The opportunities about speeding up natural gas utilization and business development were analyzed from three aspects：economic and environmental factors of natural gas utilization，shale gas development，and technology progress when China is entering low carbon era. The opportunities of speeding up natural gas business development would have matured. The importance of natural gas utilization for optimization of transportation fuel structure and improvement of environmental quality was discussed from energy consumption and environmental protection，and the natural gas business development status of PetroChina was introduced. In order to promote China’s natural gas industry quality and benefits，relevant suggestions on natural gas utilization were put forward，China should make great efforts to cultivate LNG downstream market with scale economy，speed up layout and construction of LNG liquefaction plant and filling stations，improve natural gas downstream industry chain，accelerate comprehensive utilization of coastal LNG，develop distributed energy of natural gas，and at the same time，lay emphasis on shale gas exploration and mining technology development.

Salts in water can be dissociated to acid and base in the presence of bipolar membranes (BPMs)，which acts as catalyst in the process of water dissociation. Therefore，BMPs could be used in environmental protection and resource recycling. This paper reviewed technology progresses in BPMs, including preparation，characteristics，integration of BMPs and pollution control applications. Three major models BPMs for catalyzing water dissociation were introduced. Applications of BMPs in environmental protection were also introduced. Moreover，the prospects of BPMs applications in redox flow batteries and hydrolysis hydrogen production were also presented，and the limitations of current BPMs were discussed. The integration of BMPs with other chemical processes，and application for redox flow batteries can be prospective in future research.

High-speed gas caused multiple operational failures in industrial distillation and absorption columns. Many operations in chemical industry production are likely to produce high-speed gas，such as the startup and shutdown，the purging of columns，the connection of equipment with different operating pressure，and the pressure release of system. This research used finite-element method to analyze the effects of gas velocity of the holes，opening ratio and hole diameter on the stability of a sieve tray. The comparison of the results between simulation and experiments demonstrated that the simulation was effective. Based on the simulation results，an effective model was established using ANSYS to simulate the physical process of high-speed gas flowing through sieve tray，and the stress distribution under different operational conditions and structural parameters. Results showed that maximum stresses appeared in the center and edge of the tray，and the stress of the tray increased with gas velocity，and decreased with the opening ratio. For tray with fixed opening ratio， an optimal hole diameter could minimize the tray stress caused by high speed gas.

This paper investigated heat transfer and resistance characteristics of the tube assembled with spiral two blades rotors，with 60% glycerol as the heat transfer fluid. The method of simulation for fluid with high viscosity was obtained by experimental study and numerical simulation research. Vortex length of single rotor，the influences of rotor’s interval on heat transfer and resistance characteristics were analyzed as well. The simulation results showed that for the tube with the same length，Nusselt number with rotors without interval arrangement increased to 1.073—1.078 times than rotors with interval arrangement，but the friction factor in the tube with rotors without interval arrangement increased 61.76%—62.01%. Thus the comprehensive heat transfer performance of the former was better. Therefore，the rotors with interval arrangement were more helpful to improve the comprehensive heat transfer performance of the tube.

This research analyzed relationship between heat exchanger networks areas and total cost，and the features of non-linear and non-convex in the heat exchanger networks. These characteristics resulted in many local solutions in optimization process. The conventional optimization methods based on gradient information could be affected greatly by the initial point，and easily traped into local solution which interrupts the optimization process in the heat exchanger network. This work developed differential evolution algorithm for optimization of heat exchanger networks synthesis based on the Grossman stage-wise superstructure，aiming at solving the optimization obstacle in the heat exchanger network. Compared with the results derived from Newton method，this method showed robust in optimizing heat exchanger networks problems，and demonstrated minimum influence by the initial points. Consequently，this method indicated good stability and effectiveness，it could help in reducing total cost in productive process.

Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for acetone-azine binary system and parts of acetone water azine ternary system were determined in an Othmer equilibrium at atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa). The experimental data was verified by Herington method and were consistent with thermodynamics. The data of acetone-azine binary system were correlated with the NRTL，Wilson and UNIQUAC models by using chemical engineering analogue software. Respectively，all the models were correlated well with the VLE data. NRTL model produced best data，with the average deviations of temperature of 0.0639 K and vapor-phase mole fraction of methanol of 0.0048. The NRTL model was used to correlate the VLE data of the ternary system，and the interaction parameters of acetone-azine，water- azine，and acetone-water were obtained. In order to verify the reliability of the VLE data of the ternary system and these interacting binary parameters，the vapor compositions were calculated and compared with the corresponding experimental VLE data of acetone-azine binary system. The agreement between the calculated and experimental data was satisfactory. The experimental and correlative data could provide a basis for distillation separation of acetone-water-azine’s VLE system．

Based on the study on the Sovova model with good correlation precision in literature and the MST-T&G model as the reference model，a modified MST-T&G model (M-MST-T&G model) was proposed by considering the relationship between the solubilities of supercritical binary and ternary systems. In this new model，the solubility functions in supercritical binary and ternary systems were chosen as the framework. The calculation accuracy of the new model was verified by 1195 groups of solubility data of 13 solutes (including heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons，aliphatic acids，dye chemicals and pharmaceutical chemicals) in supercritical carbon dioxide with 10 co-solvents (including alcohols，ketones and alkanes). Besides，the accuracy of the new model was compared with that of the traditional MST-T&G model. The new model obtained better correlation with average absolute relative deviation reaching 9.63% and relative deviation scaled down by 32.30% compared with the traditional MST-T&G model.

In order to obtain the requirements in feed water quality in the steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) steam drum boiler under the conditions of high temperature and pressure，using weighting method，this research investigated the influences of hardness on the fouling，the effects of oil contents on steam and water priming，the influences of pH value and the O2 and CO2 contents on the corrosion of the tubes in boiler. The requirements of Fe and Cu in the feed water were also obtained based on the current feed water quality criterion. The operation conditions of the feed water quality requirements were obtained as well. Results demonstrated that when the estimated pressure in the SAGD steam drum boiler was at 10—14 MPa，the contents of dissolved O2，Cu，and the oil in the feed water were consistent with the labeled requirements of the boiler. The value of pH and hardness，contents of CO2 and Fe could be relaxed to a certain extend. The SAGD boiler can operate safely and stably when the pH value is at the range of 8.8－10，the amount of iron ≤30 μg/L，and the hardness ≤2 μmol/L.

Hydrogen was experimentally selected as a reducing agent and sodium sulfate as an auxiliary additive. The reduction of the low-grade nickel laterite ore was carried out in a self-made gas-solid reactor with provisions for agitation control by changing the temperature，time，Na2SO4 dosage and H2/N2 volume ratio，and the magnetic separation of the reduced ore was performed using a magnetic separator to prepare high-grade nickel-iron alloy. The mineralogical properties of the raw laterite ore，reduced ore and magnetic concentrate were characterized using thermodynamical calculation，differential thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimeters (DTG-DSC)，hydrogen-temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR)，X-ray diffractometry(XRD)，and optical microscopy. The experimental results show that the addition of sodium sulfate could accelerate the crystal phase transition of laterite ore and elevate the utilization of H2. The increase of reduction temperature，as a heat source，could enhance the catalytic reaction activity of sodium sulfate significantly and improve the content of nickel and iron of magnetic product. The optimal reduction condition was obtained as the selective reduction of laterite ore at 800 ℃ for 220 min in the presence of 20% Na2SO4 with an inlet gas mixture of 70% H2 in N2 at a total gas flow rate of 200 L/h. The maximum nickel content and recovery of magnetic product were 6.43% and 97%，respectively. From a thermodynamic point of view，it can be known according to the Gibbs free energy and equilibrium vapor phase diagrams that the sodium sulfate could react with MgSiO3 which exists in the minerals spontaneously at around 700 ℃ and release the nickel. Besides，the generated SO2 could promote FeO transform into FeS，which were conductive to the formation of Fe-S solid solution and thereby contributed to directional mass transfer，accelerated the coalescence of metallic ferronickel particles and facilitated the downstream magnetic separation.

In this paper，5.5—6.5 mm and 4—5 mm two different particale diameter of activated aluminal were taken as the adsorbent to carry out the experimental study on the adsorptive dehumidification performace. The purpose of the experiment is to provide the basis for the operation of activated alumina in compressed air dehumidification system. The results shown that the regeneration performances of 5.5—6.5 mm activated aluminal molecular are surperior to 4—5 mm when the temperature is 120 ℃ and the air rate is 40 m3/h and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. At the conditions of the temperature is 35 ℃ and the air rate is 15 m3/h and the pressure is 0.6 MPa，early in the 1200 s time，both activated aluminals’ adsorption rate are vary fast，and late 4—5 mm particle size of the activated alumina adsorption stability is better. Conclusion：in the given condition，5.5—6.5 mm activated alumina regeneration effect of activated alumina is better than 4—5 mm，but the adsorption effect than the latter.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate the fluid mechanics behavior with four superficial gas velocities in the inner flow field of bubble columns. The internal distribution of overall gas hold-up and the change of liquid phase velocity in the shaft cross-section with time were analyzed. At different superficial gas velocities，local gas hold-up and liquid phase velocity radical distribution at different heights were compared. Overall gas hold-up increased quickly with time first and then stabilized. At the same height，local gas hold-up increased with increasing superficial gas velocity. When H/D<3，liquid phase showed single-phase circulation flow；when H/D=3，it showed dual-phase circulation flow，which was more complex.

The performances of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) can be affected by a variety of parameters，such as operation and geometry parameters，material properties，resulting in an uneven electrochemical performance over the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) active area. In-situ segmented cell measuring techniques can provide the reliable data and speculate the electrochemical reaction mechanism without damaging the structure of fuel cell. This paper reviewed properties of in-situ segmented cell measuring techniques and introduced resistor network，printed circuit board and electromagnetic induction. The features and applications of these techniques were analyzed. Affecting factors，influencing mechanism of various parameters were also investigated.

Due to energy shortage and environmental deterioration，the biomass-based fuel ethanol(BFE)，which has advantages in recyclability and non-pollution，has drawn increasing attention in the past few decades. However，the dehydration process in the preparation of fuel ethanol consumes huge energy，thus has always been a research highlight. In this paper，a review of both domestic and foreign researches in main adsorbents for separating ethanol-water mixtures is made briefly，the advantage of biomass adsorbents over other alternatives in the preparation of fuel ethanol is pointed out，and researching efforts in biomass adsorbents along with the studies in its modification are intensively analyzed. The analysis shows that the adsorbents after modification not only have good absorption efficiency，but also can be used as the feedstock for fuel ethanol after adsorption，which can make full use of the resource. Finally，the prospect of the development trend of biomass adsorbents in the preparation of fuel ethanol is presented. Specifically，obtaining better dehydration effect and recycled process than before is proposed.

As the core for clean，high-efficient and scientific grading utilization of low-rank coal，low-temperature carbonization technology has attracted great attention. However，there are considerable disadvantages in the industrial application of existing coal low-temperature carbonization technology，such as low tar recovery rate and high requirement for raw material size. Development of low-temperature carbonization technology with efficient recovery of tar has become the focus of low-rank coal utilization. The typical low-temperature carbonization technologies of coal worldwide were compared and discussed in terms of structural characteristics of carbonization furnace，raw materials，carbonization products，energy utilization and tar recovery rate. The major characteristics of tar efficient recovery technology in low-temperature carbonization developed by author’s group were presented. Analysis shows that the development aims of low-temperature carbonization technology include scaling-up，developing automatic and efficient environment-friendly technology of carbonization furnace，improving heat recovery and utilization of high-temperature semi-coke and coke-oven gas，achieving multipurpose utilization of pulverized coal，finding coke dry quenching technology，and investigating the grading conversion technology for the fast，catalytic carbonization in low temperature.

The microbial fuel cells (MFCs) research progress is reviewed from the view point of cathodic functions. The cathodic system focuses on electron acceptors. Electron acceptors include traditional oxygen，potassium ferricyanide，permanganate and iodine，as well as protons，heavy metal ions，carbon dioxide and nitrate developed recently. MFCs’ functions expansion into hydrogen production，heavy metal recovery，carbon dioxide capture and nitrogen removal is contributed by the development of new electron acceptors.

Chinese tallow seed contains as high as 40% oil. It is a good raw material for production of biodiesel. By microwave assisted decarboxylation of the potassium soap of Chinese tallow seed oil，renewable hydrocarbon fuel is obtained. In this efficient oil extraction process，high pressure vapor is used as extractor. In order to obtain a high extraction yield，some factors including solid/liquid ratio，baking time，baking temperature，pH value and high pressure processing time are investigated. The weight of microwave assisted pyrolysis liquid product is 60% of dry soap weight. The density of the liquid is 0.865 g/cm3 and the viscosity is 2.73 mm2/s，while its characteristic is similar to that of diesel fuel. Results in this study will give a useful information for the industrial production of biodiesel from Chinese tallow seed.

The water samples were collected from south part of the Yellow Sea. Two hundred and forty microalgae were isolated and purified from the above samples using a capillary method. Among them，eight fast-growing algae strains were cultured in large scale. The lyophilized powder of the above algae cultures were prepared for the analysis of starch，cellulose，soluble sugar and total fat. One algae strain named Navicula sp. NB-2 yielded high dry biomass and total fat (413.3 mg/g dry biomass)，and therefore was selected as the initial strain for biodiesel production in future. Another stain named Navicula sp.NB-3 had fast-growing rate，high cellulose content (92.6 mg/g dry biomass) and high soluble sugar amount (223 mg/g dry biomass). Moreover，Navicula sp.NB-3 yielded high bioethanol amount (77.5 mg/g dry biomass) and had potential for bioethanol production.

The working condition of solid oxide fuel cell is a chemical reaction process of high-temperature，high-rate change. The stability of gas inlet temperature directly affects fuel utilization and cell efficiency. This paper presents an improved external input of nonlinear autoregressive integrated moving average model which combines the ratio of fuel and air flow rates and the load current change to realize nonlinear generalized predictive control for the temperature of gas inlets，and uses the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm based on nonlinear least squares to determine the parameters. The prediction values of real-time flow rates of fuel and air could be obtained accurately and quickly based on the combination of the model and transfer function model for the temperature control system，so that at higher temperature operation，the system could overcome parameter deviations due to changes caused by load current and retain the stability of output voltage.

TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation has the advantages of high efficiency，stability，and no pollution for gaseous pollutants treatment. Photocatalytic reaction efficiency is affected by the inherent characteristics of TiO2 and photocatalytic reaction conditions. The research progress of the influence factors of TiO2 photocatalytic purification of exhaust gas was summarized from inherent properties (such as crystal type，particle diameter，existence form of TiO2，immobilization，modification by doping，and noble metal deposition) of TiO2 and photocatalytic reaction conditions (such as gas initial concentration，flow rate，oxygen content，light source，light intensity，humidity and reaction temperature). Deactivation and regeneration of TiO2 in the gas phase photocatalytic process were introduced，and future research on TiO2 photocatalytic purification would be focused on preparation and application of visible-light photocatalyst，mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of multicomponent gaseous pollutants and influence factors.

Fluorinated olefins are important fine chemicals. So the methods of preparation of fluorinated olefins have been widely studied in recent years. This paper introduces the method of gas-phase catalytic dehydrofluorination to prepare fluorinated olefin whose raw material is fluorinated alkane. The reaction mechanism related to gas-phase catalytic dehydrofluorination is discussed. The catalysts used in gas-phase catalytic dehydrofluorination method，including activated carbon-based catalyst，chromium-based catalyst and aluminum-based catalyst are reviewed. Activated carbon-based catalyst is easy to prepare and cheap，but difficult to regenerate. Chromium-based catalyst shows excellent performance，but its usage may cause environment problem. Aluminum-based catalyst is the focus of the study of this method at present，but how to maintain high activity and selectivity to delay deactivation is a problem to be resolved. Addition of appropriate additive is expected to be a solution.

The mesoporous catalytic materials for oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane to propene，especially supported vanadia mesoporous catalysts，were reviewed. The mechanism of ODH and the influence of the properties of supports and preparation methods one activity and selectivity were introduced，and the way to improve catalytic performance was discussed. The influence of pore structure on ODH process was analyzed. Dispersion of catalyst active components and number of active sites could be enhanced by optimizing pore diameter and specific surface area. The stability of catalyst pore structure at a high temperature and service life should be the focus in future research.

By their structural features，zwitterionic catalysts can be divided into metallocene and non-metallocene (early and late transition metal) complexes. According to the location of counterions in the molecule structure，zwitterionic metallocenes can be classified into girdle-，bridge- and ring-type families. Extensive data on the synthesis，structural characteristics and catalytic activity of the zwitterionic systems for olefin polymerization are reviewed. While zwitterionic catalysts exhibit good activity in respect to olefin polymerization，non-metallocene catalysts possess certain activity in reactions of small molecules as well. Research on these potential single-component catalysts for olefin polymerization and other processes (especially in part concerning small molecule activation) is still required.

MnOx-SnO2/TiO2 catalyst was prepared in two steps，and was studied for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia in the presence of excess oxygen. Its activity for the SCR of NO was tested in the temperature range of 60～280 ℃，and its H2O/SO2 durability were also investigated. The experimental results showed that the catalyst yielded nearly 100% NO conversion at 130～250 ℃. This catalyst showed excellent SCR activity and high H2O/SO2 durability. The characterization results of N2 adsorption-desorption，XRD，and NH3-TPD indicated that the higher surface area，amorphous Mn，the stronger acid sites，and the strong interaction between Mn，Sn，and Ti were responsible for the high catalytic activity.

Ionic liquids，as a new type of electrolyte，are expected to solve the problem of short life，poor stability of electrochemical gas sensors at high ambient humidity and temperature. The applications of ionic liquids as electrolyte solution in electrochemical gas sensors were reviewed according to the species of the gases. The studies on sensitivity，electrochemical response，stability，gas mass transfer and reaction mechanism of different gases were presented. The advantages and disadvantages of ionic liquid electrochemical gas sensors were discussed from the aspects of sensitivity，response time，stability，selectivity and anti-interference. The imperfections of current research on ionic liquids in electrochemical gas sensor were introduced. Moreover，future research on electrochemical gas sensors was suggested. Under atmospheric condition，the study on properties of sensors，response mechanism and electrochemical reaction process should be emphasized in the future.

Polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds (PQACs) are the typical representatives of antibacterial polymers. Two most widely accepted antibacterial mechanisms of PQACs，i.e. “penetrating through mechanism” and “ion exchange mechanism” are reviewed. PQACs are suitable for repeated and long-term application，as the structure of PQACs is stable during use. The influence of molecular weight，alkyl chain length，counter anion and spacer length on electrostatic and hydrophobic attraction between PQACs and bacteria cells are summarized，so as to establish the structure-activity relationship. The perspectives of PQACs are discussed，and further studies should be focused on the structure-activity relationship and application technology.

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a new technology that simultaneously treats wastewater and converts its chemical energy into electrical energy using bacteria as catalyst. Research progress of anode/cathode materials and catalysts for MFCs were reviewed. Methods of improving MFCs performance were discussed，such as using nano-materials to improve the surface area of electrodes，making composite materials to combine the advantages of different materials to overcome the shortage of single materials. Prospects of faster commercial use of MFCs were discussed，for example，coupling with other techniques.

Different from conventional copper oxide，nano copper oxide has its unique electrical，magnetic，optical，chemical characteristics because of its small grain size and high specific surface area，and has attracted extensive attention in many fields. Many preparation methods of nanometer copper oxide powder are reviewed，with emphasis on liquid phase methods and solid phase methods；also， the prospects of its application in the fields of desulfurization，catalysis，and antibacterial action are discussed and the application of nanometer copper oxide to pollutant control is recommended. In order to broaden the scope of its application in environmental engineering，environmental pollution，energy consumption and reaction time in the process of preparation should be paid more attention. Energy saving，high efficiency，green industry should be the direction of preparation of nanometer copper oxide.

Zirconium boride is one of the most important ultrahigh temperature ceramics(UHTCs)，which are urgently required for the development of the aerospace，advanced weapons，and energy. In this paper the reasons for excellent function of zirconium boride are discussed，and the progress of preparation of zirconium boride is reviewed. The mechanisms of preparation processes of zirconium boride，such as soild-phase methods，vapor-phase methods，and precursor methods are introduced. Their advantages and disadvantages are compared. Accordingly，polymer-derived ceramic is an ideal processy for preparing zirconium boride ultrahigh temperature ceramic matrix composites for its easy design，high purity，controllable molding and low transform temperature. So the study on polymer precursor of zirconium boride ceramics would be one of the most important directions of development.

Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle was prepared by chemical co-precipitation method，and magnetic chitosan microsphere was prepared through crosslink emulsification process applying Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle as magnetic nuclear. Also，the properties of magnetic composite microsphere were characterized. Crude angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) extracted from hog lungs was immobilized on magnetic chitosan microspheres，factors influencing the immobilization were investigated. The experimental results showed that the optimal conditions for preparation immobilized ACE were immobilization pH=8.3，temperature 50 ℃，time 1.5 h and protein concentration of ACE 6 mg/mL，with a optimal specific activity of 0.048 U/g spheres. Compared with free ACE，pH and thermal stability of immobilized ACE were increased. After 10 repetitive operations，the activity of immobilized ACE remained more than 40% of its initial activity. These results indicated that magnetic chitosan microsphere can be a kind of good support for immobilizing ACE.

In this test，one kind of Ca-based compound oxygen carrier was prepared by chemical impregnation and further processed by extruding granulation device. The method is characterized by simple operation and high yield，which was suitable for large-scale preparation of oxygen carrier. An investigation into the reduction reactivity between compound oxygen carriers and the coal was carried out in TGA and a fluidized bed，respectively. The reaction rate for the compound oxygen carrier impregnated with nickel nitrate，reacting with coal was much faster than that for fresh CaSO4 oxygen carrier. The reaction between CaAlNi oxygen carrier and coal took place at a lower temperature than that between fresh CaSO4 oxygen carrier and coal. Increasing the immersing amount of Ni ions has no effect on the reaction rate，which shortens the reaction time slightly. Experiment of CaAlNi10 oxygen carrier and coal was carried out in a fluidized bed by ten redox cycles. Further，it showed that NiO was able to capture S which released by CaSO4.The CaAlNi10 oxygen carrier particles were featured by the high reactivity and regeneration rate and excellent cycling stability in the fluidized bed during ten redox cycles. Therefore，the CaAlNi oxygen carrier is appropriate for industrial production.

In this study carboxymethyl cellulose was successfully synthesized from bamboo shoot shell wastes using four-times alkalization method. The raw material and products were characterized by FTIR，XRD，TGA and SEM. The results showed that the optimal preparation conditions were pretreated cellulose 5 g，sodium hydroxide 5 g，chloroacetic acid 6 g，85% ethanol as solvent，first basification temperature and time were 30 ℃ and 90 min with 80% of total sodium hydroxide，the remaining 20% was averagely divided into three parts to add during the etherification process，final etherification temperature and total etherification time were 70 ℃ and three hours. Under the optimized reaction conditions，the substituting degree of carboxymethyl cellulose obtained reached 0.9341 and the viscosity was 35 mPa?s.

Oxazolidone ring was introduced into epoxy resin by reacting 4,4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) with epoxy resin composed of bisphenol A epoxy resin and aliphatic epoxy resin. The viscosity of modified epoxy resin，mechanical and thermal properties of cured resin were studied by changing the content of aliphatic epoxy resin which was used as reactive diluent and MDI. The viscosity of oxazolidone modified epoxy resin could be reduced effectively when modification ratio was decreased and content of diluent was increased. When modification ratio was 4∶1，tensile strength and bending strength of cured resin reached 75.4 MPa and 158.2 MPa. The values were increased by 64% and 57% respectively compared with those of bisphenol A epoxy resin cured samples. Elongation and impact strength were also greatly improved. Oxazolidone modified epoxy resin exhibited high strength and toughness. Diluent content indicated a small influence on glass transition temperature (Tg). The Tg of oxazolidone modified epoxy resin was between 108 ℃ and 118 ℃. Oxazolidone modified epoxy resin possessed thermal resistance as bisphenol A epoxy resin.

This paper conducted an experiment on dynamic absorption of carbon dioxide by sodium lime. The effects of environment factors and absorption rate on the absorption efficiency were investigated by controlling different environment parameters. Temperature and relative humidity were chosen as the controlling factors. The results showed that the maximum absorption efficiency of sodium lime；both relative humidity and temperature had influences on absorption efficiency and absorption rate，which were positively correlated；the effects of relative humidity were more obvious；the maximum difference in absorption efficiency was 6% and average dynamic absorption rate difference was 281 mL/min at different humidifies. The absorption process demonstrated stability and could be，suitable for carbon dioxide removal in underground applications.

Traditional immobilization methods often lead to substantially dropped enzyme activity，and the recovery rate is very low. However，site-specific immobilization enzymes can expose their active sites after immobilization. So it can preserve the activity，and the enzyme recovery rate is high. The site-specific immobilization is classified into two categories，one category is the non-covalent immobilization methods that take advantage of the specific interaction between avidin/streptavidin and biotin or between polyhistidine and metal ions Co2+/Ni2+；the other is the covalent ligation approaches——immobilization through Cys residue。The application fields include biosensors，molecular recognition，enzymatic biofuel cell and enzyme purification. The main research direction in the future is to exploration of new site-specific immobilization tags to reduce the effect on the enzyme active site，application of new carriers to improve the activity recovery of immobilized enzyme，the immobilization process optimization or simplification of immobilization steps.

Lipase is a significant biocatalyst，because of its wide source and excellent catalytic activity and specificity in a great many reactions in water and even non-aqueous media. The research on catalytic mechanism and structure-function relationship of lipase becomes a hot point. Molecular simulation based on modern computer technology plays an increasingly important role in this area. In the paper，three stages of development and application of computer-aided molecular simulation on the research of properties and catalytic mechanism of lipases is reviewed. In the early stage，conformational changes of lipases were studied mainly by molecular dynamics. Flexible docking technology，which was developed afterwards，was mainly adopted to predict enantioselectivity and investigate the simplified catalytic mechanisms. Currently，more accurate molecular dynamics and QM/MM become the common research method for catalytic mechanism of lipase. By summarizing the development of computer-aided molecular simulation，together with the comparison of the three stages，it could be inferred that in the foreseeable future，the molecular simulation technology will play more and more important role in the research of properties and catalytic mechanism of enzymes. The comprehensive application of multiple simulation method and the fast maturity of ab initio calculation must also play irreplaceable role in the understanding of structure-activity relationship of protein.

Perfluoromethyl perfluorovinyl ether (PMVE) as an important monomer has been widely used in the synthysis of the new fluororubber and fluoroplastics. The synthesis methods of PMVE are reviewed and classified into：process with tetrafluoroethylene，pyrolysis，reduction and process with hexafluoropropylene oxide. Moreover，the progress of PMVE processing is reviewed，and the advantages and disadvantages of these synthesis methods are analyzed. Improvement of the new lab-scale techniques may be an important way for commercialization of PMVE.

In this paper，n-phenylaniline and oxalyl chloride were used to prepare 1-phenylindole. The experimental conditions，such as material ratio，reaction time，the amount of catalyst and so on were investigated. The optimal conditions of the coupling reaction were found as：n(n-phenyl -aniline)∶n(oxalyl chloride) =1∶3，reaction temperature 20—25 ℃，reaction time 2.5 h，under which the yield of 1-(diphenylamino)-2-chloro-ethanedione was up to 98.02% based on n-phenyl -aniline and the purity was 97.68% as determined by HPLC. The best reaction conditions for preparing 1-phenyl isatin were found as：n(1-(diphenylamino)-2-chloro-ethanedione)∶n(Anhydrous AlCl3)=1∶3，reaction temperature 10 ℃，reaction time 2 h，under which the yield of 1-phenylisatin was 86.76% based on 1-(diphenylamino)- 2-chloro-ethanedione and the purity was 98.45% as determined by HPLC. The reduction reaction conditions were optimized as：n(1-phenylisatin)∶n(sodium borohydride) = 1∶3，n(1-phenylisatin)∶n(zinc chloride) = 1∶0.05，reaction temperature 110 ℃，reaction time 12 h，under which the yield of 1-phenylisatin was 72.41% based on 1-phenylisatin and the purity was 98.14% as determined by HPLC. The structures of the product were identified by 1H NMR，MS and Micro melting point instrument.

In recent years，as people’s understanding of wastewater biological nutrient removal process were improving，some new wastewater treatment technologies were generated. The mechanisms，influencing factors and process characteristics of CANDO，BioCAST，UAASB，A-CFBBE，TCFBBR，A2N-IC for nutrients removal were highlighted in this article. Comparing with traditional technology，the characteristics of the new technologise were discussed. Finally gives a prospect of biological nutrient removal technology，pointing out that the developing direction for future wastewater treatment process should be economic，efficient and low energy consumption.

This research conducted an experiment on low concentration copper-containing wastewater (10 mg/L to 50 mg/L) by electrodialysis concentration in an electrodialysis device. Anion and cation exchange membranes are alternately installed in the electrodialysis reactive tank，which divided the reactor into anodal chamber，cathodal chamber，dilute chamber and concentrated chamber. Driven by electric field force，the copper ions in the wastewater were concentrated before penetrating through the ion exchange membranes. The experiment investigated the influences of DC voltage，electrode spacing，power-on time and other factors on the copper ion removal efficiency and enrichment factor. The results were analyzed in details. The results showed that copper ion removal efficiency can be as high as 90.4% at 20 ℃，8 V，pH=7，360 mm of electrode spacing，1 h of power-on，，and the enrichment factor can be 3.5，and copper ion concentration in the dilute chamber can be as high as 1.44 mg/L.

In order to explore the anaerobic digestion performance of the oily sludge，anaerobic batch mode was taken for the oily excess sludge and oily scum sludge produced in a wastewater treatment plant. During anaerobic digestion，composition changes of oily sludge and the volume of biogas produced were measured and then compared with the results of municipal excess sludge. The results showed that after 35 days anaerobic digestion，for oily excess sludge and oily scum sludge the VS removal efficiencies were 4.98% and 3.74%，the TCOD removal efficiencies were 10% and 3.4%，and the volume of biogas produced were 0.97 L/(gVS) and 0.56 L/(gVS). It demonstrated that anaerobic degradability of oily scum sludge was not desirable. Even the results of anaerobic degradability of oily excess sludge were better，it may not be feasible to use anaerobic digestion in oily sludge treatment.

Supported-gas-membrane process for removal/recovery of ammonia from a wastewater stream was studied by using volatile hydrochloric acid as the absorbent. The experimental feasibility was identified and the critical concentration of hydrochloric acid for various feed-in ammonia concentrations were found in order to assure operation stability. The effects of feed-in ammonia concentration，feed-in flow rate，flow rate of the stripping solution，HCl concentration in the stripping solution，as well as operation temperature，on the overall mass transfer coefficient were also investigated. The experimental results showed that hydrochloric acid as absorbent was feasible，and that it was possible to obtain a highly concentrated by-product of >15% NH4Cl solution. The operational stability had been tested for >650 h under the following experimental conditions：feed-in ammonia concentration of 2000 mg/L，hydrochloric acid concentration of 2%，and temperature of 25 ℃，and the overall mass transfer coefficient was around 4.25×10?6 m/s during the whole testing period，which demonstrated a high operational stability and feasibility.

The currenttreatment of circulating cooling water is limited to descaling with little scale inhibition，which israrely reported. This study proposed a new technology of electrochemical treatment of circulating cooling water by using simulating the treatment of circulating water by a high frequency electric field in electrolytic system. Optimal operational conditions were obtained by adjusting electrochemical parameters，and the mechanism of the process was analyzed. Based on the experimental data，the device was applied on a pilot scale at a facility. The results confirmed the optimal experimental conditions，with the current of 16 A，voltage of 5 V，plate spacing of 75 mm，and flow of 1000m3/h. The result suggested that this process had excellent scale inhibition convenience and efficiency.

The inadequate depth of secondary air caused boiler insufficient oxygen in the furnace center and uneven flow in the Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB). The uneven flow between the gas and solid phases not only increased the abrasion on the cooling wall but also reduced the combustion efficiency，restricting the development of large-scale CFB boiler. Aiming at the injection of secondary air in CFB boiler，the design of secondary air inlet for a 150 MW CFB boiler was improved，using Eulerian multiphase model to investigate the flow field in the furnace. The results showed that the internal gas-solid flow field was more even with new inlet and anoxic zone in the center was eliminated， with a great improvement of combustion efficiency and reduction of the abrasion on the cooling wall. The improved design also allowed secondary air enter the furnace with lower momentum which reduced the energy consumption energy cost.

This paper mainly discussed the growing trend，unit layout and technology supply about domestic hydrocracking technology market，which showed the characteristics of the hydrocracking technology marked in china，such as enlarging unit scale，rapid growth of processing capacity，unbalancing unit overall arrangement，as well as single-stage in series process acting as the main part，the hydrocracking tail oil using for producing enthylene. Facing the future，with the new transportation fuel regulation coming on，the imbalance of unit distribution will be upgraded，the market demands will ask for higher level of hydrocracking technology and the market contest will be growing more intensely.

Ethanol fuel as a new renewable energy can reduce dependence on non-renewable energy - petroleum. In China，National Development and Reform Commission，the Ministry of Science and Technology，and National Energy Administration release many related industrial policies，paved the way for the technology development in the field of ethanol fuel. The article reviews the national policy，technology development and analyzes the patents in the field of ethanol fuel and further analyzes the patents of basic material. The article provides data for technology companies in the field of ethanol fuel，and provides advice and prospect to support the development of ethanol fuel.