Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas，and rapid development has been made in the study of fixation and conversion of CO2 in recent years. Chemical and biological methods are the main methods of CO2 fixation. The low efficiency，high energy consumption，and high requirements of equipment performance are the significant disadvantages of chemical conversion of CO2. Biological methods of CO2 fixation include enzymatic and microalgal carbon dioxide fixation，which have attracted much attention due to their mild reaction conditions and pollution-free. This paper summarizes the research status of CO2 fixation using multi-enzyme system and microalgae at home and abroad，focusing on the research progress of choosing and optimizing of multi-enzyme system，screening and breeding of genetic engineered microalgae，and the design of photoreactor and the synthesis of high value-added products. Meanwhile，CO2 fixation coupled with production of useful substances by building new multi-enzyme system is the primary development direction of enzymatic carbon dioxide fixation. In addition，the construction of genetic engineering micro-algae and the development of new photoreactor are efficient methods to improve microalgal carbon sequestration.

This paper summarized recent phase equilibria research on replacement of CH4 from hydrate with CO2, including replacement mechanism, phase equilibria experiments, influence factors of mixed hydrate phase equilibria and the application of phase equilibria study. Electrolyte solution and microwave reflect the electrical force on the formation of hydrate. Interfacial tension, adsorption on the phase equilibria conditions need to be considered when using surfactants or porous medium. Impacts of gas component on hydrate formation were related to hydrate phase equilibria conditions and interaction between the components. Phase equilibria experiments used observation method, which may have errors, and not suitable for the research of hydrate formation in porous media. Therefore, the combination of microscopic imaging technique and chromatographic analysis technique may be needed in the experiment. The research on phase equilibria of liquid or emulsion CO2 may need to be future studied, considering its advantages in transportation, injection, separation and replacement effects. Actual conditions of the CO2 replacement process are different from experimental conditions, with greater impacts heat injection or depressurization. Therefore phase equilibria in multiple physical fieldschanges for porous medium sediments.

Dual polarization interferometry (DPI) technology is a label-free，real-time，precise and sensitive technique. It allows real-time，dynamic and quantitative determination of the density，thickness and mass for molecular bilayer or multilayer，revealing the relationship between molecular structure and interfacial activity. The principle and characteristics were briefly introduced and the current applications of DPI in polymer activity at solid-liquid interface were extensively reviewed. The process of polymer adsorption on oil-water interface by the experience of foreign scholars was studied for reference and the thermodynamic and kinetic model for polymer adsorption was established，and then the mechanism of the polymer adsorption on oil-water interface can be revealed from molecular level，providing new ideas and theoretical basis in the treatment of polymer-contained water. With the development of DPI，this technique can be applied in colloid surface chemistry，material surface chemistry and nanometer chemistry.

Cyclohexene direct hydration is a new process to prepare cyclohexanol. A VOF (volume of fluid) method is presented for predicting the flowing process of the two-phase countercurrent falling film. Three important momentum source terms，including interface shear stress，surface tension and porous medium source term，are considered. On the basis of using a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model to simulate the influence of viscosity，surface tension and flow resistance，the results show that the viscosity and the surface tension have great influence on the thickness and the fluctuation of liquid film which further affect the mass transfer coefficient，and that high flow resistance will cause liquid membrane rupture which interferes with the mass transfer.

The anti-dirt performances of the plain tube and the enhanced tube with helical blade rotors were numerically studied using FLUENT software, and the axial and radial particle volume fraction distributions of the tube were also obtained. Meanwhile，the effects of the particle diameter on the anti-dirt performance of the enhanced tube were investigated. The numerical results indicated that the dirt in the enhanced tube with helical blade rotors decreased significantly compared with the plain tube，and the particle volume fraction at the bottom of the enhanced tube was higher than that at the top of the enhanced tube due to the gravity effect of the particle. As the particle diameter increased, the axial particle volume fraction at the bottom of the enhanced tube increased accordingly, and the axial particle volume fraction at the top of the enhanced tube decreased. In the radial direction of the enhanced tube, the effects of the particle diameter on the particle volume fraction of the near-wall region were significant.

This paper investigated the simulation of liquid velocity, local gas holdup and bubble size in a stirred tank with dual turbine impellers using computational fluid dynamics(CFD). The results from three different turbulence models (Standard k-ε，RNG k-ε，Realizable k-ε) were compared. The Euler-Euler multiphase flow model and multiple frames of reference(MFR) method were used in the simulations. A population balance model(PBM) was implemented in order to account for the combined effect of bubble break-up and coalescence in the tank. The results showed that the flow patterns of liquid phase and the total gas holdups predicted by the three models had no significant difference, and the total gas holdups agreed well with the experimental data. The standard k-ε and RNG k-ε models over predicted the local gas holdup values at the impeller regions, and in the upper part of the vessel near the liquid-free surface where the local gas holdups predicted all were lower than the measurements. The realizable k-ε model gave the best result compared with the experimental data. The simulated results and experimental data agreed well at most of the points in the tank except for the part near the liquid-free face for the bubble sizes. The bubble size distribution was consistent with the turbulence length distribution.

This paper introduced the structural principle of the servo dynamic mixer. The images of the distribution of dispersion phase of glycerol on the axial cross section in the plane tube and in the servo dynamic mixer were obtained by photographic technique. Mixture multiphase model and RNG k-ε model were chosen in CFD modeling to obtain the cloud chart of the distribution phase and the variation coefficient of glycerol. The results of the distribution of glycerol in the plane tube obtained in the experimental study and numerical modeling agreed well with each other, proving the rationality of the numerical modeling. The experimental results showed that the servo dynamic mixer had an effect of partition-segregation, disturbance, and friction-blend on the dispersed phase. The variation coefficient of glycerol obtained by the way of CFD modeling showed that the servo dynamic mixer had excellent performance on mixing.

By setting a Kenics static mixer into the device of horizontal liquid-solids two-phase fluidized bed heat exchange tube，experiment was performed using saturated calcium sulfate solution as working medium. The pressure drop results of the horizontal liquid-solids fluidized bed heat exchange tube with a Kenics static mixer were presented. The effects of working fluid velocity，Kenics static mixer twist ratio，solids volume fraction and size on pressure drop were discussed，and compared with the variation of pressure drop in cold state. The pressure drop of setting the Kenics static mixer in heat exchange tube was found to be about 20%—140% over the case without setting the Kenics static mixer under the same operation conditions. Pressure drop increased with increasing Reynolds number and decreased with increasing twist ratio. Moreover，pressure drop was found to increase with increasing volume fraction，but the effect was not significant. On the basis of experiment data，an empirical equation for pressure drop was established. It provides some theoretical information for the optimal design of the liquid-solids two-phase fluidized bed.

Methanol and acetone can form a minimum azeotrope，so it can not be separated by conventional distillation. Press-swing distillation was adopted to separate methanol and acetone and was simulated in this study. The influences of operation factors，such as stage number，reflux ratio，operating pressure，material feed location and feed temperature were analyzed. The vacuum tower operation parameters were as follows：operating pressure 40 kPa，stage number 37，reflux ratio 2.4，feed location 26 and material feed temperature 25 ℃. The atmospheric tower operation parameters were as follows：stage number 30，reflux ratio 4.2，feed location 23. High-purity separation could be realized. The purity of methanol could reach 99.0% and acetone could reach 99.7%. Comparison of extractive distillation and press-swing distillation was made. Press-swing distillation could get high purity products. Press-swing distillation could save energy by 13.4% as compared with extractive distillation.

As a renewable source of hydrocarbon fuel feedstock，non-edible oil has attracted world’s attention. With respect to low selectivity of decarboxylation as well as fewer saturated hydrocarbons and more oxygenated organics，the conventional method of cracking non-edible oil is not satisfactory. Microwave assisted cracking is better with high selectivivity，promotion of decarboxylation and high yield of hydrocarbon products. This paper reviews the commonly used methods of catalytic cracking，with emphasis on different catalysts and introduces microwave assisted cracking，which has a wide application prospect due to its low treatment cost and better product quality.

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers are the world-wide recognized environment-friendly fuel components，and have great application prospect. The present work is aimed to provide an overview on polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers in recent years；mainly to focus on the synthesis method，thermodynamics，reaction kinetics，process route and the types of catalysts used for the synthesis reactions of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers；and to summarize the features and advantages of each method. Meanwhile，part of the physical and chemical nature of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers and the analysis method are introduced. Authors’ opinions concerning the prospect of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers are presented，pointing out that methanol-based synthetic polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers has important significance on the promotion of utilization of methanol and extension of downstream product chain of methanol.

Green house gas (GHG) emission and energy input/output analysis for fuel ethanol，based on life cycle assessment (LCA) as well as biofuel model-based system analysis，is introduced，and related research progress is summarized in the paper. In order to reduce GHG emission and consider energy input/output，feedstock selection，manufacturing process optimization，energy output maximization by diversified energy products and layout of fuel ethanol plant are recommended.

This paper presented a simulation of liquefied natural gas process of the mixed refrigerant cycle using Aspen Plus software，and calculated the exergy losses of each unit. The results showed that the exergy loss of compression process was 63.8% of all energy loss，heat transfer process accounted for 19% of the energy loss，but was the key point to reduce the exergy loss in the entire process. On the basis of the process simulation，the pressure and temperature of high-pressure refrigerant，low-pressure refrigerant，and the molar content of methane and n-pentane in the mixed refrigerants were selected as the variables in the detailed analysis of the impacts on the exergy losses. Suggestions were proposed to reduce the system effective loss. The analysis results showed that improving the high-pressure refrigerant pressure，low-pressure refrigerant pressure and temperature，and the molar content of the n-pentane in the mixed refrigerants could help reduce the exergy loss of the entire process. Reducing the high-pressure refrigerant temperature and the molar content of the methane in the mixed refrigerant process had similar effects.

Recent progress in the metallic oxides catalysts for vapour phase ortho-selective C-alkylation of phenol with methanol was reviewed. Different catalysts systems as well as synthesis processes for vapor phase ortho-selective C-alkylation of phenol with methanol that yields o-cresol and 2,6-xylenol were compared，especially，the research progress in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor over the metallic oxides catalysts was discussed. Furthermore，the activities of single component and multiple component metallic oxides catalysts toward C-alkylation of phenol were compared，and the relationship between the acidic-basic properties of the catalysts and the catalytic performance were clarified. The deactivation and the possible reaction mechanism were also discussed in detail. Finally，the difficulties and challenges of the novel environment-benign and high-efficiency catalysts were discussed，meanwhile the recent research hot points of anometer catalyst and biomass catalyst were proposed.

This paper is aimed to review the recent progress in catalytic synthesis of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) by four non-phosgene routes，i.e. transesterification，oxidative carbonylation of phenol，transesterification-decarbonylation of dimethyl oxalate and phenolysis of urea. The review mainly focuses on the catalyst，the reaction condition，conversion of the reactant and the yield of product for each non-phosgene route，the advantages and disadvantages of which are described. Two routes，transesterification and phenolysis of urea，are preferred based on the comparison of raw materials，catalyst preparation，technology，and the energy consumption for four routes，so，these two routes may be dominant in future.

The diminishing quality of petroleum feedstocks coupled with increasingly stringent environmental regulations have made the removal of sulfur and nitrogen an important problem in refining industry. Nickel phosphide (Ni2P) has recently received much attention because of its high activity for the hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation of fuels. The present article intends to review recent progress in fabrication，characterization and catalytic performance of Ni2P. Reduction with phosphine，hypophosphite and the plasma reduction of phosphate can be carried out at lower temperatures，which leads to smaller articles and more active Ni2P catalyst. STM study has shown that Ni2P(0001) surface has two possible terminations in which the Ni∶P ratios are 3∶1 (Ni3P termination) and 3∶1 (Ni3P2 termination). On the Ni3P terminated surface the Ni atoms have a square pyramidal structure，and on the Ni3P2 terminated surface the Ni atoms have a tetrahedral structure. Evidence is found for dissociative hydrogen adsorbed on the Ni3P surface of Ni2P(0001)，but not on the Ni3P2 surface，indicating that the square pyramidal sites on the Ni3P surface have high reactivity. It is proposed that Ni2P is a potentially promising catalyst for hyroprocessing process.

In past few years，methanol oxidative carbonylation is an important method for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC)，becomes one of the most important approaches for clean coal utilization，and has got a significant development. In this paper，according to its supporters，the supported copper-based catalysts are divided to three categories：molecular sieve supporters，activated carbon supporters and other supporters. Their research progress is fully reviewed，including research advances in catalyst for synthesis technology，the feature and microstructure of surface，the catalytic performance and catalysis mechanism. Through in-depth analysis and comparison，it’s concluded that chlorine-free copper-based catalysts with zeolite or actived carbon as supporter are prospective in future，because of its high catalytic activity，high stability and no Cl? in the active component of CuCl/CuCl2 catalysts，which avoid the harmful HCl production in the reaction processes.

Adipic acid (AA) is an extremely important chemical raw material and organic synthesis intermediate，and the global consumption shows a steady growth trend in recent years. Much attention has been paid for its green synthesis process because of disadvantages of current processes in environmental pollution. The paper summarizes the research progress of clean synthesis of adipic acid in terms of different raw materials and catalytic systems，and the synthesis routes of adipic acid are introduced in which cyclohexane，cyclohexanol，cyclohexene，or butadiene are used as substrate and dioxygen，hydrogen peroxide or ozone as oxidant in the presence of different catalytic systems. The advantages and disadvantages of various synthesis methods are analyzed. The development prospect of one-step green catalytic synthesis of adipic acid from cyclohexane is very good among these routes. It could be the best method and idea for commercial production of adipic acid in the future.

The CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation，and the effects of CO2 addition during the aging process on the phase composition of precursors，the microstructure of the calcined catalysts and catalytic performance for slurry phase methanol synthesis were investigated. The characterization by XRD，FT-IR，DTG，H2-TPR and XPS showed that adding CO2 helps to keep the mother liquor pH close to neutral，and generates CO32? ions，thus to facilitate Zn2+ precipitate and to promote Cu2+ into Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 lattice substitution of Zn2+ formation the aurichalcite(Zn,Cu)5 (CO3)2(OH)6，leading to the improvement of content in precursors. While the catalyst is calcined，it exhibits a strong interaction between CuO and ZnO，well dispersion of CuO crystal particles around ZnO surface，and the best catalytic performance，including the methanol space-time yield (STY) and the stability. While the volume flow of CO2 was 40 mL/min，the methanol space-time yield (STY) and deactivation rate of the catalyst were 302.45 g/(kg?h) and 0.15%/d，respectively. Compared with the catalyst prepared without adding CO2 in the aging process，the methanol STY and deactivation rate of the catalyst were increased and decreased by 7.36% and 28.57%，respectively。

A series of catalysts PVP-Pt/γ-Al2O3 were prepared by different reduction methods (ethanol，HCHO，HCOONa，and NaBH4) in the presence of PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) as stabilizer，the catalytic performance for asymmetric hydrogenation of ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate to ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate was tested．The catalyst prepared by using NaBH4 as reducing agent showed the best overall performance．The effect of various catalyst preparation conditions，such as reduction temperature，NaBH4 concentration，the medium in which reduction was carried out， PVP/Pt mole ratio and reaction solvent and time，was also investigated． Ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate could be obtained with 100% yield and 76.8% e.e. when catalyst was prepared at 0 ℃ using 0.5 mol/L NaBH4 in a medium of ethanol．

Manganese catalysy supported on activated carbon fibers modified by nitric acid (MnOx/ACFN) was prepared by the method of impregnation. The activity of MnOx/ACFN catalyst was tested for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia at low-temperature. The effects of manganese content and the methods and content of cerium loading for improving the denitration activity of MnOx/ACFN catalyst were investigated. The physical and chemical characteristics of these catalysts were studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The most active catalyst with the highest conversion of NOx of 92.2% was prepared under the conditions of adding CeO2 by co-precipitation，total loading of MnOx and CeO2 15%，molar ratio of cerium to manganese 3∶2，reaction temperature 200 ℃.

In this work，the relationship between the properties and structure of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) was described. The latest application of LDHs in electrochemical biosensors was summarized. The current and novel application of the LDHs，such as the enzyme-based adsorption electrochemical sensors，the electrochemical sensors of enzyme immobilized in LDHs nanosheets，the electrochemical sensors of other active ingredients immobilized in LDHs nanosheets and the self-build LDHs sensor was introduced. Moreover，the mechanism and preparation method for the fabrication of electrochemical biosensors by using LDHs was analyzed. Finally，the application trend of LDHs in electrochemical sensors was proposed. The high-sensitivity and high-selectivity detection are the main development direction for new electrochemical biosensor. The multiple design policies of LDHs are developed to satisfy the demand，including multi-layer，multi-component，greater miniaturization and well-aligned arrays.

Graphene based materials have large specific surface area and good chemical stability. In recent years，grapheme based materials are widely used for the deep adsorption of environmental pollutants in different samples and have received great attentions by researchers. In this paper，the recent progress for the adsorption of heavy metals by grapheme based materials was reviewed，including pristine graphene，grapheme oxide，functionalized grapheme and grapheme based composite. The influences on the metal ions adsorption property by functionalized graphene were discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the materials for the adsorption of heavy metals were also analyzed. The future development in this area was proposed，such as the relationship between structure and property，the reusability of the material and the adsorption sensitivity for heavy metals at trace level. Several important issues are suggested for the future work，i.e. the synthesis of materials with high selectivity，sensitivity and reusability for the adsorption of heavy metal ions in waste water treatment.

Lithium hexafluorophosphate with high chloride content was prepared from PCl5 and LiF. In order to reduce chloride content and improve product purity，purifying lithium hexafluorophosphate with ethyl ether and benzene was studied. The solubilities of LiPF6，LiCl and PCl5 in ether were investigated firstly after choosing ethyl ether from ethyl ether，glycol dimethyl ether，acetonitrile and acetone. Ethyl ether could separate LiCl and LiF from the product well but not PCl5，so chloride content in LiPF6 was still too high. Another solvent must be selected to remove chloride ion. So the solubilities of PCl5 in benzene，toluene，dimethylbenzene，chlorobenzene，cyclohexane were studied. Benzene and toluene did better than others. Then benzene and toluene were used separately to purify LiPF6. The chloride content in LiPF6 was reduced to 2 mg/L by using benzene. Residue of benzene in the product after recrystallization was 0.0004%. Ethyl ether and benzene were the best solvents to purify LiPF6.

As a renewable and clean energy，development and utilization of fuel ethanol has attracted much attention，and consequently there is increasingly in-depth research of the fermentation processes. In recent years，various approaches of fed-batch fermentation have been attempted to investigate their suitability for ethanol production and eventually demonstrated their good potential with the advantages，such as decreased substrate inhibition，and alleviated effects of the toxic compounds released in the dilute-acid pretreatment of lignocellulose. However，due to the existing problems，such as complexity of ethanol fermentation process and lack of in-depth investigations into feeding control strategies，the application of this technology to large-scale production of fuel ethanol has been restricted. This paper reviews major progress of ethanol fed-batch fermentation technologies，particularly focusing on the application of fed-batch approaches to ethanol production using lignocellulose as feedstock and high concentration ethanol fermentation，as well as specific fed-batch control strategies. Finally，more efforts should be made to understand fed-batch ethanol fermentation kinetics and feeding control theory，and to develop new types of sensors and online monitoring technologies.

To reduce non-starch polysaccharides anti-nutritional factor in feed and promote intake of nutrient，the solid-state fermentation technology of feruloyl esterase (FAE) and the influence on nutrient utilization rate were studied. Under optimized conditions of 2∶8 of the ratio for wheat bran and brewers’ spent grain (BSG)，2∶4 of the ratio for peptone and yeast，40% of water content，10% of inoculum，6 days of incubation and 33 ℃ of incubation temperature，the activity of FAE was improved to five times compared to unoptimized conditions and the maximum activity was 29.49 U/g. The combination of FAE and Yiduoli enzyme was mixed in feed for broiler. FAE and Yiduoli enzyme could improve the utilization of dry matter，crude protein，crude ash，acidic detergent fiber，but the improvement was limited. The utilization of neutral detergent fiber increased markedly (P<0.01).

(R,S)-3,5-bis(tri?uoromethyl)phenyl ethanol was prepared by reduction of 3,5-bis (tri?uoromethyl) acetophenone with the NaBH4 as reducing agent. Two efficient and highly selective lipases，Novozym 435 and Rhizopus arrhizus，were screened with (R,S)-3,5- bis(tri?uoromethyl)phenyl ethanol as substrate. Rhizopus arrhizus was selected as our experimental lipase and the factors which affected kinetic resolution were studied. When n-hexane was selected as solvent，optically pure (R)-3,5- bis (trifluoromethyl) phenyl ethyl acetate could be obtained after 30 min at 40 ℃. After post-processing，we obtained (R)-3,5-bis (trifluoromethyl) phenyl ethyl with the e.e. value of 100%.

In our work，ester hydrolysis of chiral primary alcohols was adopted as model reaction. The results showed that those chiral primary alcohols with non-acyloxy oxygen atom were able to be resolved by Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PcL) with a relatively high enantioselectivity，but those without the extra oxygen did not. Investigation by chemical modification of PcL by N-acetylimidazole indicated enantioselectivity towards primary alcohol with the non-acyloxy oxygen decreased significantly，but those without retained almost the same low value. Protein mass spectrometry analysis suggested that Tyr29 in PcL had a significant effect on selectivity inside the active center. Further investigation by molecular simulation indicated that phenolic hydroxyl hydrogen atom in PcL’s Tyr29 was able to serve as an extra hydrogen bond donor，and could form a hydrogen bond with the extra oxygen of primary alcohol. To a large extent，whether the substrate molecule could form a hydrogen bond with Tyr29 of PcL decided the lipase’s enantioselectivity. The mechanism of enantioselectivity towards chiral primary alcohols via study of chemical modification of PcL was proposed.

A strain was obtained by screening with which butanol can be fermented by using cellulose hydrolysate. The microorganism not only could use glucose of cellulose hydrolysate，but also could use xylose of cellulose hydrolysate. The growth characteristics，carbon source，nitrogen source and CaCO3 addition in batch fermentation were studied. High concentration glucose and xylose could not be consumed. The optimal concentration of xylose was 20 g/L in batch fermentation. So the initial concentration of xylose in cellulose hydrolysate was 20 g/L with 15 L fermentation reactor，and then cultured for 84 hours at 37 ℃. The yield of butanol was 10.95 g/L，yield of total solvent 16.78 g/L (acetone，ethanol，and butanol)，utilization rate of xylose was 70% and total solvent conversion was 39.4%. The economic loss by failure of utilization of xylose in cellulose hydrolysate fermentation was resolved.

Quaternary ammonium salt surfactants with ester group have attracted considerable interest because of their excellent surface activities and biodegradability. This paper reviewes and analyzes the progress of Gemini quaternary ammonium salt surfactants with ester group (symmetric，asymmetric and heterocyclic- containing) and their industrial application in sanitizer，metal corrosion inhibitors，emulsifiers，foaming agent，genetic vector. The research on developing novel products with excellent cost-effective performance by molecular design，optimizing synthesis process，and improving compatibility with traditional surfactant will be the focus of future research.

A novel scale and corrosion inhibitor M-04 was prepared from sodium lignosulphonate(SL)，diethylene triamine penta methylene phosphonic acid(DTPMPA)，zinc gluconate(C12H22O14Zn)and methyl benzotriazole(TTA)in aqueous solution. TTA was dissolved in ethanol in advance. The effects of mass fraction of the agents，mass ratio of the main raw materials，proportion of ethanol in the TTA ethanol solution，reaction temperature and time on antiscaling performance were discussed and the optimum preparation condition of M-04 was obtained byorthogonal experiments. The results showed that when the concentration of M-04 was 50 mg/L，the efficiency of scale inhibition of CaCO3 and the transmittance of iron oxide were 84.83% and 63.4% respectively，which indicated that M-04 had a good antiscaling and dispersing capability. The corrosion inhibition capability of M-04 reached 65.7% at the dose of 70 mg/L. Comparing with that，only 10 mg/L M-04 was used after prefilming.

A new process for synthesis of 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylsulfone (BPS) by the sulfonation of phenol with concentration sulfuric acid followed by dehydration was developed. A new catalyst (naphthalene-2,6-disulfonic acid) and solvent system (mixed solvent of mesitylene-durene) were adopted to improve the yield and purity of BPS. The effects of type of solvent，weight ratio of mixed solvent，type and amount of catalyst on BPS yield，purity and isomer (2,4'-dihydroxydiphenylsulfone) ratio were investigated. The new process was as follow：To the reaction mixture of 100g mixed solvent of mesitylene-durene (the weight ratio 3∶1)，5 g catalyst of naphthalene-2,6-disulfonic acid and 98.5 g phenol 51.2 g sulfuric acid was added dropwisely at 110 ℃. Then the reaction system was heated rapidly to the reflux temperature of 172 ℃ and maintained for 5h. The yield of product BPS reached 99.3% and the purity was 96.49%. The product yield of the process was high and the catalyst was relatively cheap，and the new process was easy to be commercialized.

1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane was prepared by radical addition between carbon tetrachloride and vinyl chloride in the presence of iron powder and tributyl phosphate. The effects of such factors as catalyst，co-catalyst，ferric chloride，reaction temperature，material mole ratio and reaction time on the reaction were investigated. The origin of ferrous chloride was also explored. The proper reaction condition of synthetic process of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane was as follows：material mole ratio n(CCl4)∶n(VnCl)=1∶(0.1—0.4)，reaction temperature 110—115 ℃，reaction time 4—5 h，catalyst iron powder 0.6%—0.9% of the total quantity of raw materials. Tributyl phosphate was selected as co-catalyst，and its molar weight was equal to that of iron powder. The yield of 1,1,1,3,3- pentachloropropane was 85.2% and the purity of product was 99.8%.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)，as common raw materials of commodities，can be inevitably released into the aquatic environment through various ways，such as synthesis，manufacturing and AgNPs products applications. AgNPs has been found in natural water bodies and wastewater treatment plants. The mitigation and transformation of AgNPs in the aquatic environment could result in the change of its valence and species. This paper focused on the physical，chemical and biological aspects and summarized the key factors affecting AgNPs behaviors，including pH，ionic strength，and electrolyte. Toxicity mechanisms of AgNPs were also analyzed. The relationship between the toxicity mechanism and their fate in the environment was established. The problems need to be solved include establishing the AgNPs concentration database in realistic waters，analyzing the fate and behavior of AgNPs in actual environment，and research on the toxicity mechanism of AgNPs. This paper is aiming at providing theoretical foundation to predict concentrations，behaviors and risks of AgNPs in the environment.

The colored organic matter (CDOM) in the secondary effluent of wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) has complicated components，which makes it difficult to remove. This paper reviewed the concepts and components of CDOM in WWTPs effluents and various treatment methods that may be employed in the reduction of CDOM. These processes include flocculation，oxidation process，membrane technology and combined processes. The removal efficiencies and mechanism were summarized，influencing factors，comments and prospective applications of each method were analyzed as well. It was concluded that nanofiltration (removal rate 90%—100%)，ozone，photocatalysis oxidation and their combined processes (60%—80%) possess the best removal efficiencies. The removal efficiencies of coagulation，ultrafiltraion and their combined processes (50%) are not as good as that of the above methods，but better than that of microfiltration，chlorine oxidizer and UV radiation. Future research in this field should focus on the source and composition of CDOM，the versatility performance of color as well as disinfection and trace organic matters removal，and the possibility of recolor of effluent.

This paper reviewed the latest research progress of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and aerobic granular sludge technology domestically and internationally. Extraction and determination methods of extracellular polymeric substance were introduced. The effects of organic loading，hydraulic shear force，settling time and wastewater quality were analyzed for EPS content. The mechanisms of proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in EPS on formation and stability and the effect of EPS on granular sludge transfer were discussed. Future study on establishing standard EPS extraction method，mechanisms of EPS components on settleability and effects of other components，including humics，covalent and flocculent inorganics on aerobic granulation，were proposed for mechanisms of EPS on aerobic granular sludge formation and stability.

Heavy metals in wastewater cause serious environmental pollutions and impact human health. As a very important method to remove heavy metal ions，adsorption has been widely used in industrial pollution control. This paper reviewed the removal of heavy metals in wastewater by adsorption. Studies on two major categories of adsorption，physical adsorption and chemical adsorption were summarized. The influencing factors such as temperature，the dosages of absorbent，contact time，the initial concentration of heavy metals，pH et al. on adsorption were analyzed. The researches of most commonly used absorbents were also summarized. The research trend to the treatment of the heavy metal wastewater in the future was discussed as well.

As a new type of green solvent，ionic liquid shows remarkable advantages in the extraction of heavy metal ions comparing with traditional organic solvents. This review presented the latest research developments and progress in the extraction of heavy metal ions with ionic liquids. The mechanism and influencing factors for extraction process were discussed in detail，which included chelating agent concentration，extraction time，extraction temperature，ionic liquid composition，pH value of solution，initial concentration of metal ions，interfering ions and mass ratio of water to ionic liquid. Furthermore，the approaches to enhance the extraction performance and the situation of metal ion removal and ionic liquids recycle were introduced. The research and application status of this method were reviewed in wastewater treatment，heavy metal ion analysis and metallurgy. Its future development lay in the synthesis of functionalized ionic liquids and the extraction efficiency enhancement to achieve its industrial application was also addressed.

Blocking in heat-exchanging units could reduce heat exchanging efficiency and decrease the oil quality. In order to solve the problem，different types of heat-exchanging unit and operation parameters were tried with little improvement in the past. This research presented a method of determining the causes of blocking in heat-exchangers. The authors took samples from inlet and outlet of oil and the blockage components. Chemical analysis，XRD diffraction，scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and other means were employed in the analysis qualitatively and quantitatively. The main components of blockage were found to be heavy oil and silicon aluminum. The heavy components in the crude oil were easily separated and deposited on the tube wall，resulting in stronger adsorption of inorganic components in the oil，accelerating the deposition of asphaltenes. Therefore， a group of organic and inorganic clogs was formed，causing the blocking in the heat-exchanging unit.

The nutritional and operational conditions of a SBR co-metabolism process were investigated in order to realize the advanced treatment of the secondary effluent of a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant. The results showed that the best co-metabolism substrate was starch. After co-metabolic degradation of 12 h，COD concentration of the secondary effluent was reduced by 79.58% and odor，ammonia nitrogen，BOD5 and other water quality indicators were also improved under the following conditions：dosage，30 mg/L；shaking speed，120 r/min；temperature，25 ℃；MLSS，2320 mg/L. The optimum operating conditions for the SBR co-metabolic process were determined to be operation period of 6 h，aeration intensity of 30 L/h，starch dosage of 30 mg/L，anoxic/aerobic time ratio of 1/2. Domestic sewage could replace starch as co-metabolism substrate. The constant addition of excess sludge didn’t affect the degradation of the pollutants and the excess sludge amount was reduced. Therefore，SBR co-metabolism process could be feasible for the advanced treatment of petrochemical wastewater，domestic wastewater treatment and excess sludge reduction.

The removal of ethane from food grade CO2 is the bottleneck in the food processing industry. This paper focused on finding the best adsorbent for ethane from food grade CO2 and the optimal adsorption conditions. Molecular sieve，coconut shell，coal based activated carbon，and resin were selected as the adsorbents. Activated carbon was modified using different methods，including hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide alkali modification，hydrogen peroxide oxidizing and ammonia reduction modification. The results showed that the activated carbon performed well in the CO2 adsorption at high specific surface area，abundance of micropores，a few mesopores and nonpolar surface were more conductive to the adsorption performance. Activated carbon impregnated by a concentration of 1% hydrochloric acid solution for 3 hours adsorbed more ethane. The best condition of the alkaline solution modified activated carbon was at the concentration of 3% and absorption time of 6 hours. Weak oxidant modification could increase the ethane adsorption to a certain point. Weak reducer modification did not have obvious effects on the adsorption of ethane.

This research presented separation of CO2 from flue gas by polypropylene(PP) hollow fiber membrane contactors，using aqueous solution of monoethanolamine (MEA) as absorption solvents. Effects of operating conditions，water vapor and SO2 on the performance and integrity of the membrane were investigated. The results showed that the best liquid-gas ratio was 24 L/m3，the concentration of MEA was 0.6 mol/L and temperature at the contactor entrance had little effect on absorption efficiency. The concentration of CO2 had little effect on absorption efficiency when the concentration was in the range of 10%—20%. The adsorption of SO2 is prior to CO2，but it isn’t obvious for the low concentration of SO2. Adsorption of water vapor on the hole walls of membrane contactors forms capillary condensation，preventing the penetration of CO2.

At present，the research on spent lithium-ion secondary batteries is mainly focused on the separation recovery and refinery of precious metals in positive materials and copper in negative materials. But the research on negative active materials is rare. In this paper，the negative electrode active materials in spent lithium-ion secondary batteries are tested by XRD、SEM、GC-MS、ICP-AES，including the structure of graphite，the kinds of organic matter，and metal contents. The results show that there is basically no change in the graphite material body structure，it still keeps the complete layer structure. However，it contains a certain amount of organic material，such as organic electrolyte and plasticizer，etc. It can be reused after purification. What is more，the concentration of Li is high，with the value of 31.03 mg/g. Regarding the recovery of negative electrode active materials，the separation recycling of Li also should be concerned.

Based on Chinese patents of invention，with data mining and patentometric analysis，an overview of carbon nanotube and its applications is presented. The nanotube technology in China has entered a fast development stage. The core technology distributions of patent applicants，especially the universities and companies，are demonstrated with international patent classification(IPC). By analyzing the patent legal status and application date range，the R&D strength of key assignees and their commitment to carbon nanotube technology are summarized as well.