Crude oils available to refineries are becoming increasingly heavier. Meanwhile，environmental regulations on product quality are more and more stringent. Therefore，slurry bed hydrocracking technologies have attracted much attention for their special superiority in treating very poor quality crude oil feedstocks. This paper describes the latest progress of some typical slurry bed hydrocracking technologies，such as EST，VRSH and Uniflex™，with emphasis on their technical characteristics. The orientation for future research and development in slurry bed hydrocracking technologies are also discussed，such as colloid stability control，development of novel hydroprocessing catalysts，and hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics of slurry bed reactor.

Structured packing is formed with corrugated sheets according to certain rules. The liquid phase move downward corrugated sheets，while the gas is in cocurrent or countercurrent flow with liquid phase in the channel formed by adjacent corrugated plates. Therefore，the operating flexibility and mass transfer efficiency of packed tower depend on the hydraulic characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow. The state of liquid phase film flow on corrugated sheets receives much concern for its wide range applications. This paper provides an overview on the methods for simulating the film flow on two-dimensional corrugated sheets from the aspects of physical modeling，free interface treatment，surface tension model and turbulence model. Moreover，several examples are analyzed and summarized to clarify the research status in this topic.

Technology progress in industrial hydrochlorination of acetylene to vinyl chloride is reviewed，such as fixed bed，fluidized bed and compound reactor. The advantages and disadvantages of these technologies and their catalysts are discussed. The compound reactor technology that combine the advantages of fixed bed and fluidized bed technologies shows good theoretical and practical feasibilities，which will be focused in the future research and industrialization.

An outline for inner-loop studies in FCC fluidized bed is provided，including mainly baffle，vertical tube bundles and packing. The flow characteristics of both gas and solid in fluidized bed with various inner-loops are described，and the advantages and disadvantages of various types of inner-loop are discussed. The improvement process within the baffle and packing components is summarized，and the direction for future development is discussed according to the advantages and shortcomings in the existing structures of inner-loops.

A finite element analysis model of a heat exchanger was built，which is composed of shells，tubes，plates etc. The external boundary temperature field was mapped to ANSYS by coulping the CDB file from FLUENT with ANSYS multifield model. The whole temperature field of the heat exchanger was firstly simulated in FLUENT using a technique of “simulation in subsections，integration of the whole”，to obtain the processing thermal analysis of the heat exchanger. A CDB file from FLUENT including information such as solid surface’s nodes，elements and thermal loads etc. was output，then the sequence coupling was applied. After the nodal file was interpolated，the CDB file was read and solved to obtain the solid surface temperature field in ANSYS model. It was proved by contrast that there is no difference in temperature field setted by the present method with that of CFD. Therefore，in this coupling process，there was no precise loss between the datum from CFD and ANSYS，this feature provided a reliable basis for thermal-stress study of shell and tube heat exchanger.

ZX-200 activated carbon powder was used to absorb the trace phosphorictungsto acid from polytetramethylene ether glycol（PTMEG），and the static adsorption characteristics were investigated. Phosphorictungsto acid showed the fastest diffusion velocity on activated carbon at 60℃. Results of adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics study showed that the adsorption is a spontaneously exothermic physical process，which fits well witha pseudo- second-order rate equation and Freundlich isotherm model. Under 60 ℃ and 6 g/h velocity，the concentration of phosphorictungsto acid in a 4452.0 g solution was reduced from 190.00 µg/g to 1.00 µg/g by 2 g of activated carbon powder in a fixed bed，which illustrated application values in the quality improvement of polytetramethylene ether glycol.

The osmotic dehydration of potato-NaCl and sweet potato-sucrose solution systems was investigated with and without an ultrasonic field. Effects of mass fraction in osmotic solution，thickness of sample slices，osmotic temperature and output current of ultrasonic generator were considered. Results showed that the dehydration yield increased with the increase in osmotic solution mass fraction，osmotic temperature and output current of ultrasonic generator，but decreased with the increase in thickness of sample slices. The osmotic dehydration yield under ultrasonic field was much higher compared with that without ultrasound. A kinetic model for the osmotic dehydration of potato-NaCl and sweet potato-sucrose solution systems was established.

Adductive crystallization is a special separation method. Terephthalic acid（TA）could be dissolved and re-crystallized in certain acylamide solvents such as N，N-dimethylacetamide（DMAC）spontaneously even at constant temperature，solvent adduct crystals could be formed with 1∶2 molar ratio of TA and DMAC through hydrogen bonding. This adductive crystallization method showed a high selectivity in TA recovery from the TA residue of the single-step crystallization，through which the 90%—95% colored impurities initially contained in the residue could be removed.

Lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide（LiCl/DMAc）as non-water solvent system of cellulose has become very popular in recent years. However，few reports were found studying on the dissolution of plant biomass using this solvent system，such as bagasse. In this paper，the dissolution condition of bagasse in LiCl/DMAc system was investigated from five aspects，such as activation time，bath ratio，LiCl concentration，heating time and heating temperature. An 81.8% final solubility could be achieved under the optimum dissolution conditions when the bagasse was activated at 160 ℃ for 1 h，being dried and then 400mg of the dried bagasse was added into 20 mL of 10% LiCl/DMAc solution，and finally the solution was heated at 160 ℃ for 3 h. This study provides a promising prospect for efficient bagasse derivation at homogeneous state.

A novel synthetic method for 2,2′-dichlorohydrazobenzene（DHB）from o-chlornitrobenzene（o-CNB）was developed based on porous Ni-Fe electrode dispersed with PbO particles. Effects of cathode，electrolyte temperature，o-chloronitrobenzene concentration，basicity，dispersion mode and toluene on the electrolytic reduction were discussed. The optimum reaction temperature was found as 70 ℃，moderate current density（3—6 A/dm²）and appropriate pump flow rate were beneficial to improve the hydrogenation reduction，under which the final DHB content could be reached to 90%.

An efficient ethylene polymerization Zieglar-Natta（Z-N）catalyst was prepared，in which ketone and/or ester was used as internal electron donor compound. The influence of internal electron donor on catalytic performance was analyzed by means of FTIR，which indicated that the electron donating ability is in the order of DIBP>(DIBP/ACAC)>ACAC. Polyethylenes obtained with these three catalysts were characterized by means of DSC and GPC. The Z-N catalyst bearing internal electron donors composed of ketone and ester component demonstrated higher polymerization activity，more obvious “co-monomer effect”，and the polymer produced showed relative broader molecular weight distribution than that with single internal electron donor catalyst.

Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by adjusting the acidity of supports and the addition of promoter or chelating agent during the loading process. The catalysts were characterized by XRD and TPR and the catalytic performance for the first stage hydrogenation of pyrolysis gasoline was evaluated. Results showed that the dispersion of active component can be increased by enhancing the acidity of support and the addition of promoter or chelating agent，so that the hydrogenation activity，stability and selectivity of catalyst was increased.

The ex-situ presulfidation for hydrogenation catalyst was investigated using H₂S and batch reactor with variation in different factors，such as heating rate，quantity of H₂S，proportion of H₂S with H₂，reaction temperature，reaction time，and the partial pressure of inert gas. The effect of presulfidation was evaluated by the sulfur content in catalyst and the bromine value in hydrogenation product. Suitable reaction conditions were found as the heating rate of  2 ℃/min，3 h of reaction at 230 ℃，1∶1 proportion of H₂S with H₂，1 h of final reaction at 340 ℃，in which the quantity of H₂S was 1.3 times of theoretical value and the partial pressure of inert gas was 1.5 MPa. The results indicated that this technology is feasible and the activity of ex-situ presulfidation catalyst using batch reactor is better than that of the in-situ process.

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks（ZIFs）are imidazole-containing coordination polymers of metal-organic framework（MOFs）materials. These materials have attracted much attention for their composition diversity，higher thermal and chemical stability and excellent selectivity for carbon dioxide capture. This review briefly summarizes the progress of these special MOFs materials for gas storage and separation，magnetic property and catalysis. In addition，prospects in the synthesis and application of these materials are also discussed.

The research progress of degradable plastics is reviewed with focuses on the development in biodegradable polymers，and some new synthesis and modification methods are summarized. The specifications of national standards for properties testing of degradable plastics are listed in detail，including evaluation of mechanical properties and degradation properties. Characterization methods for degradable plastics are also described. Finally，the existed problems and development prospects in degradable materials are discussed.

The production methods of hydrogen peroxide are introduced including electrolysis，anthraquinone，isopropanol oxidation and direct synthesis from H₂/O₂. Based on these hydrogen peroxide production methods，integrated processes with selective oxidation of organic compounds are reviewed. It is believed that the integrated processes of hydrogen peroxide production by isopropanol oxidation and direct synthesis from H₂/O₂ with selective oxidation of organic compounds are both prospective. Meanwhile，the main existed problems and corresponding possible solutions in these integrated processes are discussed.

Quantum dots（QDs），as fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles，have become one of the fast growing research areas in nanotechnology. With the advances in QD technology，such as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and smaller size non-Cd based QDs preparation，it is likely that QDs will show even more potential in biomedical applications. This review begins with a brief introduction on the basic concept and properties of QDs followed by a detailed discussion for two different preparation strategies of QDs in organic solvents and aqueous solution. The advantages and drawbacks of these approaches are analyzed and compared，and their applications in biomedical research（including protein and nucleic acid，components detecting，fluorescent coding and cell marking）are reviewed. Existing problems and future research prospects are also presented.

Poly（ethylene terephthalate）（PET）is a kind of widely used engineering plastics. While，the application of PET is limited in some extent by its poor processing properties. Nano-modification is one of the most important ways to develop new type of polymer materials with high performances. The present paper summarizes the recent progress in PET nano-modification. Based on the types of inorganic nano materials，the effects of inorganic nano nucleation agents on the crystallization and mechanical properties of PET are introduced including silicon dioxide，montmorillonite，talc，kaolin，barium sulfate，titanium dioxide，tin dioxide，antimony，zinc oxide，calcium carbonate，sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate etc. Furthermore，the problems in PET nano-composite preparation are also discussed.

Magnetic composite microspheres of Fe₃O₄/P（AA-MMA-GMA）were prepared via emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of acrylic acid（AA），methyl methacrylate（MMA）and glycidyl methacrylate（GMA）using 1,1-diphenylethlene as free radical control agent. The obtained Fe₃O₄/P（AA-MMA-GMA）microspheres were then used to prepare immunomagnetic microspheres via the reaction with an antibody of goat anti-rabbit IgG. The Fe₃O₄/P（AA-MMA-GMA）microspheres showed superparamagnetism behavior with particle size of 626 nm bearing epoxy groups on the surface. The immunomagnetic microspheres were obtained by reacting 0.5 mg of Fe₃O₄/P（AA-MMA-GMA）with 200 μg of goat anti-rabbit IgG in a phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.4 at 25 ℃ for 16 h，the coupling quantity for goat anti-rabbit IgG was 124 μg. The immunomagnetic microspheres can be specifically bound to rabbit anti-actin alpha.

Ordered mesoporous carbons were synthesized through evaporation induced self-assembly using phenol formaldehyde（PF）resin as carbon resource and triblock copolymer F127 as template. The molecular weight of PF resin synthesized at different temperatures was measured by gel permeation chromatography（GPC）and the resultant mesoporous carbon was characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD），transmission electron microscopy（TEM）and N₂ adsorption/desorption. The temperature in PF resin synthesis showed obvious influence on the pore size and orderliness of mesoporous carbon. With the increase in temperature of PF resin synthesis ranging from 75 to 95 ℃，the orderliness of mesopores increased at first and then declined. With the PF resin synthesized at 85 ℃，the resultant mesoporous carbon showed a well-ordered hexagonal meso-structure with a mesopore volume of 0.115 cm³/g，a BJH specific surface area of 127 m²/g and an average pore size of 3.41 nm.

O-quarternary ammonium chitosan bearing carboxymethyl-b-cyclodextrin（QCSCD）was synthesized by grafting carboxymethyl-b-cyclodextrin onto O-quarternary ammonium chitosan in the presence of EDC and NHS. The structure of QCSCD was characterized by FTIR，EA and SEM. Using ketoprofen（KP）as a model drug，the release behavior of QCSCD in mimic gastric and intestinal solutions was investigated in comparison with that of chitosan bearing cyclodextrin（CSCD）. Experimental results indicated that QCSCD showed a higher drug-loading capacity with the maximum ketoprofen adsorption of 3.97 mg/mg. Compared with CSCD，QCSCD behaved an opposite pH responsibility and represented more stable release of the entrapped ketoprofen in mimic intestinal solution. These results suggested that QCSCD could be used as a potential biodegradable delivery system for controlled release of hydrophobic drugs with pH-responsive capability.

Silica/zirconia（SiO₂/ZrO₂）core-shell composite microspheres were synthesized by depositing ZrO₂ on silica microspheres through the hydrolysis of zirconium precursor. The composites were characterized by scanning electronic microscope（SEM），energy dispersive spectroscope（EDX）and X-ray diffraction（XRD）. The infrared emissivity values of the particles in 8—14 μm wave band were measured by IR-1 infrared radiometer. Experimental results indicated that the composites represent obvious core-shell structure，and the zirconia content on the surface of silica particles is increased with the increase in deposition cycles. The ZrO₂ layer could form monoclinic and tetragonal crystals after thermal treatment. The SiO₂/ZrO₂ composite particles showed lower infrared emissivity value than pure SiO₂. In addition，the infrared emissivity properties of the composites were affected by the crystalline form of ZrO₂. ZrO₂ coating with monoclinic crystalline structure showed lower infrared emissivity value than that with tetragonal crystalline structure. The remarkable decrease in infrared emissivity value of the composites was attributed to the interfacial interactions between the ZrO₂ layer and the SiO₂ spheres.

In order to find an effective process for fabricating graphite intercalation compound without sulfur, a ternary potassium-tetrahydrofuran-graphite intercalation compound (K-THF-GIC) was prepared successfully by electrochemical method and then bulked in a microwave oven. The surface morphology and structure of the graphite intercalation compound and expanded graphite were characterized. Moreover, the mechanism for the electrochemical preparation of ternary potassium-tetrahydrofuran-graphite intercalation compound was discussed. Results showed that potassium and tetrahydrofuran were embeded into the graphite intercalation and rapidly removed from K-THF-GIC during graphite expanding under microwave interaction. The expanded graphite microsections showed porous structure.

To investigate the impact of peptone or yeast extract on yeast stress tolerance during very high gravity (VHG) ethanol fermentation, experiments were conducted using 300 g/L initial glucose. Results showed that the increase of peptone from 3 to 6 g/L, or yeast extract from 5 to 12 g/L, in the fermentation medium resulted in a noticeable increase in cell growth and glucose consumption compared with the control experiment using 3 g/L peptone plus 5 g/L yeast extract as nitrogen source. The final ethanol was increased from 13.1% to 14.4% and 14.7% (v/v) respectively. During the fermentation process, it was found that the cell growth in the increased level of peptone or yeast extract exhibited significantly higher plasma membrane ATPase activity and much more intracellular trehalose were accumulated than the control. Moreover, a close correlation was found in the enzyme activity and intracellular trehalose content with the fermentation parameters, such as cell growth, glucose utilization and final ethanol level, which suggested that both plasma membrane ATPase and intracellular trehalose contribute to the increased stress tolerance of yeast during VHG ethanol fermentation.

Calcium alginate microspheres with mean diameter of 820 nm and calcium alginate/chitosan microcapsules were prepared by emulsion-curing. Effects of drug concentration，the molecular weight and concentration of chitosan on drug-loading and drug-release of the microcapsules were investigated using bovine serum albumin（BSA）as a model drug. The maximum drug-loading was over 40%，and the microcapsules also showed good property of sustained-release in vitro.

Hydroxyecdysone（b-HE）was encapsulated by complex coacervation with gelatin（GE）and acacia gum（AG）as the wall materials. An orthogonal design was adopted to optimize the preparation procedure of microcapsules. The microcapsules were characterized using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy（SEM），and their in vitro controlled release pattern and photostability were studied. The optimal conditions were as 3% concentration of wall materials with 1∶1 core/wall mass ratio at early pH value of 4.6 and terminal pH value of 8.0. Under these conditions，smooth and uniform microcapsules with a mean diameter of 5µm were obtained，the drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of which were 68.5% and 63.4%，respectively. The capsules prolonged the release time of the encapsulated b-HE and enhanced the photostability of b-HE.

Dendertic hindered amine light stabilizers with lower basicity were prepared via Michael addition and transesterification reactions with dimethyl malonate，methyl acrylate，2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- piperidine-4-ol and 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-piperidine-4-ol as the main starting materials，the product yields were 89.3% and 78.0% respectively based on dimethyl malonate. The optimum conditions for Michael addition were found as 1∶2.2 molar ratio of dimethyl malonate with methyl acrylate，2.2eq NaOMe as catalyst for 4 h reaction；and those for the transesterification were found as，1∶4.8 molar ratio of the addition product with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-4-ol or 1,2,2,6,6- pentamethyl-piperidine-4-ol，2% tetraisopropyl orthotitanate of the addition product as catalyst for 24h reaction. The pH values of the synthesized compounds were 8.7 and 6.6，respectively.

Micro-emulsion of fatty acid methyl ester with water was prepared using ethanol as the polar cosolvent and OP-4，SPAN80 and the self-made L as the emulsifier. The watering characteristics of the prepared micro-emulsion was investigated. Results indicated that the maximal watering volume of micro-emulsion increases with proportion increase of ethanol or emulsifier content. OP-4 showed the highest efficiency for the micro-emulsion. The prepared micro-emulsion of fatty acid methyl ester with water could be used as the fuel for diesel engines.

With the development of fuel ethanol industry，the waste treatment and resource recovery in the production process，such as wastewater and solid residues，have attracted widespread attention. This paper summarizes the category and characteristics of the waste from fuel ethanol production as well as the development of utilization technology with various feedstocks，such as sugar cane，cassava，sweet sorghum and lignocellulose etc.

With the theoretical breakthrough in biological nitrogen removal，more and more new biotechnologies for nitrogen removal from wastewater have been developed. Anaerobic ammonia oxidation（Anammox）has become one of the research focuses in the field of biological nitrogen removal. In the present paper，the nitrogen removal mechanism of Anammox is discussed，the inhibitory problems that appeared in the lab and engineering are analyzed，and some suggestions for inhibition control are proposed.

Two kinds of mesoporous SBA-15 materials modified with zinc oxide（ZnO）nanoparticles were synthesized via different routes，their desulphurization performance was evaluated with a gas mixture containing 0.1% hydrogen sulfide. The materials before and after desulphurization were analyzed using nitrogen adsorption，X-ray diffraction（XRD），energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry（EDS），transmission electron microscope（TEM）and inductive coupled plasma（ICP）etc. The mesoporous materials modified with ZnO via different preparation methods showed differences in texture and capability for hydrogen sulfide capture. These two materials synthesized by different routes showed capability for hydrogen sulfide capture of 336% and 77.3% higher than that of ZnO adsorbent commercially used，respectively. SBA-15 supported ZnO nanoparticles using ultrasonic method showed superior capability for hydrogen sulfide capture. The prominent enhancement of desulphurization activity was attributed to the integration of high surface area of the mesoporous materials and the promising reactivity of ZnO nanoparticles.

Humic acid refined from humus acid was used for the modification of bentonite，and then the modified bentonite was used for the simultaneous adsorption of copper ions and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Experimental results indicated that the optimum adsorption could be achieved with 4 g/L adsorbent under room temperature for 100 mg/L mixed solution with pH 4—6 in 60 minutes，through which the maximum adsorption capacity for copper ions and 2,4-dichlorophenol was up to 23 mg/L and 16 mg/L，respectively. The adsorption was fitted well with Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order model.

Red mud，a waste residue of alumina refinery，was applied to develop effective adsorbents to remove high concentration phosphate from aqueous solution. Influences of various factors，such as initial pH，reaction time and red mud dosage，on the phosphorus removal efficiency were investigated. Results showed that the phosphorus removal efficiency could be achieved to 97% under optimal conditions with red mud dosage of 9 g/L at about pH 2 within 15 min. The adsorption mechanism of red mud was analyzed and discussed. The present work is of certain theoretical and practical significance for high concentration phosphorus removal from wastewater.

Catalytic wet air oxidation（CWAO）technology was applied to process the highly concentrated and biorefractory garbage leachate. Activity of catalysts was evaluated by the COD removal and decolorization rates of the garbage liquids. 11 kinds of soluble inorganic salts were evaluated for the catalytic process，in which cobalt nitrate showed the highest catalytic activity，the bicomponent catalyst did not show any synergetic effect. UV-vis spectra analysis indicated that both the components and their concentrations in the garbage liquids significantly reduced with the increase in treatment time.

Efficient use of heavy and poor oil resources has been the hot point attracting attention of domestic enterprises. Taking the case of SINOPEC Shanghai Petrochemical Company for instance，with the yearly increasing of comprehensive processing capacity of crude oil in the recent three years，the processing volume of heavy and poor residual oil rose continuously. The economical efficiency for application of low sulfur and high sulfur residual oil in different fields was analyzed，which had reference value for products structure adjustment in petroleum refining enterprises. Proposals were raised for direction of technical progress in the future.

An industrial device for n-butyl acetate synthesis was constructed with strong acidic ion-exchange resin as catalyst，acetic acid and n-butanol as starting materials. The process was carried out in a continuous pilot plant reactive rectification column with structured packing in the upper part and stereo reactive distillation tray in the lower part. The optimal operation conditions were obtained with 0.6—0.8 reflux ratio of organic phase，3.3—4.3 reflux ratio and 30%—50% acetate acid concentration in the column，under which 84%—90% n-butyl acetate concentration on the column to could be achieved with acetate acid concentration less than 0.003%. Such a catalytic distillation process could be long-term continuously operated steadily with a 5kt n-butyl acetate annual production capacity.

The technological characteristics，industrial application and operation results of the 3rd generation ethylbenzene technology from FCC dry gas are described，which was developed by DICP and is currently operated in a styrene combined unit in North China Petrochemical Company（the first system of the heat medium at the bottom of the benzene tower）. The results showed that this technology is a green，flexible，economic and advanced route for FCC dry gas up grading and EB production.