湿式烘焙技术研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-1322

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

湿式烘焙是指180~260℃下在过热水中进行生物质预处理的技术，因其适用范围广、能耗低、预处理效果显著等优势，受到了广泛关注，但也因其发展尚处于起步阶段，存在诸多问题。文中综述了湿式烘焙技术的定义、反应机理及其优点，重点关注湿式烘焙固体产物物理化学特性的变化（最优条件下，产物质量密度升高33.2%，能量密度升高48.2%，研磨能耗降低25.6倍，平衡含水率降低2.9倍，球团耐久性升高33.0%，热值升高45.1%，燃点升高67℃）。讨论了湿式烘焙反应条件对于处理效果的影响，探究了湿式烘焙条件和燃料性能之间的内在联系，对生物质燃料湿式烘焙预处理及工艺耦合应用进行了全面概述，对湿式烘焙技术的经济可行性进行了综合分析。最后，明晰了湿式烘焙技术的缺陷及相应的应对措施，并对其未来的应用场景进行了分析展望，为提高湿式烘焙技术环境友好性和经济可行性提供一些理论基础。

关键词: 生物质, 湿式烘焙, 能量密度, 燃料, 热化学

Abstract:

Wet torrefaction (WT), as a biomass pretreatment technology in superheated water at temperatures within 180—260℃, has received extensive attention because of its high adaptation, low energy consumption, superior pretreatment effect and other advantages. But it remains some disadvantages because WT is still in its infancy. In this paper, the definition, reaction mechanism and advantages of WT are reviewed, and the improvement in physical and chemical properties of WT solid products is highlighted (under the optimal conditions, the product mass density, energy density, pellet durability, calorific value and ignition temperature increased by 33.2%, 48.2%, 33.0%, 45.1% and 67℃, respectively, while the grinding energy consumption and equilibrium moisture content decreased by 25.6 times and 2.9 times, respectively). The impacts of WT conditions on the treatment performance are discussed, and the internal relationship between WT conditions and fuel property is determined. Particularly, the research progress of WT and its subsequent applications are comprehensively overviewed, and the economic feasibility of WT is generally analyzed. Finally, the shortcomings of WT and the remediation are clarified. At the same time, it is hoped to provide some analyses and outlooks for future application scenarios of WT, so that WT will have better environmental friendliness and economic feasibility.

Key words: biomass, wet torrefaction, energy density, fuel, thermochemistry

中图分类号:

刘环博, 李健, 颜蓓蓓, 董晓珊, 陈冠益. 湿式烘焙技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(6): 3221-3234.

LIU Huanbo, LI Jian, YAN Beibei, DONG Xiaoshan, CHEN Guanyi. Research progress of wet torrefaction technology[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(6): 3221-3234.

图/表 3

表1 生物质中纤维素、半纤维素与木质素的分解情况[20, 22-23]

组分	质量分数/%	分解温度/℃	分解产物	产物来源	分解简式
纤维素	40~50	230	主要为葡萄糖	纤维素大分子中糖苷键的断裂	纤维素→葡萄糖→分解产物
半纤维素	20~30	200	主要为木糖，其他还包括葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖、岩藻糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖醛酸和半乳糖醛酸	木聚糖主链的解聚	半纤维素→木糖→分解产物
木质素	20~30	260	酮、苯酚、呋喃和含甲氧基的苯酚衍生物等	分子中连接单体的氧桥键和单体苯环上的侧链键断裂	木质素→分解产物

表2 原始生物质及其水热炭与褐煤燃烧特性对比[45, 47-48]

性质	原始生物质	水热炭	褐煤
热值/MJ·kg^-1	18.4~18.9	24.7~26.7	25.0
含水率/%	6.6~12.9	2.5~3.2	13.5
挥发分质量分数/%	79.2~80.9	67.9~72.5	48.8
灰分质量分数/%	8.1~10.5	26.4~31.1	30.1
含氧量/%	44.8~45.5	5.0~7.3	10.3
O/C比	0.7	0.3~0.4	0.4
H/C	1.4~1.6	0.9~1.2	1.1
燃点/℃	253~273	288~372	368

表3 橄榄石及其水热炭气化气特性对比[69]

气化原料	气化条件	气化气成分/mol·kg $原料 - 1$				热值 /kJ·m^-3
气化原料	气化条件	H₂	CO	CH₄	CO₂	热值 /kJ·m^-3
橄榄石水热炭	700℃、1g/min	28.54	8.32	0.05	6.30	6560.1
橄榄石水热炭	700℃、1g/min	12.94	12.88	3.76	4.98	8285.3
橄榄石水热炭	900℃、1g/min	38.56	11.48	1.72	5.73	8341.5
橄榄石水热炭	900℃、1g/min	52.57	14.32	1.82	16.40	10224.5
橄榄石水热炭	900℃、0.5g/min	41.53	8.22	1.03	4.28	7099.5
橄榄石水热炭	900℃、0.5g/min	52.78	11.01	1.62	20.00	9043.7

表3 橄榄石及其水热炭气化气特性对比[69]

气化原料	气化条件	气化气成分/mol·kg $原料 - 1$				热值 /kJ·m^-3
气化原料	气化条件	H₂	CO	CH₄	CO₂	热值 /kJ·m^-3
橄榄石水热炭	700℃、1g/min	28.54	8.32	0.05	6.30	6560.1
橄榄石水热炭	700℃、1g/min	12.94	12.88	3.76	4.98	8285.3
橄榄石水热炭	900℃、1g/min	38.56	11.48	1.72	5.73	8341.5
橄榄石水热炭	900℃、1g/min	52.57	14.32	1.82	16.40	10224.5
橄榄石水热炭	900℃、0.5g/min	41.53	8.22	1.03	4.28	7099.5
橄榄石水热炭	900℃、0.5g/min	52.78	11.01	1.62	20.00	9043.7

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