基于液氢和氨的氢运输链能效和碳排放分析

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0934

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来，氢能利用越来越受到重视。由于“碳中和”目标的提出，中国未来对氢能源的需求将会更大，而挪威拥有丰富的天然气资源和可再生能源，可通过天然气制氢结合碳捕集与封存技术大量供应蓝氢。然而，如何克服长途、大规模运输的困难是一个迫切的问题。本研究以从挪威到中国和欧洲两条路线为例，以能量效率和碳排放强度为研究参数，以液氢和氨两种氢能储运方式为研究对象，选取合理的数据进行理论计算并搭建运输链，绘制出各条运输链的能流图，对两种运输方式进行了比较。结果表明，氨（不裂解）运输链运输到欧洲和中国的能量效率分别是41.6%和33.6%，高于液氢运输链的37.65%和33.38%，而氨（裂解）运输链的能量效率最低，为30.39%和24.83%。在碳排放强度方面，与液氢运输链［241.27kg/(MW·h)和214.8kg/(MW·h)］和氨（裂解）运输链［216.94kg/(MW·h)和183.33kg/(MW·h)］相比，氨（不裂解）运输链［135.87kg/(MW·h)和110.76kg/(MW·h)］的碳排放强度最低。

关键词: 氢运输链, 液氢, 氨, 能效分析, 碳排放

Abstract:

In recent years, more and more attentions are paid to hydrogen utilization. China will have a greater demand for hydrogen energy due to “carbon neutrality”, while Norway has rich natural gas resources and renewable energy, which can supply a large amount of blue hydrogen through natural gas hydrogen production combined with carbon capture and storage technology. However, how to overcome the difficulties of long-distance and large-scale transport is an urgent problem. Taking Norway to China and to Europe as examples, energy efficiency and carbon emission intensity as research parameters, and liquid hydrogen and ammonia as research objects,this study compared the two transport modes by selecting reasonable data for theoretical calculation, building the transport chain and drawing the energy flow diagram of each transport chain. The results showed that the energy efficiency of ammonia (no cracking) transport chain to Europe and China was 41.6% and 33.6%, respectively,which was higher than that of liquid hydrogen transport chain (37.65% and 33.38%) and ammonia (cracking) transport chain (30.39% and 24.83%). In terms of carbon emissions, ammonia (no cracking) transport chain had lower carbon emissions [135.87kg/(MW·h) and 110.76kg/(MW·h)] than liquid hydrogen transport chain [241.27kg/(MW·h) and 214.8kg/(MW·h)] and ammonia (cracking) transport chain [216.94kg/(MW·h) and 183.33kg/(MW·h)].

Key words: hydrogen transportation chain, liquid hydrogen, ammonia, energy efficiency, carbon emission

中图分类号:

TQ116.2

刘洪茹, 林文胜. 基于液氢和氨的氢运输链能效和碳排放分析[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(3): 1291-1298.

LIU Hongru, LIN Wensheng. Energy efficiency and carbon emission analysis of hydrogen transport chains based on liquid hydrogen and ammonia[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(3): 1291-1298.

图/表 15

表1 两种储氢方式的比较

属性	液氢	液氨
分子量	2.016	17.031
沸点/℃	-252.9	-33.5
密度/kg·m^-3	70.8（-252.9℃，0.1MPa）	682.8（-33.5℃，0.1MPa）
低热值/MJ·kg^-1	120	18.6
氢质量分数/%	100	17.76

图1 液氢运输链流程

图2 氨运输链流程

表2 各环节能耗参数 (GJ/t)

项目	制氢	生产（液化/合成）	装卸	海运	裂解
液氢	183.05	46.8	装船：3.74	15.125（到中国）	0
			卸船：0.66	1.675（到欧洲）
氨	183.05	6.85	装/卸船：0.288	5.256（到中国）	5.37
				0.609（到欧洲）

表3 各环节碳排放参数 (kg/t)

项目	制氢	生产（液化/合成）	装卸	海运	裂解
液氢	556.17	5925.4	556	≈0	0
氨	556.17	0.38	0.07	≈0	1446.05

图3 液氢运输链能流图（到中国）

图4 液氢运输链能流图（到欧洲）

图5 液氨（裂解）运输链能流图（到中国）

图6 液氨（裂解）运输链能流图（到欧洲）

图7 液氨（不裂解）运输链能流图（到中国）

图8 液氨（不裂解）运输链能流图（到欧洲）

图9 系统能效及损失对比

图10 系统能效及损失对比（100%可再生能源制氢）

图11 碳排放强度对比

图12 碳排放强度对比（100%可再生能源制氢）

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