碳中和目标下石油与化学工业绿色低碳发展路径分析

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-2520

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

石油与化工行业是高耗能、高污染、高碳排的“三高”行业，在碳达峰、碳中和的目标下，促进石油与化学工业和生态环境的协调可持续发展成为亟需解决的热点问题。本文从国家层面和企业层面总结典型国家及其石油与化学工业面对“双碳”目标采取的措施行动，对乙烯、成品油等石油与化工产品不同生产路径的能耗及二氧化碳排放情况进行比较分析，概述中国的区域能源分布特点、各省份的石油与化学工业产值及二氧化碳排放情况，明确提出作为碳排放的大户，石油与化工行业有可能在“十四五”期间被纳入全国碳市场。文中指出石油与化工行业必须在借鉴发达国家先进碳减排经验的基础上，立足本国国情，综合考虑本国的能源分布情况和石油与化工产品生产的能耗及二氧化碳排放情况，建构清洁低碳、节能高效的工艺流程体系，促进石油与化学工业的高质量发展。石油与化学工业二氧化碳减排的核心是区域能源结构的调整和工艺流程的优化，并以此为前提建设绿色集成化工园区，辅之以可再生能源如风能、太阳能等的综合利用，研发碳捕集、利用与封存技术进行碳固定。还提出值得注意的是，由于其他温室气体如甲烷等的减排已经提上日程，我国也应加快相关技术储备。

关键词: 碳中和, 石油与化学工业, CO₂捕集, 再生能源, 优化

Abstract:

The petroleum and chemical industry is a “three high” industry with high energy consumption, high pollution and high carbon emissions. Under the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, it is an urgent need to promote the coordinated and sustainable development of the petroleum and chemical industries and the ecological environment. In this article, the measures and actions taken by typical countries and their petroleum and chemical industries are summarized to face the carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals from national and corporate levels. The energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of petroleum and chemical products in different production routes are compared such as ethylene and refined oil. The characteristics of China’s regional energy distribution, the output value of the petroleum and chemical industries and the carbon dioxide emissions of each province are also analyzed. The petroleum and chemical industries, therefore, may be included in the national carbon market during the “14th Five-Year Plan” period as a major carbon emitter. China’s petroleum and chemical industry should build a clean, low-carbon, energy-saving and efficient technological process system to promote the high-quality development by learning from the advanced carbon emission reduction experience of developed countries, basing on its own national conditions, comprehensively considering the country’s energy distribution and the energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of the production of petroleum and chemical products. The core task of carbon dioxide emission reduction in the petroleum and chemical industry is to build green integrated chemical parks by adjusting the regional energy structure and optimizing technological processes, supplemented by the comprehensive utilization of renewable energy such as wind and solar energy, and by the use of carbon capture, utilization and storage technologies for carbon fixation. In addition, as the reduction of other greenhouse gases such as methane has been put on the agenda, technical research also needs to be accelerated.

Key words: carbon neutrality, petroleum and chemical industry, CO₂ capture, renewable energy, optimization

中图分类号:

TQ519

黄晟, 王静宇, 李振宇. 碳中和目标下石油与化学工业绿色低碳发展路径分析[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(4): 1689-1703.

HUANG Sheng, WANG Jingyu, LI Zhenyu. Analysis of green and low-carbon development path of petroleum and chemical industry under the goal of carbon neutrality[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(4): 1689-1703.

图/表 11

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国际组织（国家）	面对“双碳”目标采取的措施	全球地位
欧盟
国家层面	欧盟碳排放权交易市场覆盖众多高耗能行业部门和多种温室气体排放	领先
企业层面	发布“碳中和”的愿景目标以及实施措施打造竞争型能源化工一体化园区开展新能源业务开发碳捕集、利用与封存技术发展数字化技术提升管理效率	领先
美国
国家层面	区域温室气体行动（RGGI）西部气候倡议（WCI）美国芝加哥气候交易所（CCX）	先进
企业层面	淘汰落后低效产能，优化炼化业务结构坚守油气战略定位，涉猎低碳能源利用领域重视负碳原料，研发碳捕捉与封存技术持续发展生物能源业务	领先
中国
国家层面	从局部试点到全国统一建设碳排放权交易市场覆盖范围仅涉及电力行业减排交易项目仅涉及二氧化碳气体	跟随，部分先进
企业层面	加大清洁能源的规模开发和综合利用发展林业碳汇和二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存技术培育发展循环经济	跟随

国际组织（国家）	面对“双碳”目标采取的措施	全球地位
欧盟
国家层面	欧盟碳排放权交易市场覆盖众多高耗能行业部门和多种温室气体排放	领先
企业层面	发布“碳中和”的愿景目标以及实施措施打造竞争型能源化工一体化园区开展新能源业务开发碳捕集、利用与封存技术发展数字化技术提升管理效率	领先
美国
国家层面	区域温室气体行动（RGGI）西部气候倡议（WCI）美国芝加哥气候交易所（CCX）	先进
企业层面	淘汰落后低效产能，优化炼化业务结构坚守油气战略定位，涉猎低碳能源利用领域重视负碳原料，研发碳捕捉与封存技术持续发展生物能源业务	领先
中国
国家层面	从局部试点到全国统一建设碳排放权交易市场覆盖范围仅涉及电力行业减排交易项目仅涉及二氧化碳气体	跟随，部分先进
企业层面	加大清洁能源的规模开发和综合利用发展林业碳汇和二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存技术培育发展循环经济	跟随

成品油生产工艺	原料消耗或转化消耗	生产过程CO₂排放量/t·t^-1
石油制成品油	59.6kg标油·t^-1	0. 36
煤间接液化	4 t标煤·t^-1	5

成品油生产工艺	原料消耗或转化消耗	生产过程CO₂排放量/t·t^-1
石油制成品油	59.6kg标油·t^-1	0. 36
煤间接液化	4 t标煤·t^-1	5

省（直辖市）	石油、煤炭及其他燃料加工业	化学原料和化学制品制造业	医药制造业	化学纤维制造业	橡胶及塑料制造业	石油与化工产品总产值	省（直辖市）	石油、煤炭及其他燃料加工业	化学原料和化学制品制造业	医药制造业	化学纤维制造业	橡胶及塑料制造业	石油与化工产品总产值
北京	10.69	30.43	138.46	0.6	6.56	186.74	湖北	14.4	134.43	61.2	3.05	31.9	244.98
天津	19.33	41.73	57.28	0.26	26.86	145.46	湖南	8.13	70.85	32.07	0.83	16.32	128.2
河北	58.48	104.14	63.19	6.25	37.17	269.23	广东	59.56	211.38	230.48	13.08	226.02	740.52
山西	87.16	37.59	20.03	1.38	7.62	153.78	广西	22.69	40	13.62	—	10.59	86.9
内蒙古	28.84	45.13	13.3	—	22.26	109.53	海南	16.23	17.09	11.99	—	1.5	46.81
辽宁	145.76	78.31	70	2.36	26.37	322.8	重庆	2.98	33.2	26.56	1.32	18.82	82.88
吉林	4.42	34.01	46.66	3.61	7.77	96.47	四川	15.83	106.55	68.23	14.84	34.16	239.61
黑龙江	32.38	22.78	15.9	0.06	4.29	75.41	贵州	2.77	40.44	15.25	0.13	12.34	70.93
上海	14.24	147.74	109.83	1.69	57.79	331.29	云南	14.54	52.18	25.87	0.55	8.39	101.53
江苏	35.14	435.51	222.75	144.11	191.59	1029.1	西藏	—	0.95	0.8	—	0.15	1.9
浙江	25.02	234.27	169.01	149.83	160.18	738.31	陕西	67.47	45.75	59.29	1.74	25.2	199.45
安徽	14	97.58	59.55	6.04	62.33	239.5	甘肃	18.58	17.12	16.29	0.12	5.43	57.54
福建	26.64	63.78	21.41	72.49	62.03	246.35	青海	1.83	31.62	1.93	—	0.14	35.52
江西	15.36	60	41.27	3.97	17.78	138.38	宁夏	12.88	24.4	4.09	0.69	5.01	47.07
山东	426.65	387.41	254.55	16.59	193.65	1278.85	新疆	72.41	39.41	11.16	8.73	12.08	143.79
河南	35.56	102.85	37.12	15.04	27.48	218.05	湖北	14.4	134.43	61.2	3.05	31.9	244.98