电-酶催化CO2转化生产化学品的研究展望

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1729

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

酶催化CO₂转化生产化学品具有反应条件温和、催化活性与选择性高的潜在优势，为化学工业实现碳中和目标提供了新途径，但需要提高酶在工业环境中的稳定性和催化活性、强化电子传递过程以及调控CO₂水合反应以提高产能。固定化酶技术提供了提高酶在工业环境中稳定性的有效途径，电-酶催化集成了电场在能量供给和酶催化在CO₂活化与反应选择性中的优势，为解决上述问题提供了新思路。本文综述了CO₂还原酶的底物结合、CO₂活化和电子传递特性，介绍了近期发展的酶催化和电-酶催化CO₂合成化学品技术、以电催化为酶供能的两类电子传递过程和电-酶催化中的过程强化策略，从分子工程和过程工程层面探讨了电-酶催化CO₂合成化学品的后续研究需要关注的问题和创新机遇。

关键词: 二氧化碳, 生物催化, 酶催化, 电-酶催化, 电子传递

Abstract:

Industrial application of enzymatic conversion of CO₂ into chemicals, which is, by nature, advantageous in terms of mildness and high activity and selectivity, represents a carbon-neutral route for chemical industry but is hindered by the unsatisfactory stability and activity of enzyme in non-natural environment, low intensity of energy inputs as well as manipulating CO₂ hydration reaction. Enzyme immobilization provides an effective way to improve the stability of enzyme in industrial environments. Electro-enzymatic catalysis combines the advantages of energy supply, CO₂ activation and reaction selectivity and thus holds promise to overcome above-mentioned problems. This review starts with an overview of CO₂ reducing enzymes and their catalytic properties in substrate binding, CO₂ activation and electron transfer, which is classified into two categories in terms of surface reaction and active site reaction. Recent advancements in enzymatic and electro-enzymatic catalysis are detailed, highlighting those novel reductive mechanisms for CO₂, as well as novel process intensification methods. The research demands and opportunities in molecular and process engineering of enzymatic conversion of CO₂ are discussed.

Key words: carbon dioxide, biocatalysis, enzymatic catalysis, electro-enzymatic catalysis, electron transfer

中图分类号:

Q814

夏猛, 赵雪冰, 蒋国强, 卢滇楠, 刘铮. 电-酶催化CO₂转化生产化学品的研究展望[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(5): 2825-2833.

XIA Meng, ZHAO Xuebing, JIANG Guoqiang, LU Diannan, LIU Zheng. Prospects for electro-enzymatic conversion of CO₂ into chemicals[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(5): 2825-2833.

图/表 6

表1 CO2还原酶类别及其电子传递方式

还原力供给	酶	来源	活性中心	电子传递体	化学反应式	参考文献
表面反应	CODH	Clostridium thermoaceticum等	NiFe簇	Fe-S簇	CO₂+2e^-+2H⁺ $→$ CO+H₂O	[24-25]
	FDH	Clostridium ljungdahlii等	W/Mo金属螯合物	Fe-S簇	CO₂+2e^-+2H⁺ $→$ HCOOH	[26-28]
	HDCR	Thermoanaerobacter kivui	W金属螯合物	Fe-S簇	CO₂+H₂ $→$ HCOOH	[31]
	固氮酶	Azotobacter vinelandii	FeV辅因子	Fe-S簇	2H⁺+2e^- $→$ H₂ CO₂+8e^-+8H⁺ $→$ CH₄+2H₂O 2CO₂+12e^-+12H⁺ $→$ C₂H₄+4H₂O 3CO₂+18e^-+18H⁺ $→$ C₃H₆+6H₂O	[32]
活性位点反应	FDH	Candida boidinii、 Chaetomium thermophilum等	Asn119、Arg258、His311等	NADH	CO₂+NADH+H⁺ $→$ HCOOH+NAD⁺	[29-30]

表1 CO2还原酶类别及其电子传递方式

还原力供给	酶	来源	活性中心	电子传递体	化学反应式	参考文献
表面反应	CODH	Clostridium thermoaceticum等	NiFe簇	Fe-S簇	CO₂+2e^-+2H⁺ $→$ CO+H₂O	[24-25]
	FDH	Clostridium ljungdahlii等	W/Mo金属螯合物	Fe-S簇	CO₂+2e^-+2H⁺ $→$ HCOOH	[26-28]
	HDCR	Thermoanaerobacter kivui	W金属螯合物	Fe-S簇	CO₂+H₂ $→$ HCOOH	[31]
	固氮酶	Azotobacter vinelandii	FeV辅因子	Fe-S簇	2H⁺+2e^- $→$ H₂ CO₂+8e^-+8H⁺ $→$ CH₄+2H₂O 2CO₂+12e^-+12H⁺ $→$ C₂H₄+4H₂O 3CO₂+18e^-+18H⁺ $→$ C₃H₆+6H₂O	[32]
活性位点反应	FDH	Candida boidinii、 Chaetomium thermophilum等	Asn119、Arg258、His311等	NADH	CO₂+NADH+H⁺ $→$ HCOOH+NAD⁺	[29-30]

图1 NADH依赖的FDH的催化循环[33]

图2 金属依赖的FDH的结构与催化机制[28, 35]

图3 反应体系中添加CO2与HCO3-时FDH还原CO2的电流比较[41]

图4 基于CbFDH的电-酶催化CO2还原系统[72]

图5 基于金属酶的电-酶催化CO2还原系统[35, 82]

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电-酶催化CO₂转化生产化学品的研究展望

Prospects for electro-enzymatic conversion of CO₂ into chemicals

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