生物质热解转化与产物低碳利用研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-2112

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物质热解转化可制备炭、气、油等高品位能源产品，具有高效可控、多产物利用等优势。然而，生物质直接热解所得产物品质不高，无法实现高附加值利用，亟需对生物质热解反应进行调控与优化。本文从热解反应的优化策略出发，系统概述了原料选择及预处理、热解参数与反应器类型、催化剂及辅助热解技术的引入对热解转化过程的影响，全面总结了热解反应优化与产物调控方法。从富氢合成气定向制备、烃类液体燃料选择调控、炭结构调变与高值利用三部分综述了热解产物的定向调控，以期实现生物质的绿色、低碳和增值利用。最后总结了生物质热解转化的挑战与发展前景，同时对机器学习方法的引入加速热解领域的发展进行了展望，为生物质高效热解转化提供一定的参考价值。

关键词: 生物质, 热解, 催化剂, 定向调控, 低碳利用, 机器学习

Abstract:

Biomass pyrolysis can produce high-grade energy products such as biochar, biogas and bio-oil, which has the advantages of high efficiency and multi-product utilization. However, the products obtained from direct pyrolysis with poor quality are inconducive to realizing high-value utilization. It is urgent to regulate and optimize the process of biomass pyrolysis. Starting from the optimization strategies for pyrolysis reactions, this review systematically outlined the influences of feedstock selection, pretreatment, pyrolysis parameters, reactor types, catalysts, and auxiliary techniques on the pyrolysis conversion process. Additionally, the methods for pyrolysis reaction optimization and product regulation were comprehensively summarized. To realize the green, low-carbon and value-added utilization of biomass, the regulation of pyrolysis products was reviewed from three parts: directional preparation of hydrogen-rich syngas, selective tuning of hydrocarbon liquid fuel, biochar structure tailoring and high-value utilization. Finally, the challenges and development prospects of biomass pyrolysis were summarized. The introduction of mhachine learning methods to accelerate the development of pyrolysis was also discussed, providing an important reference for the efficient pyrolysis conversion of biomass.

Key words: biomass, pyrolysis, catalyst, directional regulation, low-carbon utilization, machine learning

中图分类号:

张子杭, 王树荣. 生物质热解转化与产物低碳利用研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(7): 3692-3708.

ZHANG Zihang, WANG Shurong. Research advances in biomass pyrolysis conversion and low-carbon utilization of products[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(7): 3692-3708.

图/表 9

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催化剂类型	优势及特点	产物特性
金属盐催化剂	反应过程中能提供酸性及活性催化位点，对热解行为及产物分布进行选择调控；通常采用浸渍改性、物理共混或异位催化的方法	促进热解反应中呋喃、醛、酮、酸、酚等小分子产物的生成
金属氧化物催化剂	具备良好的催化还原性、多价性和酸碱性的特点，利于热解形成更稳定的产物；采用物理共混或异位催化的方法	显著降低生物油中氧含量，促进烃类化合物生成，提升生物油品质
分子筛催化剂	具有优异结构性质和丰富酸活性位点，能有效促进裂解、脱氧、低聚化和芳构化等反应；易于掺杂金属进行改性，提升催化性能；采用物理共混或异位催化的方法	脱氧效果明显，油中芳烃类物质含量显著增加，如苯、甲苯、二甲苯（BTX）等
炭基催化剂	具有高比表面积、丰富孔隙结构及表面含氧官能团；前体来源广泛易得、绿色环保；是负载其他活性组分的良好载体；采用物理共混或异位催化的方法	定向调控热解产物，选择性生成富氢合成气或高品质生物油（富含BTX或烃类或呋喃类物质等）
多功能复合催化剂	结合多种功能组分，同时具备多种催化活性；催化剂稳定性及反应选择性高；采用物理共混或异位催化的方法	选择性断键反应效率高，如C—O键，促进芳烃、呋喃等目标产物形成

催化剂类型	优势及特点	产物特性
金属盐催化剂	反应过程中能提供酸性及活性催化位点，对热解行为及产物分布进行选择调控；通常采用浸渍改性、物理共混或异位催化的方法	促进热解反应中呋喃、醛、酮、酸、酚等小分子产物的生成
金属氧化物催化剂	具备良好的催化还原性、多价性和酸碱性的特点，利于热解形成更稳定的产物；采用物理共混或异位催化的方法	显著降低生物油中氧含量，促进烃类化合物生成，提升生物油品质
分子筛催化剂	具有优异结构性质和丰富酸活性位点，能有效促进裂解、脱氧、低聚化和芳构化等反应；易于掺杂金属进行改性，提升催化性能；采用物理共混或异位催化的方法	脱氧效果明显，油中芳烃类物质含量显著增加，如苯、甲苯、二甲苯（BTX）等
炭基催化剂	具有高比表面积、丰富孔隙结构及表面含氧官能团；前体来源广泛易得、绿色环保；是负载其他活性组分的良好载体；采用物理共混或异位催化的方法	定向调控热解产物，选择性生成富氢合成气或高品质生物油（富含BTX或烃类或呋喃类物质等）
多功能复合催化剂	结合多种功能组分，同时具备多种催化活性；催化剂稳定性及反应选择性高；采用物理共混或异位催化的方法	选择性断键反应效率高，如C—O键，促进芳烃、呋喃等目标产物形成

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