碳达峰与碳中和目标下PEM电解水制氢研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-2464

化工进展 ›› 2022, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (9): 4595-4604.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-2464

碳达峰与碳中和目标下PEM电解水制氢研究进展

胡兵¹(), 徐立军²(), 何山³, 苏昕², 汪继伟¹

^1.新疆工程学院控制工程学院，新疆乌鲁木齐 830023
^2.新疆工程学院新疆煤矿机电工程技术研究中心，新疆乌鲁木齐 830023
^3.新疆大学电气工程学院，新疆乌鲁木齐 830023

收稿日期:2021-12-01 修回日期:2022-01-26 出版日期:2022-09-25 发布日期:2022-09-27
通讯作者: 徐立军
作者简介:胡兵（1985—），男，硕士，副教授，主要研究领域为可再生能源能量优化、储能系统建模等。E-mail: hb2003042121@163.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(51967020);乌鲁木齐市优秀青年科技人才项目;新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金(2021D01A66);自治区区域协同创新专项(2021E02044)

Researching progress of hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis under the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality

HU Bing¹(), XU Lijun²(), HE Shan³, SU Xin², WANG Jiwei¹

^1.Institute of Control Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, Xinjiang, China
^2.Xinjiang Coal Mine Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Technology Research Center, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830023, Xinjiang, China
^3.School of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830023, Xinjiang, China

Received:2021-12-01 Revised:2022-01-26 Online:2022-09-25 Published:2022-09-27
Contact: XU Lijun

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氢能作为重要的能源载体，燃烧过程绿色无污染，能够助力碳达峰和碳中和目标实现。本文通过对比化石能源制氢、工业副产气制氢、电解水制氢等方式，分析各制氢方式的优缺点，阐述了质子交换膜（PEM）电解水制氢与可再生能源结合的重要意义。之后从PEM电解槽内部结构和可再生能源电解水制氢两个方面展开综述，详细介绍了PEM电解槽双极板、催化剂、扩散层、质子交换膜研究进展、存在的主要问题和未来发展方向。文中通过分析我国太阳能、风能分布特征，总结可再生能源利用存在的问题，从研究现状和产业发展的角度介绍了太阳能制氢、风电制氢、可再生能源多能互补制氢的发展。最后对可再生能源PEM电解水制氢的未来发展方向进行了展望，期望为可再生能源PEM电解水制氢的发展提供借鉴和参考。

关键词: 碳达峰, 碳中和, 质子交换膜, 电解水制氢, 可再生能源, 多能互补

Abstract:

As an important energy carrier, hydrogen energy boasts a green and pollution-free combustion process, which can help achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. This paper analyses the advantages and disadvantages of each hydrogen production method by comparing hydrogen production methods such as fossil energy hydrogen production, industrial by-product gas hydrogen production, and water electrolysis hydrogen production, and explains the significance of combining PEM water electrolysis hydrogen production with renewable energy. It then describes the internal structure of PEM electrolyzers and hydrogen production from renewable energy sources, and introduces research progress, main problems and future development trends of PEM electrolyzer bipolar plates, catalysts, diffusion layers, and proton exchange membranes in detail. By analyzing the distribution characteristics of solar energy and wind energy in China, and summarizing the existing problems in the utilization of renewable energy, the development of solar hydrogen production, wind power hydrogen production, and renewable energy multi-energy complementary hydrogen production is introduced from the perspective of research status and industrial development. Finally, the future development direction of renewable energy PEM water electrolysis hydrogen production is prospected, and it is expected to provide reference for the development of renewable energy PEM water electrolysis hydrogen production.

Key words: carbon peak, carbon neutrality, proton exchange membrane (PEM), water electrolysis hydrogen production, renewable energy, multi-energy complementary

中图分类号:

TK91

胡兵, 徐立军, 何山, 苏昕, 汪继伟. 碳达峰与碳中和目标下PEM电解水制氢研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(9): 4595-4604.

HU Bing, XU Lijun, HE Shan, SU Xin, WANG Jiwei. Researching progress of hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis under the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(9): 4595-4604.

图/表 12

参考文献 62

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制氢方法	优点	缺点	效率/%
天然气水蒸气重整	技术成熟、大规模、商业化程度高	产生CO₂、供应不稳定、能耗高、设备贵	74~78
天然气部分氧化	技术成熟、能耗低、可自热反应	不易控制、制氧能耗大、设备贵	60~75
天然气催化裂解	无温室气体排放、氢气纯度高	反应温度高、催化剂易积炭失活	70~87
天然气自热重整	能耗低、氢浓度高、反应温度低	商业应用有限、需要氧气	60~75

制氢方法	优点	缺点	效率/%
天然气水蒸气重整	技术成熟、大规模、商业化程度高	产生CO₂、供应不稳定、能耗高、设备贵	74~78
天然气部分氧化	技术成熟、能耗低、可自热反应	不易控制、制氧能耗大、设备贵	60~75
天然气催化裂解	无温室气体排放、氢气纯度高	反应温度高、催化剂易积炭失活	70~87
天然气自热重整	能耗低、氢浓度高、反应温度低	商业应用有限、需要氧气	60~75

副产类别	工艺名称	生产方式	生产原理
炼焦副产	湿法熄焦	冷水喷淋对焦炭降温	高温水煤气反应
炼焦副产	干法熄焦	循环氮气降温	煤中少量氢裂解生成氢气
氯碱副产	电解法制碱及氯气	电解饱和氯化钠溶液	正电荷氢离子向阴极移动，氢气从阴极析出
甲醇副产	合成法	先制备含氢合成气，再合成甲醇	未反应氢气从尾气释放
合成氨副产	联醇法	利用合成氨生产环节剩余氢气合成甲醇	含氢驰放气进入合成氨生产环节
合成氨副产	合成法	先制备含氢合成气，再制备合成氨	未反应氢气从尾气释放
丙烷脱氢	催化脱氢	循环流化床或固定床反应器中脱氢	烷烃在高温催化下脱氢形成烯烃和氢气

副产类别	工艺名称	生产方式	生产原理
炼焦副产	湿法熄焦	冷水喷淋对焦炭降温	高温水煤气反应
炼焦副产	干法熄焦	循环氮气降温	煤中少量氢裂解生成氢气
氯碱副产	电解法制碱及氯气	电解饱和氯化钠溶液	正电荷氢离子向阴极移动，氢气从阴极析出
甲醇副产	合成法	先制备含氢合成气，再合成甲醇	未反应氢气从尾气释放
合成氨副产	联醇法	利用合成氨生产环节剩余氢气合成甲醇	含氢驰放气进入合成氨生产环节
合成氨副产	合成法	先制备含氢合成气，再制备合成氨	未反应氢气从尾气释放
丙烷脱氢	催化脱氢	循环流化床或固定床反应器中脱氢	烷烃在高温催化下脱氢形成烯烃和氢气

制氢方法	优点	缺点	电解效率/%	工作温度/℃	纯度/%
碱性电解水	结构简单、技术成熟、非贵金属催化剂、成本低、商业化程度高	电解液泄漏污染环境、石棉隔膜致癌、动态响应差、电流密度有限	52~82	60~80	99.5~99.9
质子交换膜电解水	结构紧凑、恒定电解质浓度、波动能源适应性强、冷启动快	成本高、商业化程度低、功耗较高、催化剂易被金属离子毒化	74~87	50~80	>99.999
固体氧化物电解水	效率高、非贵金属催化剂、转化效率高	需要额外热源、高温条件增加成本、启动慢、高温下材料易老化	85~100	700~1000	>99.9999

碳达峰与碳中和目标下PEM电解水制氢研究进展

Researching progress of hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis under the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality

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