微塑料的迁移转化及其生态风险研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0192

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微塑料因轻薄、微小、易吸附等特点，在陆地出现后随水流进入大海，随气流暂时悬浮于空气中，随动植物、土壤活动等深入土壤内部，进入地下水中汇流入海，再因退潮、干湿沉降等原因从水、大气环境再次进入土壤；并有可能通过植物和水生动物食物链传递从而对人体健康产生潜在风险。本文通过计算微塑料的综合危害指数（污染负荷指数和潜在生态风险指数）得出结论：微塑料虽然对环境危害较大，但目前尚处在可接受的风险范围之内，然而如果人类仍不加节制，肆意生产和使用塑料，在80年后微塑料将给生态系统带来极大风险。目前由于技术限制很难集中有效地收集处理微塑料，微塑料在迁移过程中很难分解代谢，所以应重点从源头控制来减少微塑料的产生。同时，由于人们对微塑料的认知仍处于初级阶段，因而深入了解微塑料与污染物的联合作用和对生态环境的破坏作用，完善微塑料风险评价模型成为当前的首要任务。

关键词: 微塑料, 环境, 风险评价, 污染, 迁移转化, 降解

Abstract:

The interactive migration and transformation pathways of microplastics in the environment mainly include that microplastics enter the sea with water flow first and then suspend in the air with air currents due to the properties of lightness and small size. Ultimately, the suspended microplastics accumulate in soil or sediment, which might be ingested by plants or animals or even humans. Therefore, the hazard index of microplastics was calculated using the pollution load index and the potential ecological risk index to evaluate the level and evolution trend of environmental risk posed by microplastics in this paper. So far, the potential risk of microplastics was within an acceptable range, while this value would increase to the limitation value of national standard within 80 years if this uncontrolled plastic utilization still extended. Therefore, the reduction of plastics production might be an effective approach to control microplastics due to technical limitations on intensively and effectively removal of microplastics and decompose and metabolize microplastics in the environment. At the same time, since people's cognition of microplastics was still in its infancy, it was the current primary task to deeply understand the combined effects of microplastics and pollutants and their destructive effects on the ecological environment, and to improve the microplastics risk assessment model.

Key words: microplastics, environment, risk assessment, pollution, migration transformation, degradation

中图分类号:

张雅珊, 陈宗耀, 马伟芳. 微塑料的迁移转化及其生态风险研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(11): 6080-6098.

ZHANG Yashan, CHEN Zongyao, MA Weifang. Research progress on the migration and transformation of microplastics and environmental risks[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(11): 6080-6098.

图/表 13

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141	LIU Kai, WANG Xiaohui, WEI Nian, et al. Accurate quantification and transport estimation of suspended atmospheric microplastics in megacities: implications for human health[J]. Environment International, 2019, 132: 105127.
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144	WANG Xiaohui, LI Changjun, LIU Kai, et al. Atmospheric microplastic over the South China Sea and East Indian Ocean: abundance, distribution and source[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2020, 389: 121846.
145	YUKIOKA S, TANAKA S, NABETANI Y, et al. Occurrence and characteristics of microplastics in surface road dust in Kusatsu (Japan), Da Nang (Vietnam), and Kathmandu (Nepal)[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 256: 113447.
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147	YAO Ying, GLAMOCLIJA M, MURPHY A, et al. Characterization of microplastics in indoor and ambient air in northern New Jersey[J]. Environmental Research, 2022, 207: 112142.
148	LI Changjun, WANG Xiaohui, ZHU Lixin, et al. Enhanced impacts evaluation of Typhoon Sinlaku (2020) on atmospheric microplastics in South China Sea during the East Asian Summer Monsoon[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022, 806: 150767.
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调查的国家或地区	类型	深度	提取方法	丰度/items·kg^-1	颜色	主要形状	主要类别	参考文献
哥伦比亚中部加勒比海岸	海滩	5cm	氯化钠浮选	557~2457	—	纤维（83%）	—	Rangel- Buitrago等^［15］
中国台湾	海滩	—	氯化钠浮选	80~480 （DW）	白色、透明、黑色、蓝色	纤维（>95%）	PE、PP	Chen等^［16］
中国江苏	农田	—	碘化钠浮选	420~1290	白色、蓝色、红色	纤维（65%）	PP、PE、PET	Li等^［17］
中国武汉	蔬菜农田	5cm	氯化锌浮选	320~12560 （DW）	红色、黑色、绿色、蓝色、棕色、透明	微珠（48%）	PA、PP、PS、PE、PVC	Chen等^［18］
中国长江	农业土壤	0~20cm、20~40cm、40~60cm、60~80cm	氯化钠浮选	4.94~252.7	白色、蓝色、绿色、黑色、红色	碎片（49%）	PP、PE	Cao等^［19］
智利	农业土壤	25cm	氯化锌浮选	600~10400	透明、黑色、红色	纤维（97%）	—	Corradini等^［20］
加拿大安大略	农业土壤	0~5cm、5~10cm、10~15cm	密度分离（SI）	25~298	—	纤维	PP、PE、PET	Crossman等^［21］
西班牙	蔬菜土壤	10cm	离心后过滤	2116±1024	—	—	—	Beriot等^［22］
中国天津	校园草坪	—	氯化钠、碘化钠1∶1混合浮选	95（DW）	白色、绿色	碎片	PP	Han等^［23］
中国上海	水稻与水产养殖土壤	10cm	氯化钠浮选	10.3±2.2	白色、半透明、黑色	纤维	PE、PP、PVC	Lyu等^［24］
中国陕西毛乌素沙地	沙地、耕地、林地土壤	10cm	纤维过滤器	1360~4960	黑色、透明、红色、黄色	纤维（39%）	PP、PE、PS、PVC、PET	Ding等^［25］
中国杭州湾	农业土壤	10cm	氯化钠浮选	503.3	—	碎片	PE、PP、PA、PES	Zhou等^［26］

调查的国家或地区	类型	深度	提取方法	丰度/items·kg^-1	颜色	主要形状	主要类别	参考文献
哥伦比亚中部加勒比海岸	海滩	5cm	氯化钠浮选	557~2457	—	纤维（83%）	—	Rangel- Buitrago等^［15］
中国台湾	海滩	—	氯化钠浮选	80~480 （DW）	白色、透明、黑色、蓝色	纤维（>95%）	PE、PP	Chen等^［16］
中国江苏	农田	—	碘化钠浮选	420~1290	白色、蓝色、红色	纤维（65%）	PP、PE、PET	Li等^［17］
中国武汉	蔬菜农田	5cm	氯化锌浮选	320~12560 （DW）	红色、黑色、绿色、蓝色、棕色、透明	微珠（48%）	PA、PP、PS、PE、PVC	Chen等^［18］
中国长江	农业土壤	0~20cm、20~40cm、40~60cm、60~80cm	氯化钠浮选	4.94~252.7	白色、蓝色、绿色、黑色、红色	碎片（49%）	PP、PE	Cao等^［19］
智利	农业土壤	25cm	氯化锌浮选	600~10400	透明、黑色、红色	纤维（97%）	—	Corradini等^［20］
加拿大安大略	农业土壤	0~5cm、5~10cm、10~15cm	密度分离（SI）	25~298	—	纤维	PP、PE、PET	Crossman等^［21］
西班牙	蔬菜土壤	10cm	离心后过滤	2116±1024	—	—	—	Beriot等^［22］
中国天津	校园草坪	—	氯化钠、碘化钠1∶1混合浮选	95（DW）	白色、绿色	碎片	PP	Han等^［23］
中国上海	水稻与水产养殖土壤	10cm	氯化钠浮选	10.3±2.2	白色、半透明、黑色	纤维	PE、PP、PVC	Lyu等^［24］
中国陕西毛乌素沙地	沙地、耕地、林地土壤	10cm	纤维过滤器	1360~4960	黑色、透明、红色、黄色	纤维（39%）	PP、PE、PS、PVC、PET	Ding等^［25］
中国杭州湾	农业土壤	10cm	氯化钠浮选	503.3	—	碎片	PE、PP、PA、PES	Zhou等^［26］

调查的国家或地区	取样设备	丰度/items·m^-3	颜色	主要形状	主要类别	参考文献
阿曼湾	诺斯顿拖网	0.49±0.43	白色、蓝色、红色	纤维（32.7%）	PE、PP	Aliabad等^［31］
瑞典周边海域	曼塔拖网、原位过滤泵	0.04	半透明、黑色、蓝色	纤维	PE、PP、PS、PA	Schönlau等^［32］
中国渤海	曼塔拖网	0.35±0.13	白色、绿色、透明、黄色、黑色	线型（38%）	PE、PP、PS、PET	Zhang等^［30］
茅尾海	不锈钢取样器、20μm过滤器	4500±100	白色、黄色、蓝色、绿色、红色、黑色	纤维	PET、PP、PE	Zhu等^［33］
胶州湾	不锈钢水枪	46±28	蓝色、黑色	纤维（77.14%）	PET、PP、PE、PA、PVAC	Zheng等^［29］
中国北部湾红树林	钢水取样器	399~5531	白色、透明	—	PP、PE	Li等^［34］
北极	大容积泵、不锈钢过滤器	95±85	—	—	PA、PP、PES	Tekman等^［35］
加龙河	曼塔拖网	0.15	白色、黑色、蓝色	—	PE、PS、PP	Carvalho等^［36］
中国宁波奉化江	不锈钢桶、不锈钢筛子	300~4000	透明、蓝色、黑色、白色	纤维	PP、PE	Xu等^［37］
中国山东威海	自制拖网、钢筛	5.9±3.5	透明、白色、黑色、黄色、红色、蓝色、绿色	碎片（45.4%）	PE、PP、PS	Zhang等^［38］
中国青藏高原	集水器	856	—	—	PP、PE、PS、PET	Liu等^［39］
韩国	不锈钢取样器、潜水泵	1140±880	—	碎片（80%）	PP、PE、PA	Jung等^［11］

调查的国家或地区	取样设备	丰度/items·m^-3	颜色	主要形状	主要类别	参考文献
阿曼湾	诺斯顿拖网	0.49±0.43	白色、蓝色、红色	纤维（32.7%）	PE、PP	Aliabad等^［31］
瑞典周边海域	曼塔拖网、原位过滤泵	0.04	半透明、黑色、蓝色	纤维	PE、PP、PS、PA	Schönlau等^［32］
中国渤海	曼塔拖网	0.35±0.13	白色、绿色、透明、黄色、黑色	线型（38%）	PE、PP、PS、PET	Zhang等^［30］
茅尾海	不锈钢取样器、20μm过滤器	4500±100	白色、黄色、蓝色、绿色、红色、黑色	纤维	PET、PP、PE	Zhu等^［33］
胶州湾	不锈钢水枪	46±28	蓝色、黑色	纤维（77.14%）	PET、PP、PE、PA、PVAC	Zheng等^［29］
中国北部湾红树林	钢水取样器	399~5531	白色、透明	—	PP、PE	Li等^［34］
北极	大容积泵、不锈钢过滤器	95±85	—	—	PA、PP、PES	Tekman等^［35］
加龙河	曼塔拖网	0.15	白色、黑色、蓝色	—	PE、PS、PP	Carvalho等^［36］
中国宁波奉化江	不锈钢桶、不锈钢筛子	300~4000	透明、蓝色、黑色、白色	纤维	PP、PE	Xu等^［37］
中国山东威海	自制拖网、钢筛	5.9±3.5	透明、白色、黑色、黄色、红色、蓝色、绿色	碎片（45.4%）	PE、PP、PS	Zhang等^［38］
中国青藏高原	集水器	856	—	—	PP、PE、PS、PET	Liu等^［39］
韩国	不锈钢取样器、潜水泵	1140±880	—	碎片（80%）	PP、PE、PA	Jung等^［11］

调查的国家或地区	类型	取样方法	丰度	大小	主要形状	主要类别	参考文献
德国汉堡	室外	利用散装采样器收集沉降的微塑料	136.5~512items/ （m²·d）	1000~5000μm	碎片（95%）	EVAC、PTFE、PVA、PE	Klein等^［43］
中国上海	室外	利用采样器主动吸收空气及其中的颗粒物	0~4.18items/m³	23.07~9555μm	纤维（67%）	PET、PE、PES、PAN、PAA、EVA、RY、EP	Liu等^［44］
中国温州	室外	利用采样器主动吸收空气及其中的颗粒物	（188.7±84.8） items/m³	5~1794μm	碎片（89.7%~96.3%）	PE、PS、PES	Liao等^［42］
中国温州	室内	利用采样器主动吸收空气及其中的颗粒物	（1583.3±1180.6）items/m³	5~4665µm	碎片（83.5%~94.2%）	PES、PA、 PP	Liao等^［42］
丹麦奥尔胡斯	室内	利用采样器主动吸收空气及其中的颗粒物	9.3±5.8items/m³	11~370µm	碎片（87%）	PE、PET、PP、PA	Vianello等^［45］
伊朗阿萨鲁耶	室外	利用聚乙烯袋收集灰尘	3.75~13.5items/kg	小于25µm；大于100µm	纤维	—	Abbasi等^［46］
印度钦奈	室外	通过收集灰尘来提取微塑料	22.794±9.137 items/kg	—	碎片（92.46%）	PVC、EVA、PE、PTFE	Patchaiyappan等^［47］
英国亨伯地区	室内	将烧杯静置收集沉降的颗粒物	0~5412items/（m²·d）	5~5000µm	纤维（90%）	PET、PA、PP、PA、PAN、PMMA	Jenner等^［48］
英国伦敦	室外	使用铝制雨量计收集沉降颗粒物	575~1008items/（m²·d）	纤维（905±641）μm；非纤维（164±167）μm	纤维（92%）	PAN、PES、PA、PP、PVC、PE、PET、PS	Wright等^［49］
澳大利亚维多利亚	室外	使用钢勺或平底锅收集路边灰尘	20.6~529.3items/kg	80~4700μm	纤维	PP、PET	Su等^［50］
澳大利亚	室内	利用采样器主动吸收空气及其中的颗粒物	（1.6±1.8）items/m³	19~3948μm	纤维（87%）	—	O’Brien等^［51］