碳点杂化水凝胶的制备及应用

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-2222

化工进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (1): 305-318.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-2222

碳点杂化水凝胶的制备及应用

王向鹏¹^,²^,³(), 郑云香², 张春晓²^,³, 陈春茂¹()

^1.中国石油大学(北京) 化学工程与环境学院，北京 102249
^2.山东石油化工学院化学工程学院，山东东营 257061
^3.山东省高校碳中和绿色能源技术工程研究中心, 山东东营 257061

收稿日期:2023-12-19 修回日期:2024-06-25 出版日期:2025-01-15 发布日期:2025-02-13
通讯作者: 陈春茂
作者简介:王向鹏（1989—），男，博士研究生，副教授，研究方向为水凝胶制备与改性。E-mail：wangxiangpeng1989@163.com。
基金资助:
东营市科学发展基金(DJ2023006);山东省大学生创新创业训练计划(S202313386029);山东石油化工学院化学工程学院重点科研项目(HYKY2023001)

Preparation and application of carbon dots hybrid hydrogels

WANG Xiangpeng¹^,²^,³(), ZHENG Yunxiang², ZHANG Chunxiao²^,³, CHEN Chunmao¹()

^1.College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
^2.School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Dongying 257061, Shandong, China
^3.Engineering Research Center for Carbon Neutrality Green Energy Technology of Universities in Shandong Province, Dongying 257061, Shandong, China

Received:2023-12-19 Revised:2024-06-25 Online:2025-01-15 Published:2025-02-13
Contact: CHEN Chunmao

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

碳点杂化水凝胶是以碳点和辅助物质为基础，形成具有各组分综合性能的凝胶材料。将碳点嵌入水凝胶中不仅可以解决其聚集引起的荧光猝灭效应，还可以提升水凝胶的性能并赋予其更丰富的特性。目前有关碳点的结构特性，碳点杂化水凝胶的性能增强机制、应用领域及存在的问题缺少详细的综述。因此，本文介绍了碳点的结构特性及常见的表面修饰技术，简述了碳点杂化水凝胶的制备方法，重点分析了碳点对水凝胶的性能增强机制，全面总结了碳点杂化水凝胶在废水处理、仿生智能器件等领域的应用并提出了其在不同领域应用时的研究趋势，指出面临广阔的复合水凝胶材料设计空间，应优先采用计算模拟和理论预测，再进行实验验证的新材料研发策略，进一步提升碳点杂化水凝胶的应用价值。

关键词: 碳点, 水凝胶, 杂化, 荧光, 聚合, 机械性能

Abstract:

Carbon dots hybrid hydrogel is a gel material with comprehensive properties of each component based on carbon dots and auxiliary materials. Inserting carbon dots into hydrogels can not only solve the fluorescence quenching effect caused by their aggregation, but also improve the performance of hydrogels and give them more abundant characteristics. At present, there is no detailed review of the structural characteristics of carbon dots, the performance enhancement mechanism, application fields and existing problems of carbon dots hybrid hydrogels. Therefore, this paper introduced the structural characteristics of carbon dots and common surface modification technologies, briefly described the preparation methods of carbon dots hybrid hydrogels, focused on the analysis of the performance enhancement mechanism of carbon dots on hydrogels, comprehensively summarized the applications of carbon dots hybrid hydrogels in wastewater treatment, bionic intelligent devices and other fields, and put forward the research trends of their applications in different fields. It was pointed out that in the face of broad space for composite hydrogel material design, the new material development strategy of computational simulation and theoretical prediction, followed by experimental verification, should be preferred to further enhance the application value of carbon dots hybrid hydrogel.

Key words: carbon dots, hydrogel, hybrid, fluorescence, polymerization, mechanical properties

中图分类号:

TB34

王向鹏, 郑云香, 张春晓, 陈春茂. 碳点杂化水凝胶的制备及应用[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(1): 305-318.

WANG Xiangpeng, ZHENG Yunxiang, ZHANG Chunxiao, CHEN Chunmao. Preparation and application of carbon dots hybrid hydrogels[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(1): 305-318.

图/表 8

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类型	制备方法	工艺特点	CDs结构特征	参考文献
自上而下	电弧放电法	电弧放电法是最早制备CDs的方法，通过弧光放电使碳材料热解、炭化。优点是原料适应性广，制得的CDs荧光性能较好；缺点是产率低，仅占悬浮液的10%（质量分数）左右，纯化过程复杂，不利于产物的收集；能耗高，难以工业化	粒径小（1~5nm）但不均匀，荧光性能好但不易纯化，易溶于水，氧含量高，无须进行表面修饰就能发出荧光	[16]
	激光刻蚀法	通过激光束对碳源进行照射消蚀，将碳纳米颗粒从碳源上剥落下来，从而获得CDs。优点是通过简单调节激光器脉冲能量和时间可以调控CDs的大小和荧光量子效率；缺点是所用仪器昂贵、合成过程复杂、产率低以及杂质多等，因此该法较少使用	尺寸小，可调性强，荧光性能好，具有良好的稳定性和出色的抗干扰性能，粒径均匀性差	[17]
	电化学法	强电场作用下将工作电极的大块碳材料剥离而制备CDs。优点是通过调整电极电势与电流密度能精确控制CDs的合成，且对碳源的利用率较高；缺点是碳源前期处理工作烦琐耗时，后期CDs的纯化所需透析等步骤的耗时较长，杂原子掺杂选择有限	呈均匀球状，粒径较小，粒径分布较窄，均匀性好，稳定，荧光效应较强	[18]
	化学氧化法	化学氧化法是利用强氧化剂氧化切割大块碳材料制备出CDs，操作简单，成本低，收率高，易大规模生产，但需用到强氧化剂，存在安全隐患	荧光寿命长，结晶度好，粒径分布窄，直径1~3nm，无需表面修饰即可发光	[19]
自下而上	微波法	微波法主要是利用微波消解碳前体来制备CDs。优点是操作简便、快捷，可扩展性强，成本低；缺点是所得CDs粒径分布不均匀，需进一步分离	水溶性好，荧光稳定，纯度高，粒径均匀性差	[20]
	模板法	模板作为支撑材料合成CDs后再将模板除去，该方法能有效防止CDs在高温处理过程中发生团聚。优点是操作简单，设备易得；缺点是纯化时较复杂和困难，模板除去时可能会对CDs的性质产生不利影响	粒径均匀，水溶性好，荧光效应较强，表面有羟基、羧基等官能团，生物毒性低，尺寸、成分和结晶度可调	[21]
	水热法	水热法是目前最常用的制备CDs的方法之一，将含碳前体在高温高压下直接通过水热反应制备CDs，合成过程简单，且粒径较为均匀，可在一步反应中进行表面修饰，利于大量生产	水溶性好，表面官能团丰富，尺寸小，粒径分布均匀，荧光稳定	[22]
	固相法	含碳前体在固相介质中发生反应，反应条件易于控制，能实现高产率制备CDs，避免了合成过程中有机试剂的使用，因此对环境无害，但反应速率难以控制	良好的水溶性、光稳定性和高离子强度的稳定性，但粒径分布不均匀	[23]

类型	制备方法	工艺特点	CDs结构特征	参考文献
自上而下	电弧放电法	电弧放电法是最早制备CDs的方法，通过弧光放电使碳材料热解、炭化。优点是原料适应性广，制得的CDs荧光性能较好；缺点是产率低，仅占悬浮液的10%（质量分数）左右，纯化过程复杂，不利于产物的收集；能耗高，难以工业化	粒径小（1~5nm）但不均匀，荧光性能好但不易纯化，易溶于水，氧含量高，无须进行表面修饰就能发出荧光	[16]
	激光刻蚀法	通过激光束对碳源进行照射消蚀，将碳纳米颗粒从碳源上剥落下来，从而获得CDs。优点是通过简单调节激光器脉冲能量和时间可以调控CDs的大小和荧光量子效率；缺点是所用仪器昂贵、合成过程复杂、产率低以及杂质多等，因此该法较少使用	尺寸小，可调性强，荧光性能好，具有良好的稳定性和出色的抗干扰性能，粒径均匀性差	[17]
	电化学法	强电场作用下将工作电极的大块碳材料剥离而制备CDs。优点是通过调整电极电势与电流密度能精确控制CDs的合成，且对碳源的利用率较高；缺点是碳源前期处理工作烦琐耗时，后期CDs的纯化所需透析等步骤的耗时较长，杂原子掺杂选择有限	呈均匀球状，粒径较小，粒径分布较窄，均匀性好，稳定，荧光效应较强	[18]
	化学氧化法	化学氧化法是利用强氧化剂氧化切割大块碳材料制备出CDs，操作简单，成本低，收率高，易大规模生产，但需用到强氧化剂，存在安全隐患	荧光寿命长，结晶度好，粒径分布窄，直径1~3nm，无需表面修饰即可发光	[19]
自下而上	微波法	微波法主要是利用微波消解碳前体来制备CDs。优点是操作简便、快捷，可扩展性强，成本低；缺点是所得CDs粒径分布不均匀，需进一步分离	水溶性好，荧光稳定，纯度高，粒径均匀性差	[20]
	模板法	模板作为支撑材料合成CDs后再将模板除去，该方法能有效防止CDs在高温处理过程中发生团聚。优点是操作简单，设备易得；缺点是纯化时较复杂和困难，模板除去时可能会对CDs的性质产生不利影响	粒径均匀，水溶性好，荧光效应较强，表面有羟基、羧基等官能团，生物毒性低，尺寸、成分和结晶度可调	[21]
	水热法	水热法是目前最常用的制备CDs的方法之一，将含碳前体在高温高压下直接通过水热反应制备CDs，合成过程简单，且粒径较为均匀，可在一步反应中进行表面修饰，利于大量生产	水溶性好，表面官能团丰富，尺寸小，粒径分布均匀，荧光稳定	[22]
	固相法	含碳前体在固相介质中发生反应，反应条件易于控制，能实现高产率制备CDs，避免了合成过程中有机试剂的使用，因此对环境无害，但反应速率难以控制	良好的水溶性、光稳定性和高离子强度的稳定性，但粒径分布不均匀	[23]

类型	修饰方法	参考文献	类型	修饰方法	参考文献
杂原子掺杂修饰	N掺杂	[24]	功能化修饰	羟基功能化	[25]
	S掺杂	[26]		羧基功能化	[27]
	P掺杂	[28]		醛基功能化	[29]
	多原子掺杂	[30]		多基团功能化	[25]
	B掺杂	[31]	纳米复合修饰	金属及金属氧化物复合	[32]
	卤素掺杂	[33]	纳米复合修饰	SiO₂复合	[34]

类型	修饰方法	参考文献	类型	修饰方法	参考文献
杂原子掺杂修饰	N掺杂	[24]	功能化修饰	羟基功能化	[25]
	S掺杂	[26]		羧基功能化	[27]
	P掺杂	[28]		醛基功能化	[29]
	多原子掺杂	[30]		多基团功能化	[25]
	B掺杂	[31]	纳米复合修饰	金属及金属氧化物复合	[32]
	卤素掺杂	[33]	纳米复合修饰	SiO₂复合	[34]

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碳点杂化水凝胶的制备及应用

Preparation and application of carbon dots hybrid hydrogels

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