化工园区安全屏障研究综述与展望：概念、评估与管理

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1303

化工进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (10): 6115-6126.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1303

• 化工园区 • 上一篇

化工园区安全屏障研究综述与展望：概念、评估与管理

曾涛¹^,²(), 魏利军¹^,²(), 陈国华³, 多英全¹^,², 江赛华³, 苏明清¹^,², 陈超¹^,⁴

^1.中国安全生产科学研究院，北京 100012
^2.重大危险源与化工园区系统安全应急管理部重点实验室，北京 100012
^3.华南理工大学安全科学与工程研究所，广东广州 510640
^4.西南石油大学石油与天然气工程学院，四川成都 610500

收稿日期:2024-08-09 修回日期:2024-12-09 出版日期:2025-10-25 发布日期:2025-11-10
通讯作者: 魏利军
作者简介:曾涛（1995—），男，博士，工程师，研究方向为化工安全与风险评价技术。E-mail：taozeng1995@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3008800);国家自然科学基金面上项目(22478128);应急管理部重点科技计划(2024EMST060602)

Review and prospect of safety barrier research in chemical industrial parks: Concept, assessment and management

ZENG Tao¹^,²(), WEI Lijun¹^,²(), CHEN Guohua³, DUO Yingquan¹^,², JIANG Saihua³, SU Mingqing¹^,², CHEN Chao¹^,⁴

^1.China Academy of Safety Science and Technology, Beijing 100012, China
^2.Key Laboratory of Major Hazard and Chemical Industry Park System Safety, Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 100012, China
^3.Institute of Safety Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
^4.School of Petroleum Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China

Received:2024-08-09 Revised:2024-12-09 Online:2025-10-25 Published:2025-11-10
Contact: WEI Lijun

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

安全屏障是化工园区工业事故防控的主要技术手段，其功能实现的基础理论与屏障管理的相关研究受到了学界的广泛关注。然而，不同研究中安全屏障概念、屏障性能表征参数、屏障效果评估方法、屏障管理准则等存在一定的差异，导致难以进一步推进其理论研究与工程实践。本文回顾了安全屏障概念的发展历程，厘清安全屏障类型与分类依据，结合风险与韧性视角深入剖析屏障功能实现的基本原理，归纳总结安全屏障性能表征的常用参数与模型方法，指出基于不确定性的安全屏障效果量化是当前研究的核心难点。对比基于风险削减目标的常规屏障管理思路与基于韧性增强过程的新型屏障管理理念的优缺点，并从屏障系统构建、监测与维护、应急响应支持、屏障系统灾后优化等方面对化工园区屏障管理体系进行探讨。最后，指出后续安全屏障研究的关键突破方向，旨在设计高效屏障系统，保障化工园区安全发展。

关键词: 化工园区, 安全屏障, 评估, 屏障管理, 不确定性, 设计

Abstract:

Safety barriers are the main means for prevention and control of technological accidents in chemical industrial parks. The basic theories of barrier function realization and barrier management have received increased attentions in the research field. However, there are notable differences among studies regarding the concept of safety barrier, barrier performance characteristic parameter, assessment methodology of barrier effect, and principles of barrier management, so that it is hard to further advance the theoretical research and engineering practice. In this paper, the development pattern of safety barrier concept was reviewed, and the categories of safety barriers and related classification rules were clarified. The basic principles of barrier function realization were analyzed in detail in the viewpoints of risk and resilience, general parameters and methods for barrier performance characterization were overviewed and summarized. The quantification of barrier effects was identified as the key point in the research field. The advantages and weaknesses of risk-reduction-based barrier management were compared with those of resilience-strengthen-based strategies. Subsequently, the barrier management framework of chemical industrial park was discussed, focusing on the establishment of barrier system, monitoring and maintenance, emergency response support, and post-hazard improvement of the barrier system. Finally, key directions for future works on safety barriers were highlighted, aiming to design an effective barrier system and guarantee the safe development of chemical industrial park.

Key words: chemical industrial park, safety barrier, assessment, barrier management, uncertainty, design

中图分类号:

TQ086

曾涛, 魏利军, 陈国华, 多英全, 江赛华, 苏明清, 陈超. 化工园区安全屏障研究综述与展望：概念、评估与管理[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(10): 6115-6126.

ZENG Tao, WEI Lijun, CHEN Guohua, DUO Yingquan, JIANG Saihua, SU Mingqing, CHEN Chao. Review and prospect of safety barrier research in chemical industrial parks: Concept, assessment and management[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(10): 6115-6126.

图/表 5

表1 典型安全屏障定义

作者与文献	年份	安全屏障定义
de Dianous和Fiévez^[9]	2006	直接提供安全功能的物理与工程系统或由特定程序及行政指挥下的人类行为
Sklet^[12]	2006	计划用于防止、控制或缓解非预期事件或事故的物理性和/或非物理性措施
Hollnagel^[17]	2008	面向不受控的物质、能量或信息流动并执行防御或保护屏障功能的措施
Rathnayaka等^[18]	2011	用于防止、控制或缓解某一事故过程相关后果的安全措施
周宁等^[19]	2015	降低化工园区潜在危险事件发生频率和严重程度的针对性措施
Landucci等^[14]	2015	降低多米诺效应概率的保护系统
Johansen和Rausand^[20]	2015	设计用来防止或缓解某个危险性事故后果的系统，可展现单一或多个屏障功能
Moller等^[21]	2017	防止事故发生和/或降低其后果的措施
王文红^[22]	2017	化工园区相关的对环境、秩序、安全等有害因素有阻碍、缓冲或防护作用的事物总称
Chen等^[23]	2019	能够降低潜在事故后果及化工园区对蓄意攻击（相关攻击旨在造成最大化损失）吸引力的系列安全措施
丁洁^[24]	2019	化工园区相关的物理和工程系统或人在特定的过程或管理控制过程中的行为，是为了实现避免、预防、控制或者降低(限制、缓解)不期望的事件或事故发生概率的目的而采取的物理性或非物理性手段
Misuri等^[25]	2021	旨在防止、缓解或控制研究对象危险波动或事故的物理性或非物理性措施
Yuan等^[11]	2022	计划用于防止、控制或缓解非预期事件后果及其升级可能性的物理性或非物理性工具
Zeng等^[26]	2022	防止或缓解化工区域Natech事件中事故及潜在升级物理性与非物理性措施
黄孔星^[7]	2022	化工园区内或周边保护设备单元免受或降低外部扰动造成危害的各类预防、控制或减缓措施和机制
Wang等^[27]	2024	由化工园区管委会指导危险化学品生产企业采取的防止多米诺效应的措施
Zhou等^[28]	2024	防止危险性事故发生或降低事故发生概率或缓解事故后果的安全措施

表1 典型安全屏障定义

作者与文献	年份	安全屏障定义
de Dianous和Fiévez^[9]	2006	直接提供安全功能的物理与工程系统或由特定程序及行政指挥下的人类行为
Sklet^[12]	2006	计划用于防止、控制或缓解非预期事件或事故的物理性和/或非物理性措施
Hollnagel^[17]	2008	面向不受控的物质、能量或信息流动并执行防御或保护屏障功能的措施
Rathnayaka等^[18]	2011	用于防止、控制或缓解某一事故过程相关后果的安全措施
周宁等^[19]	2015	降低化工园区潜在危险事件发生频率和严重程度的针对性措施
Landucci等^[14]	2015	降低多米诺效应概率的保护系统
Johansen和Rausand^[20]	2015	设计用来防止或缓解某个危险性事故后果的系统，可展现单一或多个屏障功能
Moller等^[21]	2017	防止事故发生和/或降低其后果的措施
王文红^[22]	2017	化工园区相关的对环境、秩序、安全等有害因素有阻碍、缓冲或防护作用的事物总称
Chen等^[23]	2019	能够降低潜在事故后果及化工园区对蓄意攻击（相关攻击旨在造成最大化损失）吸引力的系列安全措施
丁洁^[24]	2019	化工园区相关的物理和工程系统或人在特定的过程或管理控制过程中的行为，是为了实现避免、预防、控制或者降低(限制、缓解)不期望的事件或事故发生概率的目的而采取的物理性或非物理性手段
Misuri等^[25]	2021	旨在防止、缓解或控制研究对象危险波动或事故的物理性或非物理性措施
Yuan等^[11]	2022	计划用于防止、控制或缓解非预期事件后果及其升级可能性的物理性或非物理性工具
Zeng等^[26]	2022	防止或缓解化工区域Natech事件中事故及潜在升级物理性与非物理性措施
黄孔星^[7]	2022	化工园区内或周边保护设备单元免受或降低外部扰动造成危害的各类预防、控制或减缓措施和机制
Wang等^[27]	2024	由化工园区管委会指导危险化学品生产企业采取的防止多米诺效应的措施
Zhou等^[28]	2024	防止危险性事故发生或降低事故发生概率或缓解事故后果的安全措施

表2 安全屏障分类

作者及文献年份	分类依据	安全屏障类型
Svenson（1991）^[29]	S	物理性安全屏障、技术类安全屏障、管理类安全屏障
Holland（1997）^[30]、Pitblado等（2016）^[31]	S	静态安全屏障、动态安全屏障
de Dianous和Fiévez（2006）^[9]	R	主动安全屏障、被动安全屏障、人员活动、符号性安全屏障
Kjellén（2007）^[32]	F	本质安全设计、附加安全屏障
Sklet（2006）^[12]、Zhou等（2024）^[28]	R	主动安全屏障、被动安全屏障
Rathnayaka等（2011，2012）^[18-33]、Sun等（2021）^[34]	S+F	管理与组织性安全屏障、人员因素安全屏障、泄漏预防安全屏障、逸散预防安全屏障、点火预防安全屏障、升级预防安全屏障、损失控制与应急管理安全屏障
孙爱军（2011）^[35]、王文红（2017）^[22]	S	材料屏障、功能性屏障、标识屏障、非实质性屏障
周宁等（2011）^[19]	R+F	重大危险源本质安全设计、企业监测预警、重大危险源安全设施、企业级应急响应、园区级应急响应、区域级应急响应
Landucci等（2015）^[14]、Misuri等（2021）^[25]、Zeng等（2020，2022）^[26,36]	R	主动安全屏障、被动安全屏障、程序性安全屏障
Johansen和Rausand（2015）^[20]	F	应对性安全屏障、响应性安全屏障
Reniers等（2018）^[37]	F	预防性安全屏障、缓解性安全屏障
Khakzad等（2017）^[38]、吴守志等（2022）^[39]	R+F	本质安全设计、主动安全屏障、被动安全屏障、应急与响应措施
Chen等（2019）^[23]	R+F	安保措施、被动安全屏障、主动安全屏障、应急响应
丁洁（2019）^[24]	S	人员操作系统、设备控制系统
Van Nunen等（2019）^[40]	S	技术安全屏障、非技术安全屏障、管理交互系统
Yuan等（2022）^[11]	S+F	技术安全屏障、非技术可观测安全屏障、非技术不可观测安全屏障
黄孔星（2022）^[7]	R+F	设备本质安全屏障、灾害预警屏障、生产过程控制屏障、物理保护屏障、事故应急响应屏障

表2 安全屏障分类

作者及文献年份	分类依据	安全屏障类型
Svenson（1991）^[29]	S	物理性安全屏障、技术类安全屏障、管理类安全屏障
Holland（1997）^[30]、Pitblado等（2016）^[31]	S	静态安全屏障、动态安全屏障
de Dianous和Fiévez（2006）^[9]	R	主动安全屏障、被动安全屏障、人员活动、符号性安全屏障
Kjellén（2007）^[32]	F	本质安全设计、附加安全屏障
Sklet（2006）^[12]、Zhou等（2024）^[28]	R	主动安全屏障、被动安全屏障
Rathnayaka等（2011，2012）^[18-33]、Sun等（2021）^[34]	S+F	管理与组织性安全屏障、人员因素安全屏障、泄漏预防安全屏障、逸散预防安全屏障、点火预防安全屏障、升级预防安全屏障、损失控制与应急管理安全屏障
孙爱军（2011）^[35]、王文红（2017）^[22]	S	材料屏障、功能性屏障、标识屏障、非实质性屏障
周宁等（2011）^[19]	R+F	重大危险源本质安全设计、企业监测预警、重大危险源安全设施、企业级应急响应、园区级应急响应、区域级应急响应
Landucci等（2015）^[14]、Misuri等（2021）^[25]、Zeng等（2020，2022）^[26,36]	R	主动安全屏障、被动安全屏障、程序性安全屏障
Johansen和Rausand（2015）^[20]	F	应对性安全屏障、响应性安全屏障
Reniers等（2018）^[37]	F	预防性安全屏障、缓解性安全屏障
Khakzad等（2017）^[38]、吴守志等（2022）^[39]	R+F	本质安全设计、主动安全屏障、被动安全屏障、应急与响应措施
Chen等（2019）^[23]	R+F	安保措施、被动安全屏障、主动安全屏障、应急响应
丁洁（2019）^[24]	S	人员操作系统、设备控制系统
Van Nunen等（2019）^[40]	S	技术安全屏障、非技术安全屏障、管理交互系统
Yuan等（2022）^[11]	S+F	技术安全屏障、非技术可观测安全屏障、非技术不可观测安全屏障
黄孔星（2022）^[7]	R+F	设备本质安全屏障、灾害预警屏障、生产过程控制屏障、物理保护屏障、事故应急响应屏障

图1 安全屏障与风险、韧性的关系

表3 复杂情景下屏障性能修正模型

Misuri等^{[25,49,53-54]}

主动屏障+被动屏障

自然灾害

主动屏障： $P F D j, i = 1 + (ϕ j, i - 1) (1 - P F D 0, i), η j, i = η 0, i$

被动屏障： $η j, i = (1 - ϕ j, i) η 0, i$

Davatgar等^[55]

主动屏障+被动屏障+程序性屏障

运营及管理缺陷

LCMF=f (TMF, MMF)

依据LCMF计算值选取修正系数，更新安全屏障性能置信等级

黄孔星^[7]

程序性屏障

自然灾害

tto_n=tto₀+ tto_d，ttm_n=ttm₀+ ttm_d

表3 复杂情景下屏障性能修正模型

作者

屏障对象

灾害情景

性能修正模型

Misuri等^{[25,49,53-54]}

主动屏障+被动屏障

自然灾害

主动屏障： $P F D j, i = 1 + (ϕ j, i - 1) (1 - P F D 0, i), η j, i = η 0, i$

被动屏障： $η j, i = (1 - ϕ j, i) η 0, i$

Davatgar等^[55]

主动屏障+被动屏障+程序性屏障

运营及管理缺陷

LCMF=f (TMF, MMF)

依据LCMF计算值选取修正系数，更新安全屏障性能置信等级

黄孔星^[7]

程序性屏障

自然灾害

tto_n=tto₀+ tto_d，ttm_n=ttm₀+ ttm_d

图2 化工园区屏障管理体系

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化工园区安全屏障研究综述与展望：概念、评估与管理

Review and prospect of safety barrier research in chemical industrial parks: Concept, assessment and management

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