃ was bigger but also the quality of bio-oil with less acid，more esters and higher calorific value was better；while at 450—550 ℃，it was apparently beneficial for the production of high calorific value gas such as H2 and CO，the aperture of biomass carbon was larger and the crystal structure was more stable. So it is obvious that the pyrolysis temperature has a big effect on the three phase products.

The methanol homologation is one of the promising technologies for ethanol production. Soluble salts of group-Ⅷ metals are generally used as catalysts，and iodine compounds as promoters. In this paper，catalysts are categorized according to the variety of active metal elements，and the mechanism of methanol homologation reaction is analyzed based on the former category. The reported work indicated that the low ethanol yield was the major restriction for the commercialization of this technology. Finally，the outlook for the future development of methanol homologation catalyst and further investigation of mechanism is provided in light of the current research status，regarding composite catalyst with multimetallic，catalyst modified with no halogen element，as well as low pressure-resistant catalysts.

As environment-friendly catalyst，heteropoly compounds own the merits of non-corrosion，strong acidity，strong oxidization，adjustable acidity and pseudo-liquid property，which were extensively used in the fields of photoelectricity，catalysis，refining technology，chemical engineering and the synthesis of fine chemicals. In this article，the immobilizations and applications of heteropoly compounds in recent years were summarized in detail，and ship-in-the-bottle method，grafting method，channel-coating method and interlayer-embedding method were focused. The heteropoly compound catalysts prepared with these special immobilizations have strong host-guest interaction and/or channel confined effect，which were used in different types of catalytic reactions. With the ship-in-the-bottle method and channel-coating method，both the acidity and oxidation of heteropoly compounds can be kept，while the leaching content of active species is reduced. These advantages make them as the ideal methods for the preparation of immobilized heteropoly compound catalysts，and provide references for high stability catalyst.

Supporting chromium onto carriers (porous materials) not only can remarkably improve the dispersion of chromium active sites and retain their oxidation states，but also make supported chromium-based catalysts show the inherent advantages of the carrier materials in the pore structure，strong acidity and excellent performance of molecular diffusion. As a result，supported Cr-based catalysts usually exhibit relative higher catalytic activity and are effectively applied in various catalytic processes. In this paper，the recent progress in synthetic methods and main applications of supported Cr-based catalysts are reviewed. Meanwhile，the influences of synthetic methods，the properties of carriers，metal precursors and additives on the amount，the dispersion degree and the coordination state of chromium species，and thus the pore structure，the catalytic properties and lifetime of supported Cr-based catalysts are discussed in detailed. In addition，it can be seen that there is an important research prospect in the future for supported Cr-based catalysts in adjusting the pore structure and surface acidity of carriers and the interactions between carriers and chromium active species to enhance the dispersion and the stability of chromium species existed in the carriers.

Per-O-acetyl glucopyranose is an important carbohydrate compound，which is widely used in many fields including potential CO2 absorbent or phase-change agent，pharmaceuticals industry，fine chemical industry and petrochemical industry. The lately researches on the synthesis of per-O-acetyl glucopyranose are reviewed. In particular，the catalysts，including homogeneous catalysts，solid acid catalysts and enzyme catalysts，utilized in these acetylation reactions to improve the selective and yield of the product are described in detail. Among them，base catalysts (pyridine and sodium acetate)，acid catalysts (protonic acid and Lewis acid)，and solid acid catalysts (zeolite molecular sieve and heteropoly acid) have been received most attention. It shows that such reaction will be further studied to develop catalysts with higher catalytic activity，higher selectivity，low cost and easy handling.

The paper reports the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of phenol to prepare cyclohexanone with sodium formate as hydrogen donor，RuCl2(PPh3)3 as catalyst under a nitrogen gas atmosphere. The structure of RuCl2(PPh3)3 was characterized by FI-IR and 1H NMR. The effects of reaction conditions，such as temperature，time，the dosage of catalyst and kinds of hydrogen donors on the reaction were investigated. The optimal reaction condition was obtained as follows：reaction temperature 70 ℃，reaction time 3.0 h，molar ratio of sodium formate to phenol 4∶1，under which the conversion of phenol is 100%，the yield of cyclohexanone is 95.1%. The RuCl2(PPh3)3 exhibited excellent catalytic properties in the hydrogen transfer hydrogenation reaction of phenol to cyclohexanone.

Using self-assembly methods to prepare nanoscale porphyrin functional materials with excellent physicochemical properties has become a research focus，as it offers great potential application prospects for molecular devices and artificial photosynthesis. This review provides details for multiple-porphyrin as well as single-porphyrin self-assembly methods. In particular，mixing solvent techniques and surfactant-assisted method used in single-porphyrin self-assembly processes are discussed. Application of self-assembled porphyrin nanostructures in light-harvesting antenna and photocatalysis is summarized. Thus far，rich forms of porphyrin-based nanoarchitectures have been assembled. However，there is still a great need in understanding the self-assembly mechanisms and in further developing techniques for the practical applications of porphyrin nanostructures by self-assembly methods.

Acrylic acid was grafted onto PET nanofiber membrane by low-temperature plasma treatment. The effects of plasma power and treating time on the wetting of membrane were studied. The grafting process was carried out under a vacuum of 60 Pa、flow rate of AA 3L/min，electric discharge power in the range of 75～150 W，treating time 60 s or 150 W， treating time from 30 s to 60 s，resulting in hydrophilic PET membrane with a zero water contact angle. The SEM，ATR-FTIR and tensile test were applied to observe the changes of PET membrane；and the elongation and the strength of the PET nanofiber membrane have been enhanced after plasma treatment. The low-temperature plasma treatment grafted with AA could be a potential method to modify the surface of PET electrospun nanofiber membran and have positive effects in application.

PE100/PA6 blend alloys were prepared via melting extrusion with high-density polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (HDPE-g-MAH) and ethylene-octene copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride (POE-g-MAH) as two compatibilizers separately. The effects of two compatibilizer contents on mechanical properties，thermal properties，and microstructure of the blends were investigated. The results showed that both compatibilizer addition caused reactive compatibilization，compared to POE-g-MAH，HDPE-g-MAH is more beneficial to the crystalline，comprehensive performance，more suitable for PE100/PA6 in heat resistant modification.

Octyl/decyl polyethylene oxide (OEO) was modified by nitrogen-capping to improve its low-foaming property and maintain its excellent penetrating property in the meantime. Two novel penetrating agents，octyl/decyl polyethyleneoxide ether carbamate(OEO-U) and octyl/decyl polyethyleneoxide ether N,N-dimethyl carbamate(OEO-DMU) were synthesized from OEO and urea or N,N-dimethylurea，which was confirmed by FT-IR and 1H NMR. The JFD-U yield of 93.2% was obtained when OEO reacted with urea under 130 ℃ for 6 h，and the JFD-DMU yield of 93.8% was obtained when OEO reacted with N,N-dimethylurea under reflux temperature of DMF for 6 h. Both foaming volumes and penetrating times against concentrations of penetrating agents were investigated. Hydrolytic stabilities of these penetrating agents were expressed by means of the variation of foaming ratio of modified penetrating agents over OEO against time. The experimental results showed that foaming power of two novel penetrating agents compared with OEO as follows：OEO-DMU＜OEO- U＜OEO，and the order of penetrating power as follows：OEO-DMU＜OEO-U≤OEO. Moreover，the foaming ratios of two novel penetrating agents were stable，which suggested that they have excellent hydrolytic stability.

Copolymer nanoparticles were prepared from kerosene/acrylamide-sodium acrylate/ Span80-Tween60 inverse micro-emulsion system. The structure of the prepared copolymer was studied with infrared spectroscopy (IR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR)，the morphology of the copolymer was studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM)，and the molecular weight as well as molecular weight distribution of the copolymer were studied with gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Homogenous，stable and transparent micro-emulsion was obtained at 40 ℃ when the optimum HLB value required for emulsion stability was 9，the mass concentration of monomer was 40% relative to total mass of the water phase and the mass fraction of (NH4)2S2O8-NaHSO3，as initiator，was 0.7‰ relative to the total mass of monomer. The resultants were acrylamide-sodium acrylate copolymers，with viscosity-average molecular weight of 5×105 g/mol. The copolymer particles were uniformly distributed，as regular spherical shape with nanometer scale particle size.

Bio-effects of non-thermal plasma include lethality of microorganisms and stimulation of mammalian cells，which brings up a series of techniques in disinfection and clinical medicine. In this paper，the applications of non-thermal plasma in medical device sterilization，water and air cleaning，as well as food and package treatment are reviewed. Commercialized plasma sterilizer for medical devices can be classified into vacuum and atmospheric pressure，the volume of the former is much larger while the latter is more simple and easy to operate. For disinfection of water，air and food，it is not yet commercialized due to its energy consumption，efficiency or chemical residues. In the last decade，the developed plasma sources and techniques for medicine are successfully applied to treatment of decayed tooth，skin，wound，and cancer，with some of them approved for clinical practice. In the future，the research focus will be identifying the interactions between plasmas and cells，and developing more effective and practical equipment for different applications.

To obtain a strain which can use inexpensive carbon source to synthesize poly-β- hydroxybutyrate(PHB) in a short time，a bacterium CCZU-6X with high production of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) was isolated and purified from soil，which was identified as Rhodococcus sp. according to its morphological，physiological properties and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The optimum fermentation conditions were found as follows：the most suitable carbon source was 10 g/L lactose，and nitrogen source was 2 g/L ammonium sulfate，initial pH 7.5，250 mL flask containing 30 mL medium，30 ℃，shaking at 160 r/min for 18 h. Under the optimum conditions，the production of PHB was 4.54 g/L，as high as 79.52 % of dried cell weight.

In order to study the effect of acid and alkali composite pretreatment on the hydrolysis efficiency of dregs lignocellulose，and the feasibility of conversion of dregs cellulose into ethanol， dregs from boiling water extraction of decoction were used as raw material. The dregs were pretreated by a two-stage process for delignification with alkali and peracetic acid (PAA)，and were digested in different reaction systems by cellulase. Compared with untreated dregs，the glucose concentration from alkali-PAA pretreated dregs after enzymolysis increased by 3 to 4 times. Increasing the density of substrate and enzyme in the reaction system could remarkably enhance the sugar level without increasing total enzyme amount. 83—116 mg/mL substrate and 5.8 U/mL enzyme in the reaction system could guarantee the production of glucose over 12 mg/mL. Glucose yield from pretreated salvia dregs，licorice dregs and mixed dregs after hydrolysis for 60 h were 29.07 g/kg，49.31 g/kg，52.83 g/kg，respectively. Pretreatment could significantly improve enzymatic hydrolysis. Glucose yield of dregs was mainly determined by their cellulose content，and was not closely related with dregs type.

Trivalent chromium is an essential trace element for mammals. Recently，various organic chromium compounds have been developed and their biological application has also become a hot topic. The research progress of organic chromium chemicals was reviewed. The characteristics of the ligands in organic chromium complexes were analyzed. The species，characteristics，synthesis methods and applications of organic chromium complexes，including chromium pyridinate，chromium aromatic organic acid，chromium aliphatic acid，chromium amino acid，and other organic chromium complexes were summarized. The development of novel organic chromium products could be an important direction for the deep processing of chromium chemicals.

In the industrial process of oleic acid polymerization，activated clay was used as catalyst. The used clay was generally treated as waste to be buried because of difficult recovery，not only polluting the environment but also causing a waste of raw materials and products. In order to reduce the amount of activated clay，a new technology was studied under carbon dioxide circumstance. The effects of reaction temperature，pressure，mass fraction of clay，mass fraction of Li2CO3，mass fraction of H2O and reaction time on the synthesis process of dimer acid were discussed. The yield of dimer acid was considered a primary evaluating index. Reaction temperature could be elevated from 240 ℃ to 250 ℃when the reaction occurred under 0.5MPa CO2. The new process decreased the amount of activated clay by 25% at the same yield of dimer acid compared to the existing process. Adding carbon dioxide has a good inhibition on decarboxylation，this process decreased the amount of activated clay and made possible oleic acid polymerization at a higher temperatures.

This paper introduced the principle and process of microwave pretreatment on waste activated sludge (WAS)，including sludge floc disintegration，cells disruption，release of intracellular organic matter，hydrolysis of organic matter and Maillard reaction. This paper also reviewed the characteristics of microwave pretreatment on WAS，including physical，chemical and biological properties，the impact factors of microwave pretreatment，such as sludge characteristics and treatment conditions，and the influence of microwave pretreatment on the subsequent anaerobic digestion. The main problems in current research are small scale，intermittent pretreatment，insufficient research on treating toxic organic compounds and pathogens. Future research should focus on combined microwave pretreatment on toxic organic compounds and pathogens in WAS，and it is important to develop related equipment and conduct continuous and pilot-scale test.

Bio-production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) under anaerobic digestion can be an important way to recycle excess sludge. SCFAs could be used to generate methane，to remove nitrogen and phosphorous from wastewater as carbon sources added in wastewater treatment plants(WWTP)，and to make valuable products，such as PHA etc. This paper reviewed the mechanism of acidogenesis process during sludge anaerobic digestion，focusing on the most important impact factors such as the sludge characteristics，fermentative temperature，pH value，carbon to nitrogen ratio(C/N)，hydraulic retention time(HRT) and the solids retention time(SRT). These impact factors could affect the SCFAs production by changing the substrates characteristics，microbial activities and the reaction time between substrates and microbes. Temperature and pH value obtained more attention in recent research and it was reported that higher fermentation temperatures and alkaline conditions were more suitable for the acidogenesis process. It is important to investigate the suitable fermentative conditions for excess sludge to maximize SCFAs production under anaerobic digestion. The relationship among the impact factors and adjusting the impact factors to control of SCFs production can become a promising research direction in future.

This paper studied the feasibility of multiple-effect membrane distillation(MEMD) with ion exchange in the process of desalination and deep-concentration of fresh seawater and brine from a desalination plant. The selective decalcification process could remove >90% of calcium ions，effectively preventing membrane fouling from CaSO4 precipitation in highly concentrated seawater. This research investigated the influences of various operational conditions on the performances of the MEMD process and evaluated permeate flux (J)，gained output ration (GOR)，and permeate conductivity. The experimental results showed that the maximum J and GOR were 6.07 L/(m2?h) and 13.2 respectively. When the decalcified seawater were concentrated to 250 g/L under optimized operational conditions，the electrical conductivity of the permeate was less than 200 μm/cm，and J and GOR were up to 3.61 L/(m2?h) and 4.96 respectively. Two MEMD modules from different membranes demonstrated a long-term stability of at least 45 days，indicating the feasibility of this process for deep desalination of sweater.

This research studied the process of sulfide electrochemical oxidation with RuO2/Ti plate anode and single cell reactor. The effects of current density，initial concentration of sulfide，supporting electrolyte and solution pH on the removal rate of sulfide were investigated specifically. The results showed that the removal rate of S2? was over 95% at current density of 25mA/cm2 and initial sulfide concentration of 23 mmol/L. About 95% oxidization product of S2? was SO42?，and other products included 2%—3% sulfur，small amounts of SO32? and S2O32?. The removal rate of S2? was mainly affected by the S2? concentration and the removal rate increased with the increase of current density. The pH value of electrolyte affected the reactions of Sx2?. Strong base conditions could avoid sulfur deposition on the surface of anode. Adding electrolytes could improve the rate and depth of electrochemical oxidation. Compared with NaCl or other auxiliary electrolytes，NaOH could reduce the process time by 40% when the removal rate of S2? was 90%.

The formation mechanism and characteristics of sludge(neutralizing slag) containing heavy metals and arsenic from acidic wastewater(waste acid) in copper metallurgy plant were studied by using XRD，ICP-AES，AFS，TG-DSC and toxic leaching tests. The results showed that the main sludge component，CaSO4?xH2O，was formed in the neutralizing reaction between the main carbide slag emulsion component，Ca(OH)2，and waste acid. During the neutralizing reaction，heavy metals deposited in the process of hydrolyzation and arsenic was mainly removed by the formation of arsenate and arsenite. After the neutralizing reaction at pH of 12.4，the concentration of harmful elements decreased from 103—102 mg/L to around 1mg/L. The successive processes including addition of flocculation，solid-liquid separation via concentration and air oxidation further lowered the concentration of the harmful elements to around 10?2 mg/L，lower than national standard(GB 4913—85). The weight loss of the sludge increased with the increasing of the reaction temperature. Free water and crystal water were sequentially removed in the range of room temperature to 160 ℃；arsenic oxides began to volatilize at the temperature around 400 ℃；when the temperature increased to the range of 600—800 ℃，a small amount of CaCO3 in the sludge decomposed to CaO；at the temperature above 1050 ℃，the main phase of CaSO4 began to decompose to CaO followed by an obvious weight loss. The contents of As and Se in the sludge leaching solution in the toxic leaching experiment were obviously higher than national standards（GB 5085.3—2007），indicating that this sludge was a hazardous waste.

This study used a modified natural product，cationic guar gum (CGG)，combined with polyacrylamide(PAM) to investigate sludge settling and dewatering. Two kinds of treatment reagents were added in different dosage and order，capillary suction time (CST)，settling velocity(SV)，water content of centrifugal sludge and supernatant centrifugal transmittance were investigated. The results showed that CGG improved the dewatering performance and settlement performance. The combination of CGG and PAM had better performances. The optimal operational condition was at 900 mg/L CGG followed by 150 mg/L PAM. SV decreased 17.2% than the original sludge，CST decreased from 470 s to 14 s and the supernatant centrifugal transmittance was up to 96.1%.

Hexachlorodisilane in chlorosilane residue from polysilicon production could be a valuable product. Research on this subject abroad has obtained attention from various research institutes，but domestic research does not have much experience in this area. This paper introduced a new process of recycling hexachlorodisilane from chlorosilane residue. The combination of filter and five distillation columns was used in the process，and Aspen Plus software was chosen as the simulation method. The results demonstrated that the process was feasible to recover hexachlorodisilane and the purity can achieve 99.8wt%. The influences of reflux ratio，feed location and product mass rate on the separation effects were investigated using sensitivity analysis. The optimal operational parameters were determined. An economic estimation showed that this process could have considerable potential benefits.

FCC diesel contains 60%～80% aromatics，which leads to its high density and low cetane number，so it is difficult to produce clean diesel through routine hydro-upgrading technology from FCC diesel. This paper mainly introduces a novel FD2G technology，developed by Fushun research institute of petroleum and petrochemicals，which is applied to produce light aromatics from FCC diesel containing aromatics through high efficient hydro-conversion. The optimized combination of hydroprocessing catalyst and process technology adopted by FD2G achieves the selective hydrogenation of aromatics. It can be used to convert the heavy aromatics in FCC diesel into light aromatics with high added-value，which provides an economic and effective route for processing FCC diesel containing high aromatics. The results showed that applying FD2G technology developed by SINOPEC to process FCC diesel containing high aromatics，30%～50% of good quality catalytic reforming feed with more than 50% of C6～C9 aromatics and 32% BTX could be produced，and the upgraded diesel quality was improved largely compared with that of the feed.