氢产业链发展的路径分析

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1497

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

碳达峰、碳中和战略的提出为我国各行业绿色低碳转型指明了方向，绿色氢能源有望在交通、化工、发电等多个领域发挥重要作用，推动氢产业发展可成为我国实现双碳目标的有效途径。本文在对美国、欧盟、日本和中国近年来氢产业发展情况进行比较与分析的前提下，提出了中国氢产业链的发展路径。文中指出，我国需要在借鉴发达国家氢产业发展政策的基础上，立足本国国情，统筹谋划构建从制氢、储运、加氢站建设到多场景应用的产业链。综合考虑我国的资源分布情况，加大绿氢产业布局，依据绿氢的绿色能源、绿色材料以及绿色原料的多元属性，推动氢能在交通、化工、冶金、发电等多场景的高效利用，同时我国要加强国际合作，联合研发相关新型技术与基础设施，制定涉氢国际标准，统筹兼顾氢产业经济发展与应对全球气候变暖的双重目标。

关键词: 双碳, 氢, 氢产业, 氢能, 绿氢

Abstract:

The proposal for achieving China's carbon dioxide peaking and carbon neutrality target has spurred progress in the green and low-carbon industries. The development of the hydrogen industry, particularly the use of green hydrogen in transportation, chemical industry, power industry and other fields, would be an effective strategy for achieving the “dual carbon” goals. Based on a recent comparative analysis of hydrogen industry development in the United States, European Union, Japan and China, a path for developing China's hydrogen industry was presented in this paper. Based on lessons learned from the advanced hydrogen industry development policies of developed countries, it was proposed that China should rely on its own national circumstances and establish a hydrogen industry chain from production, storage, transportation, refueling station construction to multi applications. Furthermore, it should be essential to expand the diversified use of green hydrogen, considering its attributes as a green energy source, green material and green ingredient. Additionally, it was recommended that China strengthened international cooperation to drive progress in crucial areas of technology, created worldwide standards surrounding hydrogen to foster development of the hydrogen sector and tackled the global warming problem.

Key words: carbon dioxide peaking and carbon neutrality, hydrogen, hydrogen industry, hydrogen energy, green hydrogen

中图分类号:

TQ-9

黄晟, 杨振丽, 李振宇. 氢产业链发展的路径分析[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(2): 882-893.

HUANG Sheng, YANG Zhenli, LI Zhenyu. Analysis of optimization path of developing China's hydrogen industry[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(2): 882-893.

图/表 8

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制氢方式	化石能源制氢	工业副产氢	电解水制氢
过程	利用煤炭、石油和天然气等化石燃料，通过化学热解或者气化生成氢气（灰氢）。利用碳捕集与封存技术（CCS），可以降低制氢过程中的碳排放，从而获取“蓝氢”	以焦炉煤气、氯碱尾气、丙烷脱氢为代表的工业副产气制氢，氢气是工业过程中的副产品	以碱性电解水、酸性质子交换膜电解水为代表，通过电解水反应获得氢气与氧气，利用光电、风电等可再生能源电解水，过程中不产生二氧化碳，获取的氢气为绿氢
应用情况	应用广泛	应用广泛	应用较少
优点	成本低，技术成熟	成本低，技术成熟	制氢纯度高，过程清洁无污染
缺点	有大量二氧化碳排放	氢气纯度低，有大量二氧化碳排放	成本高，技术有待进一步研发

制氢方式	化石能源制氢	工业副产氢	电解水制氢
过程	利用煤炭、石油和天然气等化石燃料，通过化学热解或者气化生成氢气（灰氢）。利用碳捕集与封存技术（CCS），可以降低制氢过程中的碳排放，从而获取“蓝氢”	以焦炉煤气、氯碱尾气、丙烷脱氢为代表的工业副产气制氢，氢气是工业过程中的副产品	以碱性电解水、酸性质子交换膜电解水为代表，通过电解水反应获得氢气与氧气，利用光电、风电等可再生能源电解水，过程中不产生二氧化碳，获取的氢气为绿氢
应用情况	应用广泛	应用广泛	应用较少
优点	成本低，技术成熟	成本低，技术成熟	制氢纯度高，过程清洁无污染
缺点	有大量二氧化碳排放	氢气纯度低，有大量二氧化碳排放	成本高，技术有待进一步研发

项目	碱性电解水（ALK）	质子交换膜电解水（PEM）	固体氧化物电解水制氢（SOEC）	阴离子交换膜电解水（AEM）
优点	技术成熟，可选材料多，成本低，商业化程度高	产氢纯度高，结构紧凑，响应速度快，电流密度高	系统效率高，无需贵金属催化剂	无需贵金属催化剂，启停快
缺点	电流密度小，损耗高，电解质有污染	成本高，可用催化剂少	技术不成熟，响应慢，寿命短，系统设计困难	技术不成熟，处于起步阶段

项目	碱性电解水（ALK）	质子交换膜电解水（PEM）	固体氧化物电解水制氢（SOEC）	阴离子交换膜电解水（AEM）
优点	技术成熟，可选材料多，成本低，商业化程度高	产氢纯度高，结构紧凑，响应速度快，电流密度高	系统效率高，无需贵金属催化剂	无需贵金属催化剂，启停快
缺点	电流密度小，损耗高，电解质有污染	成本高，可用催化剂少	技术不成熟，响应慢，寿命短，系统设计困难	技术不成熟，处于起步阶段

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