抗生素菌渣热解技术研究现状及展望

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-2131

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

抗生素菌渣（AMR）是发酵生产抗生素过程中产生的一种固体废弃物，其中残留的抗生素和抗性基因已经严重危害人体健康与生态环境。本文结合AMR的来源及危害，分析其理化结构性质，梳理目前主要无害化处置与资源化利用技术研究现状，重点对AMR热解反应过程中影响因素进行分析讨论，归纳总结菌渣高效处理处置及定向资源化利用的有利反应条件。结合当前菌渣热解三相产物在吸附、储能、催化以及作为生物燃料等领域的应用研究进展，对AMR未来资源化利用技术发展提出一些建议和展望，指出采用预处理手段对原料提质耦合两种或多种技术是实现AMR的高效减量化、无害化处置的重要途径，同时在生产高附加值产品和缓解化石能源消耗方面具有较好的应用前景。

关键词: 抗生素菌渣, 热解, 无害化处理, 资源化利用

Abstract:

As a kind of solid waste generated during the fermentation for production of antibiotic drugs, antibiotic mycelial residue (AMR) has caused serious threat to human health and huge environmental pollution due to the inevitable residual of antibiotics and resistance genes. In this paper, the physical and chemical properties of AMR were analyzed based on their source and perniciousness. The current situation of the environmentally sound disposal of antibiotic residues by various treatment and utilization technologies were summarized. Especially, the main factors that affect the AMR pyrolysis process as well as the research progress on the application of pyrolysis products in adsorption, energy storage, catalysis, and biofuel were systematically discussed and reviewed. At last, some suggestions and prospects were put forward for the development of AMR utilization in future. It was also pointed out that the combination of two or more technologies after pretreatment of initial raw material was beneficial for the reduction and harmless treatment of AMR. Meanwhile, it had good application prospects in producing high-value-added products and alleviating fossil energy consumption.

Key words: antibiotic mycelial residue, pyrolysis, harmless treatment, resource utilization

中图分类号:

X787

杨双霞, 侯建军, 李天津, 陈雷, 孙来芝, 华栋梁. 抗生素菌渣热解技术研究现状及展望[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(12): 6933-6943.

YANG Shuangxia, HOU Jianjun, LI Tianjin, CHEN Lei, SUN Laizhi, HUA Dongliang. Current research and prospect for pyrolysis treatment of antibiotic mycelial residue[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(12): 6933-6943.

图/表 5

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抗生素菌渣种类	工业分析/%			元素分析/%
抗生素菌渣种类	挥发分V	灰分A	固定碳FC	C	H	O	N	S
链霉素	85.15	13.07	1.78	38.02	5.88	38.29	5.31	0.27
杆菌肽	90.77	7.02	2.21	44.17	6.67	31.78	6.37	0.57
林可霉素	86.61	10.24	3.15	42.07	6.30	33.23	7.94	0.85
青霉素	88.62	8.50	2.88	43.59	7.32	30.45	9.24	1.08
头孢菌素C	91.63	6.34	2.03	48.33	7.43	28.90	8.47	1.34
土霉素	66.53	12.48	20.99	44.71	5.04	30.71	7.81	0.51
水稻秸秆	76.84	13.07	10.06	40.06	5.47	40.23	0.69	0.48
小麦秸秆	80.70	9.37	9.93	42.95	5.64	40.51	0.76	0.78
玉米秸秆	82.21	8.86	8.93	43.28	5.92	39.32	1.96	0.66
棉花秸秆	82.38	7.45	10.17	43.95	5.81	41.12	1.12	0.56
猪粪	61.78	21.63	16.59	40.07	5.35	37.26	2.51	0.74
牛粪	67.26	20.61	12.13	39.98	5.38	35.42	2.53	0.55
鸡粪	61.44	34.02	4.54	33.85	4.74	34.39	2.41	0.52

抗生素菌渣种类	工业分析/%			元素分析/%
抗生素菌渣种类	挥发分V	灰分A	固定碳FC	C	H	O	N	S
链霉素	85.15	13.07	1.78	38.02	5.88	38.29	5.31	0.27
杆菌肽	90.77	7.02	2.21	44.17	6.67	31.78	6.37	0.57
林可霉素	86.61	10.24	3.15	42.07	6.30	33.23	7.94	0.85
青霉素	88.62	8.50	2.88	43.59	7.32	30.45	9.24	1.08
头孢菌素C	91.63	6.34	2.03	48.33	7.43	28.90	8.47	1.34
土霉素	66.53	12.48	20.99	44.71	5.04	30.71	7.81	0.51
水稻秸秆	76.84	13.07	10.06	40.06	5.47	40.23	0.69	0.48
小麦秸秆	80.70	9.37	9.93	42.95	5.64	40.51	0.76	0.78
玉米秸秆	82.21	8.86	8.93	43.28	5.92	39.32	1.96	0.66
棉花秸秆	82.38	7.45	10.17	43.95	5.81	41.12	1.12	0.56
猪粪	61.78	21.63	16.59	40.07	5.35	37.26	2.51	0.74
牛粪	67.26	20.61	12.13	39.98	5.38	35.42	2.53	0.55
鸡粪	61.44	34.02	4.54	33.85	4.74	34.39	2.41	0.52

处理技术	优点	缺点	参考文献
焚烧	减量化效果明显，完全消除抗生素及抗性基因的安全隐患	二英、NO _x 等污染物的二次污染，较高的处置成本	[14]
安全填埋	快速处理抗生素菌渣，成本低	占用大量的土地资源，时间周期长，污染物易外泄	[15]
好氧堆肥	提高土壤肥力，有利于资源化处理	易造成环境中抗生素和抗生素耐药性基因的富集	[16]
厌氧发酵	可降解抗生素，生产高品质沼气	不能完全消除抗生素和抗性基因；处理时间较长，运行成本偏高	[17]
水热	无需脱水处理，有效去除抗生素，资源化利用效果显著	反应条件严苛，较高的设备要求	[18]
热解	完全消除抗生素及抗性基因，污染物排放量小，减量化、资源化效果明显	预处理能耗大，产物需经净化提质后应用	[19-21]

处理技术	优点	缺点	参考文献
焚烧	减量化效果明显，完全消除抗生素及抗性基因的安全隐患	二英、NO _x 等污染物的二次污染，较高的处置成本	[14]
安全填埋	快速处理抗生素菌渣，成本低	占用大量的土地资源，时间周期长，污染物易外泄	[15]
好氧堆肥	提高土壤肥力，有利于资源化处理	易造成环境中抗生素和抗生素耐药性基因的富集	[16]
厌氧发酵	可降解抗生素，生产高品质沼气	不能完全消除抗生素和抗性基因；处理时间较长，运行成本偏高	[17]
水热	无需脱水处理，有效去除抗生素，资源化利用效果显著	反应条件严苛，较高的设备要求	[18]
热解	完全消除抗生素及抗性基因，污染物排放量小，减量化、资源化效果明显	预处理能耗大，产物需经净化提质后应用	[19-21]

抗生素菌渣	预处理方式	实验条件	结果	参考文献
红霉素菌渣	γ辐照	23～25℃下，剂量率为240Gy/min，剂量为5kGy和10kGy	菌渣中红霉素的含量下降86%；抗性基因ermB和ermF丰度分别下降89%和98%；细菌总数和耐药菌减少99%以上	[37]
头孢菌素C菌渣	微波	微波频率为2.45GHz，反应温度为40～100℃，时间15min	菌渣中99.9%以上头孢菌素C被降解，失去了抗菌活性	[38]
青霉素菌渣	洗涤	去离子水或0.1mol/L H₂SO₄中连续搅拌4h	水洗和酸洗能去除菌渣热解炭中52.51%和80.56%的灰分，有利于孔道结构的形成和吸附性能的提升，比表面积增加26.7%和66.4%	[39]
青霉素菌渣	烘焙	烘焙温度为200～320℃，时间为45min	可完全消除残留抗生素，增强烘焙炭材料热稳定性，降低H/C和O/C，提高燃料品质	[40]
林可霉素菌渣	水热	反应条件为160℃，4h	去除菌渣大部分抗性基因，同时固定部分重金属（Fe、Zn、Cr），使其以更稳定形式存在	[41]