反渗透/纳滤膜剖检分析与膜污染诊断研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-2474

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

反渗透（RO）/纳滤（NF）膜元件在长期运行过程中会不可避免地发生膜污染，当产水水质无法满足应用指标时，就需要对膜元件进行更换。膜剖检分析是研究和确定膜污染最直观有效的方法，通过膜剖检分析及膜污染诊断可以为膜元件的日常维护、膜系统运行优化和膜性能修复提供有效依据。但是，目前对于膜剖检分析的实践及膜污染诊断研究还不系统、不全面。本文针对RO/NF膜剖检分析及膜污染诊断相关研究，介绍了膜元件剖检分析流程和各类膜污染分析方法，分析了实际应用中存在的问题，并根据膜剖检分析的意义和价值，重点综述了膜污染成分诊断、膜污染分布情况诊断、不同应用场景膜污染情况对比和不同膜材料的污染情况对比研究进展，以期为膜污染机制研究、膜污染预防控制和膜系统运行改善提供参考。

关键词: 膜, 化学分析, 膜污染, 膜剖检, 反渗透, 纳滤

Abstract:

Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling will inevitably occur during long-term operation, which causes the decline of membrane performance. Once the water quality cannot meet the requirement for specific application, the deteriorated membranes need to be replaced. Membrane autopsy is considered as the most intuitive and effective method for studying and identifying the membrane fouling. The results of membrane autopsy and membrane fouling diagnosis are analyzed to provide an effective basis for optimizing the operation of membrane system, maintaining the membrane elements in a regular routine and rejuvenating the membrane performance. However, the practice of membrane autopsy and the study of membrane fouling diagnosis are not systematic and comprehensive. According to the related research of RO/NF membrane autopsy and membrane fouling diagnosis, in this paper, the detailed procedure of membrane autopsy and various analytical methods of membrane fouling were introduced, and meanwhile the existing problems in the practical application were discussed. The diagnosis of fouling composition and spatial distribution, the comparison of membrane fouling in different application scenarios and membrane materials are mainly reviewed, which may provide an insight into studying the mechanisms and control methods of membrane fouling, and optimizing the operation of membrane system.

Key words: membrane, chemical analysis, membrane fouling, membrane autopsy, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration

中图分类号:

X703

海玉琰, 何灿, 马瑞, 熊日华. 反渗透/纳滤膜剖检分析与膜污染诊断研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(10): 5720-5729.

HAI Yuyan, HE Can, MA Rui, XIONG Rihua. A review on RO/NF membrane autopsy and membrane fouling diagnosis[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(10): 5720-5729.

图/表 8

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方法类别	方法名称	外文名（简称）	作用
实验测试	灼烧分析实验（又称燃烧损失法）	loss on ignition（LOI）	根据灼烧前后重量变化，确定有机污染和无机污染占比
	膜表面滴酸，或污染物溶酸或碱	acid/alkali test	定性分析碳酸盐无机污染或有机污染
	卤素氧化实验	Fujiwara test	确定污染膜表面是否被氯或其他卤素氧化
结构表征	扫描电子显微镜	scanning electron microscope（SEM）	观察污染物及污染膜表面形貌结构
	能量色散X射线光谱	energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS）	分析污染物及污染膜表面元素组成及分布情况，确定无机污染元素
	原子力显微镜	atomic force microscopy（AFM）	观察污染膜表面形态，确定膜表面粗糙度和影响膜抗污染性能因素之一
	傅里叶变换红外光谱	Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）	确定污染物化学结构组成，确定有机污染物成分
	傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱	attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（ATR-FTIR）	确定污染膜表面官能团和化学结构组成
	X射线光电子能谱	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）	分析污染物及污染膜表面的元素比例及化学官能团组成结构
	核磁共振	nuclear magnetic resonance（NMR）	表征污染物及污染膜表面化学结构组成
	接触角	contact angle（CA）	测定污染膜的亲疏水性，影响膜抗污染性能因素之一
	zeta电位	zeta potential	测定污染膜表面电荷特性，影响膜抗污染性能因素之一
	卢瑟福背散射分析	Rutherford backscattering spectrometry（RBS）	分析污染物及污染膜表面的元素和化学结构
	气相色谱-质谱联用分析	gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）	分析污染物的有机污染成分
	激光扫描共聚焦显微镜	confocal laser scanning microscope（CLSM）	分析污染膜表面有机污染及其分布情况
	焦磷酸测序分析	pyrosequencing	表征微生物污染物成分
	16S rDNA高通量测序分析	16S rDNA sequencing	表征微生物群落结构
水样分析	电感耦合等离子发射光谱/质谱	inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry/mass spectrometry（ICP-OES/MS）	分析水样中无机污染物阳离子成分
	离子色谱	ion chromatography（IC）	分析水样中无机污染物阴离子成分
	三维荧光光谱	three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy（3D-EEM）	分析水样中有机污染及生物污染物成分
	液相色谱-有机碳联用检测仪	liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection（LC-OCD）	分析水样中有机污染物成分，检测无机胶体存在
	溶解性有机碳	dissolved organic carbon（DOC）	分析水样中有机物总量

方法类别	方法名称	外文名（简称）	作用
实验测试	灼烧分析实验（又称燃烧损失法）	loss on ignition（LOI）	根据灼烧前后重量变化，确定有机污染和无机污染占比
	膜表面滴酸，或污染物溶酸或碱	acid/alkali test	定性分析碳酸盐无机污染或有机污染
	卤素氧化实验	Fujiwara test	确定污染膜表面是否被氯或其他卤素氧化
结构表征	扫描电子显微镜	scanning electron microscope（SEM）	观察污染物及污染膜表面形貌结构
	能量色散X射线光谱	energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS）	分析污染物及污染膜表面元素组成及分布情况，确定无机污染元素
	原子力显微镜	atomic force microscopy（AFM）	观察污染膜表面形态，确定膜表面粗糙度和影响膜抗污染性能因素之一
	傅里叶变换红外光谱	Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）	确定污染物化学结构组成，确定有机污染物成分
	傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱	attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（ATR-FTIR）	确定污染膜表面官能团和化学结构组成
	X射线光电子能谱	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）	分析污染物及污染膜表面的元素比例及化学官能团组成结构
	核磁共振	nuclear magnetic resonance（NMR）	表征污染物及污染膜表面化学结构组成
	接触角	contact angle（CA）	测定污染膜的亲疏水性，影响膜抗污染性能因素之一
	zeta电位	zeta potential	测定污染膜表面电荷特性，影响膜抗污染性能因素之一
	卢瑟福背散射分析	Rutherford backscattering spectrometry（RBS）	分析污染物及污染膜表面的元素和化学结构
	气相色谱-质谱联用分析	gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）	分析污染物的有机污染成分
	激光扫描共聚焦显微镜	confocal laser scanning microscope（CLSM）	分析污染膜表面有机污染及其分布情况
	焦磷酸测序分析	pyrosequencing	表征微生物污染物成分
	16S rDNA高通量测序分析	16S rDNA sequencing	表征微生物群落结构
水样分析	电感耦合等离子发射光谱/质谱	inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry/mass spectrometry（ICP-OES/MS）	分析水样中无机污染物阳离子成分
	离子色谱	ion chromatography（IC）	分析水样中无机污染物阴离子成分
	三维荧光光谱	three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy（3D-EEM）	分析水样中有机污染及生物污染物成分
	液相色谱-有机碳联用检测仪	liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection（LC-OCD）	分析水样中有机污染物成分，检测无机胶体存在
	溶解性有机碳	dissolved organic carbon（DOC）	分析水样中有机物总量

项目	元素含量								厚度
项目	C	O	Si	Al	Ca	Fe	S	N	厚度
表面层
一段	0.304	0.515	0.093	0.040	0.036	0.012	—	—	约440nm
两段	0.526	0.380	0.013	0.012	0.043	0.013	0.013	—	约1140nm
小型试验	0.511	0.335	0.056	0.018	0.008	0.022	—	0.050	约530nm
表面层
一段	0.438	0.419	0.065	0.025	0.041	0.012	—	—
两段	0.656	0.300	0.006	0.005	0.023	0.010	—	—
小型试验	0.600	0.350	0.015	0.005	0.006	0.024	—	—

项目	元素含量								厚度
项目	C	O	Si	Al	Ca	Fe	S	N	厚度
表面层
一段	0.304	0.515	0.093	0.040	0.036	0.012	—	—	约440nm
两段	0.526	0.380	0.013	0.012	0.043	0.013	0.013	—	约1140nm
小型试验	0.511	0.335	0.056	0.018	0.008	0.022	—	0.050	约530nm
表面层
一段	0.438	0.419	0.065	0.025	0.041	0.012	—	—
两段	0.656	0.300	0.006	0.005	0.023	0.010	—	—
小型试验	0.600	0.350	0.015	0.005	0.006	0.024	—	—

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