生物质衍生纳米碳基材料：电化学场景下的机遇与挑战

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2025-0671

化工进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (S1): 288-306.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2025-0671

• 材料科学与技术 • 上一篇

生物质衍生纳米碳基材料：电化学场景下的机遇与挑战

李芮莹¹(), 周颖²^,³(), 周红军³^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶, 徐春明³^,⁴

^1.中国石油大学(北京)新能源与材料学院，北京 102249
^2.中国石油大学(北京)理学院，北京 102249
^3.中国石油大学(北京)重质油全国重点实验室，北京 102249
^4.重质油全国重点实验室碳中和联合研究院，北京 102249
^5.山东石油化工学院，山东东营 257061
^6.山东省黄河三角洲可持续发展研究院，山东东营 257091

收稿日期:2025-05-09 修回日期:2025-08-19 出版日期:2025-10-25 发布日期:2025-11-24
通讯作者: 周颖
作者简介:李芮莹（1998—），女，博士研究生，研究方向为化工低碳技术开发。E-mail：lrycup@126.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1501304);东营市市校合作资金重点项目(SXHZ-2024-02-17);黄河三角洲学者专项经费资助项目

Biomass-derived nano-carbon-based materials: Opportunities and challenges in electrochemical applications

LI Ruiying¹(), ZHOU Ying²^,³(), ZHOU Hongjun³^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶, XU Chunming³^,⁴

^1.College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
^2.College of Science, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
^3.State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
^4.Union Institute for Carbon Neutrality (State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing), Beijing 102249, China
^5.Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Dongying 257061, Shandong, China
^6.Yellow River Delta Sustainable Development Institute of Shandong Province, Dongying 257061, Shandong, China

Received:2025-05-09 Revised:2025-08-19 Online:2025-10-25 Published:2025-11-24
Contact: ZHOU Ying

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球可再生能源投资规模持续扩大，推动着技术创新与材料创新，使可再生能源成为最具经济竞争力的能源。而可再生能源不仅具备能源属性，能够实现跨季节能量存储与多能互补，还具备材料属性，可推动“绿碳材料”在电力变革过程中的潜在应用拓展。本文聚焦可再生能源的材料属性，选择典型且丰富的碳类，侧重生物质基的纳米级尺度碳材料，综述并讨论其在因电力波动性需求而耦合的电解水制氢、电化学储能等关键技术实施过程中，在“氢化能源系统”消纳端的氢以及“新型电力系统”储能端的电化学器件中的应用潜力，其中包括生物质衍生纳米碳基材料的来源、制备、调控及改性；结合理论计算、实验研究及工业案例，分析在消纳端的氢和储能端的电化学器件中的相关应用及影响，与此同时，进一步探讨规模化过程中的机遇及挑战，为低碳化进程的绿碳应用提供理论支撑与创新融合。

关键词: 生物质碳材料, 电化学场景, 绿氢, 储能, 工业应用

Abstract:

The continuous expansion of global renewable energy investments is driving technological and material innovations, making renewable energy the most economically competitive energy form. Renewable energy not only possesses energy attributes, enabling cross-seasonal energy storage and multi-energy complementarity, but also exhibits material attributes, which can promote the potential application of "green carbon materials" during the transformation of the power sector. This paper focused on the material attributes of renewable energy, specifically selecting typical and abundant carbon-based materials with an emphasis on biomass-derived nanoscale carbon materials. It reviewed and discussed their application potential in key technologies such as hydrogen production through water electrolysis and electrochemical energy storage, which were coupled due to the fluctuating demands of electricity. These included applications for hydrogen consumption in "hydrogen-based energy systems" and electrochemical devices in "new power systems" for energy storage. The study covered the sources, preparation, regulation and modification of biomass-derived nanocarbon materials. By integrating theoretical calculations, experimental research and industrial case studies, it analyzed their relevant applications and impacts on hydrogen consumption and electrochemical energy storage. Furthermore, it explored the opportunities and challenges in scaling up these processes, providing theoretical support and innovative integration for the application of green carbon materials in the low-carbon transition.

Key words: biomass-derived carbon materials, electrochemical applications, green hydrogen, energy storage, industrial applications

中图分类号:

TQ15

李芮莹, 周颖, 周红军, 徐春明. 生物质衍生纳米碳基材料：电化学场景下的机遇与挑战[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(S1): 288-306.

LI Ruiying, ZHOU Ying, ZHOU Hongjun, XU Chunming. Biomass-derived nano-carbon-based materials: Opportunities and challenges in electrochemical applications[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(S1): 288-306.

图/表 13

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[113]	工业和信息化部, 发展改革委, 财政部, 生态环境部, 农业农村部, 市场监管总局. 工业和信息化部等六部门关于印发加快非粮生物基材料创新发展三年行动方案的通知[EB/OL]. (2023-01-09) [2025-04-13]. .
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方法	温度/℃	原料处理	特点	参考文献
水热碳化法	180~280	通常需要粉碎	反应条件温和，温度低，用于处理高水分生物质	[44]
传统热解法	300~1000	通常需要粉碎	工艺相对简单，可大规模生产，但能耗较高，对设备要求较高	[45]
活化法	300~900	通常使用如KOH等对生物质进行处理	提高产物的比表面积和孔径，但活化剂的使用可能会带来环境污染与成本增高问题	[46]
模板法	400~800	硬模板（如二氧化硅等）或软模板（如表面活性剂等）	产物具有比表面积大、孔隙丰富、孔径分布有序特点，具有良好的结构可控性，但模板的制备和去除较为复杂	[47]
微波辅助碳化	300~3000	通常需要干燥、粉碎	产率高，加热均匀、快速，低能耗，高生产效率，但微波设备的成本较高	[48]
太阳能热解	250~850	通常需要干燥、粉碎	温度高，升温速率高，成本经济，工艺节能，但太阳辐射条件不稳定，影响热解过程	[49]
激光诱导碳化	300~3000	对原料进行清洁、干燥等	低能耗，高可控性，仅限于表面处理，但设备投资高、均匀性差	[50]
熔融盐碳化	200~1000	粉碎后与熔融盐充分混合	产物具有高比表面积和孔隙率，但存在熔融盐需要回收处理问题	[51]
焦耳热闪蒸	300~900	对原料进行干燥、分散等处理	产物为特殊结构和性能的碳材料，如石墨烯，但对能量控制和设备的要求高	[52]

方法	温度/℃	原料处理	特点	参考文献
水热碳化法	180~280	通常需要粉碎	反应条件温和，温度低，用于处理高水分生物质	[44]
传统热解法	300~1000	通常需要粉碎	工艺相对简单，可大规模生产，但能耗较高，对设备要求较高	[45]
活化法	300~900	通常使用如KOH等对生物质进行处理	提高产物的比表面积和孔径，但活化剂的使用可能会带来环境污染与成本增高问题	[46]
模板法	400~800	硬模板（如二氧化硅等）或软模板（如表面活性剂等）	产物具有比表面积大、孔隙丰富、孔径分布有序特点，具有良好的结构可控性，但模板的制备和去除较为复杂	[47]
微波辅助碳化	300~3000	通常需要干燥、粉碎	产率高，加热均匀、快速，低能耗，高生产效率，但微波设备的成本较高	[48]
太阳能热解	250~850	通常需要干燥、粉碎	温度高，升温速率高，成本经济，工艺节能，但太阳辐射条件不稳定，影响热解过程	[49]
激光诱导碳化	300~3000	对原料进行清洁、干燥等	低能耗，高可控性，仅限于表面处理，但设备投资高、均匀性差	[50]
熔融盐碳化	200~1000	粉碎后与熔融盐充分混合	产物具有高比表面积和孔隙率，但存在熔融盐需要回收处理问题	[51]
焦耳热闪蒸	300~900	对原料进行干燥、分散等处理	产物为特殊结构和性能的碳材料，如石墨烯，但对能量控制和设备的要求高	[52]

项目	生物质碳材料	石墨烯	碳纳米管	炭黑	碳纤维
原料来源	生物质废弃物	石墨等化石基前体	石油焦、天然气等化石基前体	石油裂解产物	聚丙烯腈等化石基前体
合成工艺	热解碳化、水热碳化等	化学气相沉积	电弧放电法、化学气相沉积	燃烧或热解	高温碳化、石墨化
结构特征	多形态、多孔	二维片层	一维管状	纳米颗粒	纤维状
物化性质	天然含N、S、O等元素，稳定性好、环保	高导电性、高机械强度、化学稳定性高	高导电性、高机械强度、化学稳定性高	高导电性、机械强度低、化学稳定性高	高导电性、化学稳定性高
环境效益	碳足迹低、具有可持续性	高碳排放量、制备能耗高	高碳排放量	高污染	高能耗
应用领域	储能电极、土壤改良等	电子器件、催化剂等	催化剂载体等	橡胶填充剂、颜料等	航空航天结构材料等

项目	生物质碳材料	石墨烯	碳纳米管	炭黑	碳纤维
原料来源	生物质废弃物	石墨等化石基前体	石油焦、天然气等化石基前体	石油裂解产物	聚丙烯腈等化石基前体
合成工艺	热解碳化、水热碳化等	化学气相沉积	电弧放电法、化学气相沉积	燃烧或热解	高温碳化、石墨化
结构特征	多形态、多孔	二维片层	一维管状	纳米颗粒	纤维状
物化性质	天然含N、S、O等元素，稳定性好、环保	高导电性、高机械强度、化学稳定性高	高导电性、高机械强度、化学稳定性高	高导电性、机械强度低、化学稳定性高	高导电性、化学稳定性高
环境效益	碳足迹低、具有可持续性	高碳排放量、制备能耗高	高碳排放量	高污染	高能耗
应用领域	储能电极、土壤改良等	电子器件、催化剂等	催化剂载体等	橡胶填充剂、颜料等	航空航天结构材料等

生物质来源	催化剂	反应	活性	电解液	参考文献
木质素藻类	负载钌的硫掺杂生物碳气凝胶（P-Ru/SC-2）	HER	η10（119.6mV）	1mol/L KOH	[74]
竹子	负载铂的氮掺杂多孔碳（Pt@BFPC）	HER	η10（14.6mV）	0.5mol/L H₂SO₄	[75]
木耳	负载Mo₂C的氮掺杂生物碳（Mo₂C@N-CAN）	HER	η10（82mV）	0.5mol/L H₂SO₄	[76]
木耳	Mo₂C@N-CAN	HER	η10（100mV）	1mol/L KOH	[76]
木耳	Mo₂C@N-CAN	HER	η10（359mV）	1mol/L中性磷酸盐缓冲溶液（PBS）	[76]
动物骨头	N、P和Ca共掺杂生物碳（PBC-800）	HER	η10（162mV）	0.5mol/L H₂SO₄	[77]
牛粪	600℃热解牛粪衍生碳（EGCM6）	HER	η10（550mV）	1mol/L H₂SO₄	[78]
辣椒	镍基辣椒衍生的碳纳米复合材料（Chilli-Ni 800）	HER	η10（410mV）	1mol/L KOH	[79]
玉米秸秆	Mo₂C原位嵌入玉米秸秆衍生碳纳米复合材料[Mo₂C/B（CIP）]	HER	η10（48mV）	0.5mol/L H₂SO₄	[80]
棉布	镍基棉布衍生的碳纳米复合材料（NiP@C）	HER	η100（23.5mV）	1mol/L KOH	[81]
西瓜皮	西瓜皮衍生的钴基纳米复合材料（CCW-700）	HER	η10（111mV）	1mol/L KOH	[82]
棕榈叶鞘	封装钴的棕榈叶鞘衍生碳（Co-0.15@ARC）	HER	η10（172mV）	1mol/L KOH	[83]
稻壳	生物质稻壳衍生石墨烯（RH-CG）	HER	η10（9mV）	0.5mol/L H₂SO₄	[84]
椰壳	负载铜钴合金的椰壳衍生碳（Cu₇Co/C）	HER	η10（134mV）	1mol/L KOH	[85]

生物质衍生纳米碳基材料：电化学场景下的机遇与挑战

Biomass-derived nano-carbon-based materials: Opportunities and challenges in electrochemical applications

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生物质来源	复合电极材料	应用	电化学性能	比表面积/m²·g^-1	参考文献
香蕉皮	磷酸处理的香蕉皮衍生碳材料（BP-H₃PO₄）	锌离子混合超级电容器	0.1A/g电流密度下比容量为73.98mAh/g	218.3	[88]
花生壳	SnO₂@KBC-CNTs	超级电容器	0.5A/g电流密度下比电容达198.62F/g	158.69	[89]
橡子	橡子衍生碳材料（ACORN-900H）	钠离子电池	10mA/g电流密度下可逆容量310mAh/g	594.2	[90]
悬铃木果	WTs	钾离子电池	0.1A/g下循环100次容量达193.3mAh/g	315.9	[91]
羧甲基纤维素	铁基羧甲基纤维素衍生碳材料（FeNPC）	锌空气电池	开路电压1.45V，最大功率密度149mW/cm²	1235.0	[92]
大肠杆菌	负载Fe₂P/Co₂P异质结的氮磷共掺杂多孔碳（Fe₂P/Co₂P@C-900）	锌空气电池	215mA/cm²电流密度下，最大功率密度为155mW/cm²	660.3	[93]
咖啡	铁基咖啡衍生碳材料（Fe₃C/Fe-N _x -C）	锌空气电池	开路电压1.41V，最大功率密度81mW/cm²	370.0	[94]
真菌	负载MoS₂真菌衍生碳材料（MoS₂/FC-40）	锂离子电池	0.2A/g下放电容量1067.5mAh/g	—	[95]
小麦秸秆	Ni₃S₂/Co₉S₈/WSCC	锂离子电池	1C下300次循环容量535.8mAh/g	92.1	[96]
藻类	Si@NiO/Ni@GAM	锂离子电池	1A/g下1000次循环后可逆容量1245.12mAh/g	176.5	[97]
松针	松针衍生碳材料/商业乙炔黑（CPNs/AB）	锂离子电池	0.5C下可逆容量192.3mAh/g	365.0	[98]

企业	技术路线	产业化进度	产能
可乐丽	生物质：椰壳	已量产	2000t/a
佰思格	生物质：淀粉、蔗糖、椰壳	已量产	2000t/a
贝特瑞	生物质：椰壳、甘蔗；化石燃料：沥青	已量产	已建设两条产线，分别为年产400t的中试线及年产3000t的量产线
杉杉科技	生物质：椰壳；树脂基：酚醛树脂	已量产	千吨级
圣泉股份	生物质：秸秆树脂基	已量产	已建成万吨级硬碳负极产线，大庆生产线的硬碳前体年产能可达150000t
钠能时代	生物质：芦苇	中试	1000t/a
翔丰华	生物质：软木树脂类	送样	达产业化基本条件
元力股份	生物质：毛竹	送样和小批量供应阶段	总规划50000t，2024年具备产能1500t（中试线）
多氟多	生物质：核桃壳	—	焦作基地产能300t/a
传艺科技	生物质：椰壳	—	规划产能40000t/a
中科星城	生物质：树脂类	—	拥有研发基础和技术储备

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