垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属毒性浸出评价方法研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1314

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

垃圾焚烧飞灰产生量大且属于危险废物，其妥善处理是垃圾焚烧全过程污染控制的重点，选择适宜的重金属毒性浸出评价方法对飞灰的污染控制尤为重要。针对国内外涉及飞灰重金属毒性浸出常用评价方法进行了系统总结，分类比较了相关评价方法实验参数/条件和应用背景的差异性，重点分析了主流模拟场景类方法的应用情况及其局限性，剖析了当前评价方法存在的问题，并为研究者和管理者选择合适的毒性浸出方法给予了指导性建议。指出为实现对飞灰的精细化管理，应当根据社会、环境及科技变化及时更新方法内容，尤其在方法的应用中应充分考虑环境条件的多维性（如处置环境的多元化），同时更应基于现实需求（如污染物赋存的长期稳定性）探索符合我国国情且因地制宜的飞灰重金属毒性浸出评价方法。

关键词: 垃圾焚烧飞灰, 重金属, 毒性浸出, 评价方法

Abstract:

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash is a large amount of hazardous waste, and its proper treatment is the focus of pollution control in the whole process of waste incineration. It is particularly important to select appropriate heavy metal toxicity leaching evaluation methods for fly ash pollution control. In this review, the commonly used evaluation methods for toxic leaching of heavy metals in fly ash at home and abroad were systematically summarized. The differences of experimental parameters/conditions and application background of relevant evaluation methods were compared. The application and limitations of the mainstream simulation scenario methods were emphatically analyzed, and the problems existing in the current toxic leaching evaluation methods were analyzed, and some guiding suggestions were given for researchers and managers to select appropriate toxic leaching methods. It was pointed out that in order to realize the fine management of fly ash, the content of the method should be updated in time according to the changes of society, environment, and science and technology. Especially, the multidimensional nature of environmental conditions (such as the diversification of the disposal environment) should be considered in the method. At the same time, based on the actual needs (such as the long-term stability of the occurrence of pollutants, etc.), the evaluation method for the toxicity of heavy metals in fly ash should be explored according to China’s national conditions and local conditions.

Key words: municipal solid waste incineration fly ash, heavy metal, toxic leaching, evaluation method

中图分类号:

X705

李卫华, 吴寅凯, 孙英杰, 尹俊权, 辛明学, 赵友杰. 垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属毒性浸出评价方法研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(5): 2666-2677.

LI Weihua, WU Yinkai, SUN Yingjie, YIN Junquan, XIN Mingxue, ZHAO Youjie. Progress on evaluation methods for toxic leaching of heavy metals from MSW incineration fly ash[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(5): 2666-2677.

图/表 7

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方法名称	编号	国家	现行情况
提取程序：毒性试验方法和结构完整性试验	US EPA 1310B (EP)	美国	现行
毒性特征浸出程序	US EPA 1311 (TCLP)	美国	现行
合成沉淀浸出程序	US EPA 1312 (SPLP)	美国	现行
多级提取程序	US EPA 1320 (MEP)	美国	现行
废弃物单批次提取法的标准试验方法	US ASTM D 5233	美国	现行
水振荡提取固体废物的标准实施规程	US ASTM D 3987	美国	现行
水连续分批次提取废物的标准试验方法	US ASTM D 4793	美国	现行
基于柱状设备浸出固体物质的标准试验方法	US ASTM D 4874	美国	现行
酸性萃取液连续分批次提取废物的标准试验方法	US ASTM D 5284	美国	现行
废弃物的表征—浸出行为试验—上流式渗透试验	BS EN 14405	欧盟	现行
废弃物的特性—浸出—颗粒废弃物和污泥的一致性试验	BS EN 12457	欧盟	现行
浸出特性—无机成分浸出有效性测定—固体泥土和石质材料	NEN 7371	荷兰	现行
浸出特性—基于扩散试验的模制或整体材料中无机成分的浸出测定—固体土和石质材料	NEN 7375	荷兰	现行
日本环境省第13号告示	JLT 13	日本	现行
固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法醋酸缓冲溶液法	HJ/T 300-2007	中国	现行
固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法硫酸硝酸法	HJ/T 299-2007	中国	现行
固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法水平振荡法	HJ 557-2010	中国	现行

方法名称	编号	国家	现行情况
提取程序：毒性试验方法和结构完整性试验	US EPA 1310B (EP)	美国	现行
毒性特征浸出程序	US EPA 1311 (TCLP)	美国	现行
合成沉淀浸出程序	US EPA 1312 (SPLP)	美国	现行
多级提取程序	US EPA 1320 (MEP)	美国	现行
废弃物单批次提取法的标准试验方法	US ASTM D 5233	美国	现行
水振荡提取固体废物的标准实施规程	US ASTM D 3987	美国	现行
水连续分批次提取废物的标准试验方法	US ASTM D 4793	美国	现行
基于柱状设备浸出固体物质的标准试验方法	US ASTM D 4874	美国	现行
酸性萃取液连续分批次提取废物的标准试验方法	US ASTM D 5284	美国	现行
废弃物的表征—浸出行为试验—上流式渗透试验	BS EN 14405	欧盟	现行
废弃物的特性—浸出—颗粒废弃物和污泥的一致性试验	BS EN 12457	欧盟	现行
浸出特性—无机成分浸出有效性测定—固体泥土和石质材料	NEN 7371	荷兰	现行
浸出特性—基于扩散试验的模制或整体材料中无机成分的浸出测定—固体土和石质材料	NEN 7375	荷兰	现行
日本环境省第13号告示	JLT 13	日本	现行
固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法醋酸缓冲溶液法	HJ/T 300-2007	中国	现行
固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法硫酸硝酸法	HJ/T 299-2007	中国	现行
固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法水平振荡法	HJ 557-2010	中国	现行

方法	浸提剂	液固比	样品粒径/mm	浸提次数	浸出时间/h
US EPA 1310B (EP)	0.5mol/L的乙酸溶液	（16~20）∶1	无要求	1	24
TCLP	pH=2.88±0.05的乙酸溶液	20∶1（质量比）	＜9.5	1	18±2
ASTM D 5233	pH=2.88±0.05的乙酸溶液	20∶1（质量比）	无要求	1	18±2
HJ/T 300—2007	pH=2.64±0.05的乙酸溶液	20∶1（L/kg）	＜9.5	1	18±2

方法	浸提剂	液固比	样品粒径/mm	浸提次数	浸出时间/h
US EPA 1310B (EP)	0.5mol/L的乙酸溶液	（16~20）∶1	无要求	1	24
TCLP	pH=2.88±0.05的乙酸溶液	20∶1（质量比）	＜9.5	1	18±2
ASTM D 5233	pH=2.88±0.05的乙酸溶液	20∶1（质量比）	无要求	1	18±2
HJ/T 300—2007	pH=2.64±0.05的乙酸溶液	20∶1（L/kg）	＜9.5	1	18±2

方法	浸提剂	液固比	样品粒径/mm	浸提次数	浸出时间/h
SPLP	试剂水加质量比为60/40的硫酸和硝酸混合液	20∶1（质量比）	＜9.5	1	18±2
MEP	试剂水加质量比为60/40的硫酸和硝酸混合液，pH为3.0±0.2	20∶1（质量比）	＜9.5	10+	24 (单次)
HJ/T 299—2007	试剂水加质量比为2∶1的硫酸和硝酸，pH为3.20±0.05	10∶1（L/kg）	＜9.5	1	18±2