厌氧氨氧化-生物电化学耦合废水处理系统的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1369

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

厌氧氨氧化-生物电化学耦合废水处理系统（Anammox-BES）是一种极具发展潜力的污水脱氮技术，兼有无机氮污染物和有机污染物的去除与能量回收的优势，近年来已成为研究的热点。本文总结了现有Anammox-BES的主要类型和反应机理；综述了影响Anammox-BES的主要因素，包括电极材料、电极电位、温度、pH、溶解氧、有机物和接种物等；总结了Anammox-BES的研究现状，并在脱氮性能以及能量消耗等方面与传统Anammox工艺进行了比较。大量研究结果显示，绝大部分Anammox-BES的脱氮过程为厌氧氨氧化、硝化、反硝化以及微生物产电等多种过程的耦合，系统整体脱氮效率高。然而，由于影响Anammox-BES系统性能的因素众多，并且能量回收率低，在实际废水处理方面尚未得到广泛应用。因此，在今后的研究中，需要继续开发增强厌氧氨氧化菌产电能力的技术手段，以实现废水脱氮的同时回收蕴藏于铵盐中的化学能；对于现有Anammox-BES，仍需开发具有高导电性、生物相容性以及比表面积的阳极材料，并进一步优化操作条件，以提高系统脱氮、产电性能以及稳定性。

关键词: 废水处理, 厌氧氨氧化, 生物催化, 电化学, 资源回收

Abstract:

In recent years, the Anammox bio-electrochemical coupling wastewater treatment system (Anammox-BES), a promising wastewater denitrification technology, combines the benefits of pollutant removal with energy recovery. This article summarized the main types and reaction mechanisms of the Anammox-BES. The main factors affecting Anammox-BES were reviewed, including electrode materials, electrode potential, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, organic matter and inoculum. Finally, the research status of Anammox-BES was outlined, and its denitrification performance and energy consumption were compared to those of the conventional Anammox process. Numerous studies indicated that the denitrification processes in Anammox-BES involved the anammox, nitrification, denitrification, and microbial power generation. However, the Anammox-BES has not been widely applied in actual wastewater treatment due to the multiple influencing factors and poor energy recovery rate. Therefore, it is important to develop technical measures to increase the power-generating capacity of anammox bacteria to achieve denitrification of wastewater and recover the chemical energy contained in ammonium. For the present Anammox-BES, it is essential to develop anode materials with high conductivity, biocompatibility and specific surface area, and further optimize the operating conditions to improve the denitrification and electricity generation performance and stability of the system.

Key words: wastewater treatment, Anammox, biocatalysis, electrochemistry, resource recovery

中图分类号:

李华华, 李逸航, 金北辰, 李隆昕, 成少安. 厌氧氨氧化-生物电化学耦合废水处理系统的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(5): 2678-2690.

LI Huahua, LI Yihang, JIN Beichen, LI Longxin, CHENG Shao’an. Research progress of Anammox bio-electrochemical coupling wastewater treatment system[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(5): 2678-2690.

图/表 4

图1 Anammox-MFC结构示意图[21, 26]

图2 Anammox-MEC结构示意图[32, 36, 38-39]

表1 Anammox-BES的研究与应用

污水类型	反应器构型	阳/阴（参比）电极材料	体积（阳-阴极室）/L	运行模式	水力停留时间/h	进水基质浓度/mg·L^-1			COD 去除率 /%	总氮去除率 /%	参考文献
污水类型	反应器构型	阳/阴（参比）电极材料	体积（阳-阴极室）/L	运行模式	水力停留时间/h	COD	NH $4 +$ -N	NO $2 -$ -N	COD 去除率 /%	总氮去除率 /%	参考文献
短程硝化出水	UASB	碳刷/碳刷(甘汞)	1.2	序批	48	180~1180	90~520	110~680	24.4	71.9	[75]
焚烧渗滤液	SBR	碳刷/碳刷(甘汞)	4	序批	—	50~250	50~250	—	20~40	70±15	[39]
垃圾渗滤液	双室MFC	碳毡/碳毡	0.15~0.18	序批	144	—	约320	约420	—	约25	[22]
垃圾渗滤液	双室MFC	石墨棒/碳布	—	序批	24	约266	约120	—	—	94	[76]
合成废水	UASB	石墨棒/碳毡	0.5	连续	6	—	140	210	—	99.1	[31]
合成废水	双室管状MEC	碳刷/碳布	0.37~1.12	连续	20~90	2000	500	—	98.2±3.3	94.8±7.7	[37]
合成废水	双室MFC	碳毡/碳毡	0.08~0.08	序批	24	3000	50	50	80±2	73±2	[77]
合成废水	双室MFC	碳刷/碳刷	0.14~0.14	序批	120	—	50	40	—	85	[36]
合成废水	双室MFC	碳刷/碳刷	0.17~0.4	序批	11.5, 23	约750	约56	—	100	82.6±0.9	[61]
合成废水	双室MFC	石墨片/石墨片	0.03~0.03	序批	—	1200	500~1000	—	93	84	[26]
合成废水	双室MFC	碳纸/碳布	0.028~0.028	序批	48	—	400	528	—	84.4	[78]
合成废水	双室MFC	碳毡/碳毡	0.4~0.4	序批	24	100	约50	约70	—	99	[21]

表1 Anammox-BES的研究与应用

污水类型	反应器构型	阳/阴（参比）电极材料	体积（阳-阴极室）/L	运行模式	水力停留时间/h	进水基质浓度/mg·L^-1			COD 去除率 /%	总氮去除率 /%	参考文献
污水类型	反应器构型	阳/阴（参比）电极材料	体积（阳-阴极室）/L	运行模式	水力停留时间/h	COD	NH $4 +$ -N	NO $2 -$ -N	COD 去除率 /%	总氮去除率 /%	参考文献
短程硝化出水	UASB	碳刷/碳刷(甘汞)	1.2	序批	48	180~1180	90~520	110~680	24.4	71.9	[75]
焚烧渗滤液	SBR	碳刷/碳刷(甘汞)	4	序批	—	50~250	50~250	—	20~40	70±15	[39]
垃圾渗滤液	双室MFC	碳毡/碳毡	0.15~0.18	序批	144	—	约320	约420	—	约25	[22]
垃圾渗滤液	双室MFC	石墨棒/碳布	—	序批	24	约266	约120	—	—	94	[76]
合成废水	UASB	石墨棒/碳毡	0.5	连续	6	—	140	210	—	99.1	[31]
合成废水	双室管状MEC	碳刷/碳布	0.37~1.12	连续	20~90	2000	500	—	98.2±3.3	94.8±7.7	[37]
合成废水	双室MFC	碳毡/碳毡	0.08~0.08	序批	24	3000	50	50	80±2	73±2	[77]
合成废水	双室MFC	碳刷/碳刷	0.14~0.14	序批	120	—	50	40	—	85	[36]
合成废水	双室MFC	碳刷/碳刷	0.17~0.4	序批	11.5, 23	约750	约56	—	100	82.6±0.9	[61]
合成废水	双室MFC	石墨片/石墨片	0.03~0.03	序批	—	1200	500~1000	—	93	84	[26]
合成废水	双室MFC	碳纸/碳布	0.028~0.028	序批	48	—	400	528	—	84.4	[78]
合成废水	双室MFC	碳毡/碳毡	0.4~0.4	序批	24	100	约50	约70	—	99	[21]

表2 部分传统Anammox工艺与Anammox-BES的脱氮速率

工程	工艺	污水类型	规模 /m³	脱氮速率 /kgN·m^-3·d^-1	脱氮效率 /%	参考文献
传统Anammox工艺
荷兰鹿特丹Sluisjesdijk污水处理厂	SHARON-Anammox	污泥消化液	70	10	93	[84]
荷兰Dokhaven污水厂	PN/Anammox	市政污水	4	0.097~0.223	—	[85]
荷兰Apeldoorn污水处理厂	DEMON	污泥脱水液	2900	0.41	85	[86]
中国梅花工业园污水处理厂Ⅰ期	CANON	味精废水	6750	1.63	90	[86]
中试	PN/A	污泥消化液	7.2	0.6	72	[87]
实验室	PN/A	养猪场废水	0.0045	3.9	73	[82]
实验室	DAMO/A	合成废水	0.002356	1	99.9	[88]
实验室	PN-DAMO/A	合成废水	0.0006	1.5	98	[89]
Anammox-BES
实验室	单室Anammox-MEC	合成废水	0.0005	0.911	76	[30]
实验室	单室Anammox-MEC	固体焚烧渗滤液	0.004	0.45	71.9	[39]
实验室	单室Anammox-MEC	合成废水	0.00045	0.70	99.4	[73]
实验室	单室MEC	合成废水	0.0005	1.38	99.1	[31]
实验室	双室阳极Anammox-MFC	合成废水	0.0004	0.1	99	[21]
实验室	双室阳极Anammox-MFC	合成废水	0.000028	0.258	84.4	[78]

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