质子交换膜燃料电池系统低温启动技术研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-0406

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

质子交换膜燃料电池电动汽车具有绿色环保、续航里程长等优点，但在温度较低的环境下存在启动困难甚至失败的问题，这一问题严重制约了质子交换膜燃料电池电动汽车的发展。研究调查了质子交换膜内部结冰的原理，简述了0℃以下低温环境下启动过程对质子交换膜本身、催化层、气体扩散层以及膜电极整体带来不同程度的损伤，重点分析了质子交换膜燃料电池电动汽车低温启动的策略，可大致分为三类：停机吹扫的控制策略、外部辅助加热和无辅助加热。分析表明每种方法都有其各自的优点与缺点，但总的来说单一的启动方法对质子交换膜燃料电池电动汽车低温启动的效果不如多种方法混合使用的效果理想，未来燃料电池电动汽车的低温启动技术将会朝着多种方法共同协助的趋势发展。

关键词: 燃料电池, 低温启动, 传热, 氢

Abstract:

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell electric vehicles have the advantages of long cruising range and environmental-friendly, but there are problems in starting difficulties or even failures in low temperature environments. This problem seriously restricts the development of proton exchange membrane fuel cell electric vehicles.The study investigated the principle of icing inside the proton exchange membrane, and briefly described the damage to the proton exchange membrane itself, the catalytic layer, the gas diffusion layer and the membrane electrode as a whole by the start-up process in the sub-zero temperature environment. It focuses on the analysis of low-temperature start strategies for proton exchange membrane fuel cell electric vehicles, which can be roughly divided into three categories: shutdown and purge control strategies, external auxiliary heating and no auxiliary heating. The analysis shows that each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, but in general, a single starting method is not enough for the low-temperature starting effect of proton exchange membrane fuel cell electric vehicles. The mixed use of multiple methods has an ideal effect. In the future, the low-temperature start-up technology of fuel cell electric vehicles will develop towards a trend of mutual assistance in a variety of ways.

Key words: fuel cells, low-temperature start-up, heat transfer, hydrogen

中图分类号:

TK91

黄天川, 刘志祥. 质子交换膜燃料电池系统低温启动技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(S1): 117-125.

HUANG Tianchuan, LIU Zhixiang. Low temperature start-up technology of proton exchange membrane fuel cells system[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(S1): 117-125.

图/表 3

参考文献 40

1	APPLEBY A J. From Sir William Grove to today: fuel cells and the future[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 1990, 29(1/2): 3-11.
2	衣宝廉. 燃料电池和燃料电池车发展历程及技术现状[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2018.
	YI Baolian. Development history and technology status of fuel cells and fuel cell vehicles[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2018.
3	中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司. 中国汽车安全发展报告(2018)[M]. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2018.
4	张宝斌. 质子交换膜燃料电池冷启动策略研究现状[J]. 节能, 2018, 37(12): 107-111.
	ZHANG Baobin. Research status on cold start strategy of proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. Energy Conservation, 2018, 37(12): 107-111.
5	MAO L, WANG C Y. Analysis of cold start in polymer electrolyte fuel cells[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2007, 154(2): B139.
6	WANG Y, MUKHERJEE P P, MISHLER J, et al. Cold start of polymer electrolyte fuel cells: three-stage startup characterization[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2010, 55(8): 2636-2644.
7	都京, 王宇鹏, 马秋玉, 等. 车用燃料电池发动机冷启动方法综述[J]. 汽车文摘, 2019(1): 37-41.
	DU Jing, WANG Yupeng, MA Qiuyu, et al. A review of solutions and strategies for cold start of PEM fuel cell[J]. Automotive Digest, 2019(1): 37-41.
8	詹志刚, 吕志勇, 黄永, 等. 质子交换膜燃料电池冷启动及性能衰减研究[J]. 武汉理工大学学报, 2011, 33(1): 151-155.
	ZHAN Zhigang, Zhiyong LYU, HUANG Yong, et al. Research on PEMFC start-up at subzero temperature and performance decay[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 2011, 33(1): 151-155.
9	SCHMITTINGER W, VAHIDI A. A review of the main parameters influencing long-term performance and durability of PEM fuel cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 180(1): 1-14.
10	黄成勇. 质子交换膜燃料电池CCM冰点以下低温特性的研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2007.
	HUANG Chengyong. Research on subfreezing characteristics of CCM for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2007.
11	PARK G G, LIM S J, PARK J S, et al. Analysis on the freeze/thaw cycled polymer electrolyte fuel cells[J]. Current Applied Physics, 2010, 10(2): S62-S65.
12	OSZCIPOK M, RIEMANN D, KRONENWETT U, et al. Statistic analysis of operational influences on the cold start behaviour of PEM fuel cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2005, 145(2): 407-415.
13	CHO E, KO J J, HA H Y, et al. Characteristics of the PEMFC repetitively brought to temperatures below 0℃[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2003, 150(12): A1667.
14	HWANG G S, KIM H, LUJAN R, et al. Phase-change-related degradation of catalyst layers in proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2013, 95: 29-37.
15	LEE C, MÉRIDA W. Gas diffusion layer durability under steady-state and freezing conditions[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 164(1): 141-153.
16	KIM S G, LEE S J. Tomographic analysis of porosity variation in gas diffusion layer under freeze-thaw cycles[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37(1): 566-574.
17	HIRAKATA S, MOCHIZUKI T, UCHIDA M, et al. Investigation of the effect of pore diameter of gas diffusion layers on cold start behavior and cell performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2013, 108: 304-312.
18	GUO Q H, QI Z G. Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the properties and performance of membrane-electrode assemblies[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 160(2): 1269-1274.
19	ALINK R, GERTEISEN D, OSZCIPOK M. Degradation effects in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stacks by sub-zero operation—An in situ and ex situ analysis[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 182(1): 175-187.
20	LUO Y Q, JIAO K. Cold start of proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2018, 64: 29-61.
21	Honda FCX demonstrates cold-start performance[J]. Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2004, 2004(4): 5.
22	KIM S H, KUM Y B, LEE K C, et al. Development of hyundai's Tucson FCEV[C]//SAE Technical Paper Series. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2005: 77-83.
23	ASO S, KIZAKI M, MIZUNO H. Development progress of the Toyota fuel cell hybrid vehicle[J]. SAE International Journal of Engines, 2008, 1(1): 296-303.
24	许德超, 盛夏, 赵子亮, 等. 车用燃料电池冷启动研究进展与影响因素综述[J]. 汽车文摘, 2019(4): 28-34.
	XU Dechao, SHENG Xia, ZHAO Ziliang, et al. Research progress and influence factors of vehicle fuel cell cold start[J]. Automotive Digest, 2019(4): 28-34.
25	刘罗祥, 宋珂. 质子交换膜燃料电池冷启动研究综述[J]. 佳木斯大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 38(1): 131-133.
	LIU Luoxiang, SONG Ke. A review on cold start of proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. Journal of Jiamusi University (Natural Science Edition), 2020, 38(1): 131-133.
26	崔士涛, 王铎霖, 燕希强, 等. 燃料电池低温无辅助启动的研究[J]. 电源技术, 2020, 44(10): 1451-1455.
	CUI Shitao, WANG Duolin, YAN Xiqiang, et al. Study on low temperature unassisted start-up of fuel cell stack[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 44(10): 1451-1455.
27	许澎, 高源, 许思传. 质子交换膜燃料电池停机后吹扫仿真[J]. 同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 45(12): 1873-1878.
	XU Peng, GAO Yuan, XU Sichuan. Numerical simulation on gas purge after shutdown in proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science), 2017, 45(12): 1873-1878.
28	罗马吉, 王芳芳, 刘威, 等. 二次吹扫条件下的PEMFC冷启动实验[J]. 华中科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2011, 39(6): 116-120.
	LUO Maji, WANG Fangfang, LIU Wei, et al. PEMFC cold-start performance after twice purge[J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2011, 39(6): 116-120.
29	LI L J, WANG S X, YUE L K, et al. Cold-start method for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells based on locally heating the cathode[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 254: 113716.
30	ZHOU Y B, LUO Y Q, YU S H, et al. Modeling of cold start processes and performance optimization for proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 247: 738-748.
31	ZHAN Z G, YUAN C, HU Z R, et al. Experimental study on different preheating methods for the cold-start of PEMFC stacks[J]. Energy, 2018, 162: 1029-1040.
32	SUN S C, YU H M, HOU J B, et al. Catalytic hydrogen/oxygen reaction assisted the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) startup at subzero temperature[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 177(1): 137-141.
33	郑俊生, 邓棚, 马建新. 催化燃烧辅助供热的燃料电池低温启动过程[J]. 同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 41(6): 910-914.
	ZHENG Junsheng, DENG Peng, MA Jianxin. Low-temperature start-up process of fuel cell by a catalytic combustion auxiliary heating[J]. Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science), 2013, 41(6): 910-914.
34	SCHULTZE M, MANTZARAS J. Hetero-/homogeneous combustion of hydrogen/air mixtures over platinum: Fuel-lean versus fuel-rich combustion modes[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38(25): 10654-10670.
35	LIN R, WENG Y M, LIN X W, et al. Rapid cold start of proton exchange membrane fuel cells by the printed circuit board technology[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(32): 18369-18378.
36	JIANG F M, WANG C Y, CHEN K S. Current ramping: a strategy for rapid start-up of PEMFCs from subfreezing environment[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2010, 157(3): B342.
37	JIAO K, LI X G. Effects of various operating and initial conditions on cold start performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34(19): 8171-8184.
38	SILVA R E, HAREL F, JEMEÏ S, et al. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell operation and degradation in short-circuit[J]. Fuel Cells, 2014, 14(6): 894-905.
39	GUO Q, LUO Y Q, JIAO K. Modeling of assisted cold start processes with anode catalytic hydrogen-oxygen reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38(2): 1004-1015.
40	郭海鹏, 孙树成, 俞红梅, 等. 催化反应方法辅助PEMFC低温启动的研究[J]. 电源技术, 2019, 43(6): 964-967.
	GUO Haipeng, SUN Shucheng, YU Hongmei, et al. Study on start-up of PEMFC by catalytic reaction at subzero temperature[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 43(6): 964-967.

[1]	肖辉, 张显均, 兰治科, 王苏豪, 王盛. 液态金属绕流管束流动传热进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 10-20.
[2]	赵晨, 苗天泽, 张朝阳, 洪芳军, 汪大海. 负压状态窄缝通道乙二醇水溶液传热特性[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 148-157.
[3]	杨建平. 降低HPPO装置反应系统原料消耗的PSE[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 21-32.
[4]	陈匡胤, 李蕊兰, 童杨, 沈建华. 质子交换膜燃料电池气体扩散层结构与设计研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 246-259.
[5]	时永兴, 林刚, 孙晓航, 蒋韦庚, 乔大伟, 颜彬航. 二氧化碳加氢制甲醇过程中铜基催化剂活性位点研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 287-298.
[6]	谢璐垚, 陈崧哲, 王来军, 张平. 用于SO₂去极化电解制氢的铂基催化剂[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 299-309.
[7]	许家珩, 李永胜, 罗春欢, 苏庆泉. 甲醇水蒸气重整工艺的优化[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 41-46.
[8]	陈林, 徐培渊, 张晓慧, 陈杰, 徐振军, 陈嘉祥, 密晓光, 冯永昌, 梅德清. 液化天然气绕管式换热器壳侧混合工质流动及传热特性[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(9): 4496-4503.
[9]	程涛, 崔瑞利, 宋俊男, 张天琪, 张耘赫, 梁世杰, 朴实. 渣油加氢装置杂质沉积规律与压降升高机理分析[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(9): 4616-4627.
[10]	张启, 赵红, 荣峻峰. 质子交换膜燃料电池中氧还原反应抗毒性电催化剂研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(9): 4677-4691.
[11]	葛全倩, 徐迈, 梁铣, 王凤武. MOFs材料在光电催化领域应用的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(9): 4692-4705.
[12]	史柯柯, 刘木子, 赵强, 李晋平, 刘光. 镁基储氢材料的性能及研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(9): 4731-4745.
[13]	刘木子, 史柯柯, 赵强, 李晋平, 刘光. 固体储氢材料的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(9): 4746-4769.
[14]	毛善俊, 王哲, 王勇. 基团辨识加氢：从概念到应用[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(8): 3917-3922.
[15]	王兰江, 梁瑜, 汤琼, 唐明兴, 李学宽, 刘雷, 董晋湘. 快速热解铂前体合成高分散的Pt/HY催化剂及其萘深度加氢性能[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(8): 4159-4166.