可再生能源合成绿氨研究进展及氢-氨储运经济性分析

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-0228

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

可再生能源和氢能产业快速发展，氨作为储氢介质，因其能发挥长时储氢和长距离运氢的作用，受到广泛关注。化石燃料制氢合成氨工艺成熟，但二氧化碳排放强度大。绿氨以可再生能源电解制氢作为氢源，具有减少合成氨产业碳排放、消纳风光等可再生能源、充当储氢载体易于储运等优势，在碳达峰碳中和的目标下，开发绿氨合成工艺具有重要意义。本文总结了工业Haber-Bosch法合成氨、电化学、光催化、等离子体和化学链合成氨取得的研究进展及面临的挑战，阐述了可再生能源电解制氢合成氨工艺的技术路线和发展现状，对比了煤制灰氨和可再生能源制绿氨工艺的技术经济可行性，分析了电价、电解制氢能耗等因素对电解制氢合成氨成本的影响，论述了分别以氨为载体储氢和储存液氢的成本构成，研究了分别以氨为载体运氢和运输气氢的成本，提出了对绿氢合成绿氨、以绿氨为载体储运氢产业发展的思考。

关键词: 合成氨, 可再生能源, 氨储运, 绿氨, 经济性

Abstract:

With the rapid development of renewable energy and hydrogen energy industry, as a hydrogen storage medium, ammonia has received widespread attention due to its ability to perform long-term hydrogen storage and long-distance hydrogen transportation. Hydrogen production and ammonia synthesis process based on fossil fuels is mature, but the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions is high. Green ammonia utilizes renewable energy with electrolytic hydrogen production as hydrogen sources, which has the advantages of reducing carbon emissions in the synthetic ammonia industry, consuming renewable energy such as wind and solar energy, and serving as a hydrogen storage carrier for storage and transportation. Under the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the development of green ammonia synthesis process is of great significance. This paper reviews the research progress and challenges of industrial Haber-Bosch, electrochemical, photocatalysis, plasma and chemical chain synthesis of ammonia. The technical route and existing situation of water electrolysis powered by renewable energy for hydrogen production and ammonia synthesis process are elaborated. The technical and economic feasibility of grey ammonia synthesis from coal and green ammonia synthesis from renewable energy are compared. The impacts of electricity price and energy consumption of electrolytic hydrogen production on the cost of electrolytic hydrogen production for ammonia synthesis are analyzed. The cost structure of hydrogen storage with ammonia as a carrier and liquid hydrogen storage are discussed. The costs of hydrogen transportation with ammonia as a carrier and gas-hydrogen transportation are studied. The considerations for industrial development of green hydrogen for green ammonia synthesis and hydrogen storage and transportation with green ammonia as a carrier are proposed.

Key words: ammonia synthesis, renewable energy, ammonia storage and transportation, green ammonia, economy

中图分类号:

TK91

曾悦, 王月, 张学瑞, 宋玺文, 夏博文, 陈梓颀. 可再生能源合成绿氨研究进展及氢-氨储运经济性分析[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(1): 376-389.

ZENG Yue, WANG Yue, ZHANG Xuerui, SONG Xiwen, XIA Bowen, CHEN Ziqi. Research progress of green ammonia synthesis from renewable energy and economic analysis of hydrogen-ammonia storage and transportation[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(1): 376-389.

图/表 12

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开发商	装置规模	建设地	总投资/亿元	催化剂
Skovgaard Invest, Vestas, Haldor Topsoe	10MW风电和光伏，5000吨/年绿氨	丹麦	0.77	Fe基催化剂
阿布扎比国家能源公司	2GW光伏，4万吨/年绿氢，20万吨/年绿氨	沙特	70	Fe基催化剂
林德，HiveHydrogen	1GW光伏，1.4GW风电，156MW储能，80~90万吨/年绿氨	南非	322	Fe基催化剂
洲际能源，CWP Global	50GW风电和光伏，350万吨/年绿氢，2000万吨/年绿氨	澳大利亚	700	Fe基催化剂
乌拉特后旗绿氨技术	30万吨/年绿氨	中国内蒙古	5	Fe基催化剂
达茂旗绿氨技术	30万吨/年绿氨	中国内蒙古	5	Fe基催化剂
国家能源集团国华投资	300MW光伏，800MW风电，30万吨/年绿氨	中国内蒙古	23	Fe基催化剂
国家电投集团	100MW光伏，700MW风电，18万吨/年绿氨	中国吉林	63	Fe基催化剂

开发商	装置规模	建设地	总投资/亿元	催化剂
Skovgaard Invest, Vestas, Haldor Topsoe	10MW风电和光伏，5000吨/年绿氨	丹麦	0.77	Fe基催化剂
阿布扎比国家能源公司	2GW光伏，4万吨/年绿氢，20万吨/年绿氨	沙特	70	Fe基催化剂
林德，HiveHydrogen	1GW光伏，1.4GW风电，156MW储能，80~90万吨/年绿氨	南非	322	Fe基催化剂
洲际能源，CWP Global	50GW风电和光伏，350万吨/年绿氢，2000万吨/年绿氨	澳大利亚	700	Fe基催化剂
乌拉特后旗绿氨技术	30万吨/年绿氨	中国内蒙古	5	Fe基催化剂
达茂旗绿氨技术	30万吨/年绿氨	中国内蒙古	5	Fe基催化剂
国家能源集团国华投资	300MW光伏，800MW风电，30万吨/年绿氨	中国内蒙古	23	Fe基催化剂
国家电投集团	100MW光伏，700MW风电，18万吨/年绿氨	中国吉林	63	Fe基催化剂

煤价/CNY·t^-1	吨氨成本/CNY·t^-1
300	1150
400	1300
500	1450
600	1600
700	1750
800	1900
900	2050
1000	2200
1100	2350
1200	2500
1300	2650
1400	2800
1500	2950

煤价/CNY·t^-1	吨氨成本/CNY·t^-1
300	1150
400	1300
500	1450
600	1600
700	1750
800	1900
900	2050
1000	2200
1100	2350
1200	2500
1300	2650
1400	2800
1500	2950

储存过程	氨/CNY·kg^-1	液氢/CNY·kg^-1
合成氨	4.0	—
液化	—	10.5
储存（15天）	0.4	13
储存（182天）	3.6	97
脱氢/再气化	8.5	2.7
合计	12.9（储存15天）	26.2（储存15天）
合计	16.1（储存182天）	110.2（储存182天）