The development trends in global refining and petrochemical industry as well as technologies are analyzed. Base on the understanding of current status of CNPC’s refining and petrochemical businesses，development opportunities and challenges are discussed，especially for the difficulties in acquiring resources and the impact of innovation capability on our core businesses and key technologies. Five strategies are proposed in response to these challenges，including adjusting product structure and industry chain，planning and optimizing resources and distribution，emphasizing the integration between the exploration in overseas resources and the development in downstream industry，creating more effective marketing and technique supporting system，and continuously strengthening the self-innovation capability.

Basic concepts and principles of volume of fluid（VOF）in computational fluid dynamics（CFD）are briefly introduced. Current progress in modeling of velocity fields，generation and development of bubbles or microdroplets，impacts of film thickness near the wall，mass and heat transfer performance of Taylor flow in microchannels are summarized. Future research trends and application of CFD numerical study in microchannel are further discussed.

A review is presented on coupling of ethane dehydrogenation with reversed water-gas shift reaction for ethylene synthesis. Supported chromium oxide，nanostructured oxide and some zeolite catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic performance. The main function of CO₂ is to remove the produced H₂ by reversed water-gas shift reaction and to resist coke deposition during ethane dehydrogenation. The reaction mechanism is also discussed.

In the presence of moisture，pozzolanic materials containing amorphous silica and alumina will react with CaO or Ca(OH)₂ to form calcium silicate hydrate and calcium aluminate hydrate compounds，which is conducive to improve the structural property，and therefore the sulfation reactivity of Ca(OH)₂. Preparation，structural properties and sulfation performance of Ca(OH)₂ modified with artificial pozzolanic materials，such as coal fly ash，rice husk ash and blast furnace slag，are summarized. Special emphases are placed on the influences of slurrying conditions and pretreatment of pozzolanic materials on the structural property and sulfation performance of modified Ca(OH)₂. Moreover，a perspective on the simultaneous removal of SO₂，NO_x and heavy metal from flue gas using modified Ca(OH)₂ is provided.

An experimental prototype of a single stage ammonia-water absorption chiller was designed，constructed and tested. Under operation conditions，results of the top vapour temperature，concentration and mass flow rate were measured. Based on the theories of equilibrium and non-equilibrium stages，mathematical models of the column have been assembled so as to quantify the simultaneous processes. Comparison of the calculated results with experimental data showed that the non-equilibrium model is satisfactory，in which the ammonia concentration and the temperature profile along the column height are in agreement with the experimental data. Under certain feed mass，the concentration of ammonia is increased with the increase in reflux ratio，but higher reflux ratio will have negative influence on the chiller performance.

Traditional on-line optimization ignores the global guidance effect and the search range is not restricted. Hence，such a search has a quality of blindness and can not assure finding the global optimum point，and its solution can not be on-line applied. To overcome these defects，a global-guided flexible tolerance method with two-level optimization algorithm is presented. Genetic algorithm is selected as the global optimization algorithm，flexible tolerance method is for the local optimization algorithm，and the global optimization solution is used to guide the search direction of local optimization. The global optimization and the local optimization each have different periods and constraints. Such a global-guided flexible tolerance method is verified by classical function and applied to the on-line optimization of acetylene hydrogenation reactor. Result showed that this method has the advantages of shorter running time，higher efficiency and more exact solution than the traditional on-line optimization.

The independent component analysis（ICA）has been successfully applied in the linear non-Gaussian processes monitoring. However，ICA can not deal with the process when the data are strongly nonlinear. On the other hand，the local tangent space alignment（LTSA）is able to extract the nonlinear structure of the process dataset. Hence，a LTSA-ICA monitoring method is proposed in combining the advantages of ICA and LTSA. LTSA is applied to extract the underlying manifold structure，and ICA is applied in the sub-manifold space. The proposed method showed a satisfactory performance when used to monitor the Tennessee Eastman process.

The owner scheme of KAILASHTILLA project has two problems resulted in resources waste，low C₃，C₄ recovery ratio of NGL and unstable condensate oil. One is too many heavy components in stable gas，and the other is excessive stable gas as flared fuel gas. For resolve these problems，a new scheme including a stable gas compressor system is proposed and simulated by PRO/Ⅱ software. The stable gas is fractionated into part of NGL and dry gas with the help of the stable gas compressor system，with which the problems of stable gas are resolved and the recovery ratio of products is improved. Besides，economic analysis is performed based on the comparison of the proposed scheme with the owner scheme from both energy consumption and production rate. The profit of the proposed scheme is higher than the owner scheme with about 38.32 million RMB per year.

A cold pilot model was constructed with four SQ type packings. The structure，hydrodynamics and mass transfer performance of the new packing were investigated. Results showed that pressure drop was reduced by a special arc-shaped corrugation of SQ type packing and improved gas and liquid distribution was afforded. The pressure drop of SQ800 was far below that of BHS800，when L=20.38 m³ /（m²·h）the pressure drop of SQ800 was 81.5% lower than that of BHS800. The highest number of theoretical stages of SQ1500 could be achieved up to 30 at atmospheric pressure. Although the efficiency of SQ1500—with a larger specific surface area than SQ800—showed a significant increase compared with SQ800，it occured with high energy consumption and narrow operational range. Sheet corrugated SQ125 has the best operation flexibility but the lowest separation efficiency，which is suitable for crude separation of raw materials. Sheet corrugated SQ250 has better separation efficiency and narrower operational range，which can be applied to old tower reform.

The relatively short life of proton exchange membrane fuel cells（PEMFC）is a significant barrier to their commercialization in stationary and mobile applications. The long-term performance and durability of PEMFC are influenced by many parameters. However，automotive fuel cell engine is inevitable to be experienced frequent startup and shutdown conditions. Therefore，it is essential to investigate system strategies to mitigate carbon corrosion in the frequent startup and shutdown conditions. The research development is reviewed from the point of PEMFC decay mechanism and system strategies in improving the long-term performance and durability. Existing problems and development trends are discussed.

Biodiesel has recently attracted much attention as an environmentally friendly and renewable energy. Ionic liquids are promising catalysts for the production of biodiesel，which meet the requirements of green chemistry showing attractive prospect for industrialization. This paper provides a review on the advantages，mechanism and current situation for biodiesel production catalyzed by ionic liquids. In addition，the main existing problems for biodiesel production catalyzed by ionic liquids are also discussed，and possible solutions for these problems are proposed. Prospects for future research in biodiesel production catalyzed by ionic liquids are presented.

This paper describes the current utilization，composition and structure of lignocellulose and the general process of fuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Key processes including pretreatment，hydrolysis，fermentation and distillation are discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of different methods，as well as the present status and developing trends of corresponding technologies are analyzed. Promising prospects of ethanol production in cost reduction and conversion improvement from lignocellulose fermentation are especially introduced. Prospects and challenges are considered to be the isolation methods of high cellulose-producing microorganisms，advanced pretreatment technologies，ways for overcoming cellulase inhibition and mutagenesis，and molecular techniques for thermophilic or thermotolerant yeasts.

Research progress in monometallic and bimetallic catalysts for dehydrogenation of cycloalkanes is reviewed. Advantages and disadvantages of the catalysts are discussed. Platinum-based bimetallic catalyst shows the best catalytic performance. Finally，the future research interests for hydrogen chemical storage by aromatics are also suggested.

Swelling of Shenhua coal in toluene，tetralin，methanol，dimethyl sulfoxide，N,N- dimethylformamide（DMF）and monoethanolamine（MEA），as well as in a mixed solvent of DMF-MEA（1∶1）was investigated via the swelling volume method. Coal swelling improvement with 0.5% of Fe(NO₃)₃，Fe₂(SO₄)₃ and FeSO₄（based on Fe to coal）as swelling promoters were studied. Results showed that the coal swelling in the DMF-MEA mixed solvent was markedly better than any of the pure solvents. The swelling was clearly improved with Fe(NO₃)₃. The coal swelling ratio reached to over 3.0 with MEA-DMF and Fe(NO₃)₃ at 80 ℃ for 24 h and solvent to coal ratio of 5∶1. FT-IR of the swelled coal showed an improved coal hydrogen bonding dissociation. The coal hydrogen bonding dissociation was the most obvious in the swelling system of DMF-MEA and Fe(NO₃)₃.

Advances in catalysts for liquid-phase selective oxidation of toluene are reviewed according to the types of catalysts developed，such as transition metal oxides and supported transition metal oxides，heteropolyacids and supported heteropolyoxometalates，metal complexes and immobilized metal complexes，molecular sieve based catalysts and catalysts in supercritical CO₂. Properties and performance of these catalysts are comparatively summarized，and the development of effective catalyst for the reaction is discussed. It is proposed that effective green catalyst developed by the guidance of the function-properties relation is necessary for obtaining selective oxidation products with high yield.

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ composite oxides were prepared by coprecipitation and used as supports for Cu-based catalysts prepared by impregnation. The supports and the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD），X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS），and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. Effect of the composite oxides on the Cu-based catalysts for selective hydrogenation was studied using vapour phase hydrogenation of furfural to furfural alcohol as a probe reaction. Results showed that ZrO₂ can reduce the contact between CuO and Al₂O₃，and therefore，decrease the deep hydrogenation capacity of the Cu-based catalysts. Al₂O₃ can delay the crystallization of ZrO₂ and avoid Cu embedded into the ZrO₂ lattice which would lead to the decrease in catalystic activity. Cu/Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ catalyst made from Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ support with 20% ZrO₂ exhibited the highest activity for selective hydrogenation，which showed a higher low temperature activity and a higher high temperature selectivity in comparison with Cu/Al₂O₃ catalyst.

Support for Ni-Pt-B amorphous alloy catalysts was prepared from pseudoboehmite and mordenite. The supported catalysts were then prepared by impregnation-chemical reduction and characterized by XRD，BET and H₂-TPR. Effects of preparation conditions，such as Pt content，alkali concentration of the reduction solvent and impregnation order，on the catalytic performance were studied with benzene hydrogenation to cyclohexane as a probe reaction. Results showed that the addition of trace Pt from chloroplatinic acid can promote the reduction of NiO and improve the catalytic activity. The best catalytic performance was found when the catalyst was made from Ni and Pt co-impregnation and dried before reduction with distilled water as the reduction solvent. At 0.5 MPa of pressure with hydrogen to benzene molar ratio of 4，cyclohexane yeild was achieved to 100% at temperature above 120 ℃ under MHSV of 1.0 h^－1.

Using ultra-fine silicon oxide as carrier, ZSM-5 molecular sieves with high n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃) ratio were extruded yielding catalyst for catalytic cracking of C₄ alkenes to propylene and ethylene. Precursors of calcium oxide and boron oxide were used to adjust the acidic property of the catalyst. The catalyst was pretreated with water vapor for 24 h at 580 ℃ under atmospheric pressure and water WHSV of 1 h^－1. The catalyst was evaluated at 500℃ under 0.1MPa with w(H₂O):w(C₄^＝)=0.2 and WHSV of 3 h^－1, the continuous operation of 25 days proved the stability of catalyst；the conversion of C₄ alkenes was higher than 68%, the yield of propylene and ethylene were higher than 30% and 6%, respectively, and the amount of carbon deposition on catalyst was 6.2%. The catalysts were characterized by BET, NH₃-TPD and Py-IR, which illustrated that the catalytic activity is corelated with B acid in the catalyst.

The application of transparent abrasion top coats is a effective way to improve the scratch and abrasion for aeronautical transparency. Properties and application of optically transparent coats for aeronautical transparency are reviewed. The emphasis is focused on the development of UV-curable organic-inorganic transparent abrasion coatings. Development of nanocomposite coatings with SiO₂ as the inorganic phase and with UV curable resin as the organic phase by sol-gel process is suggested to be an effective way for transparent abrasion coatings of aeronautical transparency.

Ring-opening polymerization of aliphatic cyclic carbonate is an important method for preparing aliphatic polycarbonates，which is one important class of biomedical materials. This review presents a review on the synthesis and ring-opening polymerization of aliphatic cyclic carbonate with different sizes and types. Mechanisms of cationic，anionic and coordination ring-opening polymerization of cyclic carbonates are discussed.

WO₃ films were deposited on glass substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering，their catalytic activity and service life were studied via photodegradation for methylene blue and rhodamine B solutions. Experimental results showed that the prepared WO₃ films are amorphous as characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）. Being irradiated for 3 h by ultraviolet light，the maximum degradation rate of methylene blue and rhodamine B solutions were 83.36% and 72.73%，respectively. The photodegradation rate of methylene blue remained at 75% after reused for three times of the WO₃ films. The photocatalytic activity of the WO₃ films almost disappeared after using for seven times. The deactivated WO₃ films could be regenerated by ultrasonic treatment in deionized water for 30 min，with which the photodegradation rate of methylene blue could be improved from 20% to 81%.

LiFePO₄/C cathode materials were synthsized by improved solid state-carbothermal reactions using LiOH·H₂O and LiCO₃. The electrochemical performance of products synthsized by using lithium hydroxide was better. Using lithium hydroxide as the lithium source and anhydrous glucose as the carbon precursor，preparation of LiFePO₄/C cathode materials were investigated by varying the ratio of Li and Fe，the amount of glucose added，the sintering temperature and sintering time. The structure of the prepared materials was analyzed by using TG/DSC，XRD and SEM，and their electrochemical performance was evaluated. Results illustrated that the sintering temperature showed the largest influence. With 1.05∶1 ratio of Li and Fe and 1.5 g of glucose，the capacity of the product was the highest（135 mAh/g）. The best sintering temperature range was found as 600～650 ℃，and the best sintering time range was 10～15 h. This improved method avoided using ball milling machine and would be beneficial for industrialization.

Graft copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate（GMA）onto cassava starch was carried out in emulsion with potassium persulfate as an initiator. Influence of reaction conditions on the percentage of grafting（G），grafting efficiency（GE）and epoxy value（EV）were investigated. Structure of the synthesized graft copolymers was characterized by TG-DSC. Results showed that graft copolymer with high values of G，GE and EV was obtained. The optimal conditions for the graft copolymerization were found as m(GMA)：m(starch)= 2 with initiator concentration of 6 mmol·L^－1 for 1h of reaction at 60 ℃，with which the G，GE and EV values of the obtained graft copolymer were 64.95%，95.57% and 4.24 mmol/g，respectively. It was proved that the thermal stability of the graft copolymer was better than cassava starch.

HDI biuret particles coated with hydroxyl polyacrylic resin were prepared by using phase inversion technique. The film formation process of the coated particles was tracked by FTIR and the coating retention rate soaked in solvent. Effect of mixing technology，hydroxyl monomers and catalyst on the crosslinking degree of coating was investigated. During the film formation process，urethane crosslinking is formed by reaction between —OH and —NCO. —NCO also reacts with H₂O and the produced CO₂ can escape from the coating film without forming film defects. As the increase in film formation temperature，the higher cross-linking degree of the coating at earlier stage，the lower crosslinking degree of the coating at later stage. The crosslinking degree of film can be increased by improving the dispersion of HDI biuret in hydroxyl polyacrylic resin and HDI biuret due to the increased hydroxyl reactivity of polyacrylic resin. The crosslinking degree of film can also be increased by the increase in catalyst content.

A fluorescent-labeled water-soluble chitosan derivative PyHy-TMCMC was preparated by modifying chitosan and characterized by FTIR，¹H NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. The relationship between pH and fluorescence of PyHy-TMCMC was studied. Result showed that the fluorophore was successfully labeled to chitosan and the fluorescence intensity of PyHy-TMCMC was sensitive in the pH 1—14 range，which would potentially be used as a pH sensitive fluorescence probe.

Zeolite L was prepared via hydrothermal synthesis from cheap industrial raw materials，water glass with kaolin and partial kaolin microspheres. The initial composition for the synthesis is 1 Al₂O₃：4.7（KOH+NaOH）：14SiO₂：250H₂O，（K₂O/Na₂O=2.5 molar ratio）. The synthesized zeolite L was characterized using X-ray diffraction（XRD），scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The prepared zeolite L showed typical XRD characteristic peaks of zeolite L. SEM showed that the synthesized zeolite L exhibited spherical crystals，which converted into multi-rhombus columnar perfect crystals upon addition of fluoride additives.

Hydrophobic charge induction chromatography（HCIC）is a new kind of chromatographic method developed in recent years. The HCIC ligands normally combine the hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions，thus HCIC belongs to a kind of mixed-mode chromatography. HCIC has been widely studied for protein separation，especially for antibody purification，which shows good operation and separation selectivity. This review focuses on the principles，characteristics and applications of HCIC，which would be helpful for the future researches and applications.

The dehydration process conditions of bleached shellac while desalination washing was investigated by experimental design with response surface method（RSM）. The dehydration rate，color index and the water-solubles in product were determined under different washing time and temperature，through which a fitting equation of the process was established. Results showed that the equation was well fitted，and the established mathematical model could be used to describe the dehydration and desalination process of bleached shellac. The optimal dehydration and desalination process conditions were found at 33 ℃ for 11 min washing，under which，products were obtained with dehydration rate of 69.29%，color index of 1.0 and water-solubles of 0.3969%.

Synthesis of 4-chlorophthalic anhydride（acid）was investigated based on D-A cyclization and aromatization. Two synthetic routes for 4-chlorotetrahydrophthalic anhydride，and its two aromatizing ways were optimizated and compared. The yield of 4-chlorotetrahydrophthalic anhydride was increased to 95% with purity higher than 98%. The aromatization yield using liquid bromine as the aromatizing reagent was increased to 89% with 99% purity；and the aromatization yield using oxygen and activated carbon as the aromatizing reagent was increased to 70% with 100% purity.

7α-Methoxy-7β-amino-3-[（1-methyl-1-H-tetrazo-5-yl）thiomethyl]-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid diphenylmethyl ester（7-MAC）was synthesized through condensation and methoxylation reactions from 7β-amino-3-[（1-methyl-1-H-tetrazo-5-yl）thiomethyl]-3-cephem-4-carboxylate（7-DAMC），4-tolysulfenyl chloride（TSC）and methanol. Proper experimental conditions for diphenylmethyl 7-(4- tolysulfenylimino)-3-[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazo-5-yl)thiomethyl]-3-cephem-4-carboxylate (7-DTMC) were found as n(7-DAMC)∶n(TSC)∶n(propylene epoxide)=1∶3.5∶40 with 3 h of reaction at 30 ℃. The optimal methoxylation reaction conditions were found as n(methanol)∶n(anhydrous AlCl₃)∶n(PPh₃)∶n(7-DTMC)=230∶1.5∶2∶1 with total 20 h of reaction at 25 ℃. The yield of 7-DTMC was 87.11% based on 7-DAMC and the purity was 99.21%，and the yield of 7-MAC based on 7-DTMC was 54.17% and the purity was 99.15% as determined by HPLC. The molecular structure of 7-DTMC and 7-MAC were exactly identified by ¹H-NMR and FT-IR.

In order to develop the application of plant biomass，bagasse was attempted to dissolve in LiCl/DMAc system，and then the solute was used to prepare graft copolymer with polyacrylamide. The bagasse was activated at 160℃ for 1h，then dried and added to a 100 g/L LiCl/DMAc system with 1：50 solid to liquid ratio. The mixture was heated at 160℃ for 3h，the solubility of bagasse could be achieved to 81.3%. The solution contains not only cellulose，but also hemicellulose and lignin，which was then used to copolymerize with acrylamide under N₂ atmosphere at 30℃，the grafting rate was achieved to 62.86%. The graft copolymer was found mainly composed of cellulose-graft- polyacrylamide，which provides a new method for the utilization of plant biomass.

Effect of hydraulic loading for ANAMMOX-denitrification reactor of a 3.2L USAB with biofilm was investigated by modulating the hydraulic loading of reactor in four sequential periods while keeping the influent concentrations of ammonia，nitrite and COD unchanged. At low hydraulic loading，the average removal rates of ammonia，nitrite and COD were 94.1%，97.2% and 89.4%，respectively，and the nitrate production in effluent was 4.35 mg/L. At high hydraulic loading，the average removal rates of ammonia，nitrite and COD showed a marked drop，which were 54.2%，73.9% and 81%，respectively，and the nitrate production in effluent was 9.97 mg/L. Through turning down the hydraulic loading again，the effect of ANAMMOX-denitrification synergistic interaction could be recovered，which demonstrated that the reactor has a certain anti-force capability. Great influence was observed when running the reactor at low temperature，but the microbes in the reactor have capabilities of cold resisting and faster recovery，which would ensure the success in the second start-up of the reactor.

A bench-scale sequencing batch reactor（SBR）process was used for a long term test to treat salinity wastewater. Effects of wastewater salinity，pH and C/N ratio on the shortcut nitrification were investigated. Results showed that the shortcut nitrification can be accomplished in simulated salinity wastewater by using SBR when NaCl concentration gradually increased. The optimal pH for shortcut nitrification was 7.0—8.0 at 30℃ with 10 g/L NaCl concentration. The highest nitrite accumulation concentration was 86.13mg/L with 7.53 C/N ratio. Furthermore，the shortcut nitrification should be carried out in salinity wastewater with lower C/N ratio.

Polymeric aluminum magnesium chloride（PAMC）flocculant was prepared with two-step leaching process from bauxite ores，magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid（20%）. The optimum preparation conditions were determined via orthogonal test by investigating the influence of sintering temperature and sintering time，as well as acid soluble rate，time and temperature on the leaching of PAMC. PAMC flocculant was prepared with basicity improvement by adding magnesium oxide. The obtained PAMC flocculant，which contains 9.6% of aluminum oxides and 46.3% of basicity，showed higher COD and color removal rate by approximately 20% as compared with that self-made or commercial available polymeric aluminum chloride flocculant when practically used in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment.

Carbon dioxide（CO₂）absorption performance was investigated in a total 40% amine solution of piperazine（PZ），N-aminoethyl piperazine（N-AEPZ）and hydroxyethyl piperazine（HEPZ）. The CO₂ absorption performance was also carried out in aqueous amine solutions with mass content of 30%AEE+10%PZ，30%AEE+10% N-AEPZ and 30%AEE+10%HEPZ. The absorption process was estimated by the correlation with absorption rate，absorption capacity，absorption time，PZ content and system temperature. The absorption temperature was controlled at 313 K. The desorption temperature was controlled at 393K to estimate the interrelation of desorption capacity and desorption time. It was observed that molecules with amino group can help improving absorption capability. In the composite system，N-AEPZ is the main absorbent，PZ and AEE absorb CO₂ together；in the 30%AEE+10%HEPZ amine solution，AEE is the main absorbent. The increase in main absorbent component concentration can improve the absorption capacity. The mixed solution of 30%AEE+10%PZ showed a good actual operation both in absorption and desorption process.

Compound flocculant PAFC-ST-AM was prepared with varying compound reaction conditions，such as the mass ratio of PAFC with ST-AM，pH value and compound time. The best applied conditions of the compound flocculant were obtained by orthogonal experiment [L₉（3⁴）] on simulated waste water containing phosphorus. The removing rate of phosphorus can be up to 92.36% when the PAFC：ST-AM is 4∶1，flocculant dosage is 5 mL/500 mL and pH value is 8.