China is rich in lignite which is not suitable for long distance transportation for its high moisture and ash level and low calorific value. “Lignite co-production” technology includes lignite pre-treatment，gasification，chemical synthesis，power generation and heat supply etc.，which can solve the problems of transportation and burning for lignite and also can provide integrated utilization with downstream industrial products. Such a technology shows good economical efficiency and promising future. This paper provides a brief introduction for domestic application of lignite drying（shaping）technology and lignite integrated utilization technology after pre-treatment（drying），such as the production of ammonia，methanol and hydrogen，etc.

Forward osmosis（FO）is a low energy consuming and efficient solution for water and environmental problems. FO converts osmotic energy to electricity via pressure retarded osmosis process，therefore it is also a green energy technology. In recent years，FO has attracted worldwide attention for research and development，ranging from governmental funding to company research plan. In this review，the state-of-the-art in FO membrane materials and applications are summarized. Various applications of FO in seawater desalination，osmotic power，wastewater reuse，aeronautics and astronautics，beverage and other novel processes are introduced.

Polyurethane is very attractive in pervaporation separation for its nice permeability，selectivity and mechanical properties. This review presents the recent progress in polyurethane membranes used for pervaperation separation. Special emphasis is given to synthesis，structural characteristics and separation performance of polyurethanes with polybutadiene，polyester or polyether as the soft segments. Besides，three modification methods of blending，filling and grafting are discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of different polymer membranes are also summarized. Finally，prospects for the development of polyurethane pervaporation membranes are proposed.

Smith-predictor controller can eliminate the effect of time delay，which is extensively used in process industry. However，this control approach depends heavily on modeling precision. The control performance will be deteriorated in the presence of system uncertainty and external disturbance. Therefore，a lot of researches have been carried out in improving the control performance of Smith-predictor controller. This review summarizes the achievements in the modification of Smith-predictor controller，and prospects for future research are proposed.

Naphtha is the main feedstock for ethylene production. Hence the modeling and simulation of naphtha cracking is important for making good use of naphtha. Simulation models for naphtha cracking can be divided as experience-based model，molecular reaction model and radical model. Advantages and disadvantages of these three models are discussed and their application is introduced. Special emphasis is given in the research progress for overcoming the difficulty in establishing molecular reaction model and radical model，their application and future research prospects are discussed.

The flow behaviors of tetrahydrofuran（THF）hydrate slurry with volume concentration of 0 to 65.2% were studied in a flow loop with a diameter of 42.0mm and a length of 30.0m. Pressure drops in the pipeline were also studied. According to the experiments，the hydrate slurry with a volume concentration less than 39.4% shows Newton behaviors，while that with a volume concentration larger than 50.4% shows Bingham behaviors. Moreover the yield stress as well as the relative viscosity of the hydrate slurry shows Bingham behaviors. Finally，relations to estimate the pressure drop of hydrate slurry in the pipeline with volume concentrations from 0 to 65.2% was established and verified，which showed a good agreement with experimental results.

Based on the field data collected from a FCC unit in a refinery，an energy conservation process for the absorber-stripper-stabilizer system were developed，which is composed of pre-equilibrated process（PP），two stage condensation process（TSCP）and integration process（IP）. The performances of these three different processes were compared comprehensively with the conventional process（CP）using a process simulation approach. It was proved that all the three processes showed distinct energy conservation effect with comprehensive energy consuming reduction of 4.55% for PP，11.79% for TSCP and 17.82% for IP，which would lead to remarkable economic benefits. The fuel gas mass flow rate was decreased in PP while the quality of fuel gas was improved in TSCP and IP. Therefore，all the three processes were favorable to the recovery of the valuable heavy components in fuel gas. TSCP and IP were the better choice for improving the total C3 recovery rate，while PP and IP were better for the recovery of C4 components. Liquefied petroleum gas（LPG）and debutanized gasoline（DG）yields were improved in PP，while LPG yield was decreased slightly and DG yield was increased a little in TSCP.

A triphenyl-imidazoline quaternary-ammonium-salt was synthesized from benzoic acid，triethylenetetramine and benzyl chloride. Corrosion inhibition performance was tested by static weight loss method and electrochemical test in HCl solution. Results showed that the corrosion-inhibition rate of the imidazoline quaternary–ammonium-salt with 1.0% concentration was above 99.0%. The synthesized quaternary–ammonium-salt was proved to be a cathode-based mixed-type inhibitor.

A series of experiments were carried out to explore the characteristics and mixing mechanism of oil shale grains groups with diameter of 0～12mm in rotary kiln. Influences of rotation speed，vessel filling percentage and lifting flight forms on mixing efficiency were analyzed. Results showed that the particle group movement traces and mixing process was significantly affacted by the vessel filling percentage，the rotation speed and the lifting flight forms. With the increase of filling rate，the particle size was easily to produce separate effects；however，with the decrease in speed，the mixing of particle size with rectangular lifting flight was better than that of straight lifting flight.

The drying of alcohol sludge was studied in a vibration fluidized bed with inner-heating tubes. Effects of gas velocity，gas temperature，vibration frequency and heating power on the drying characteristic of heat transfer were investigated. The variation of volumetric heat transfer coefficient was analyzed and the optimum operational conditions were obtained. Results showed that a reasonable increase in gas velocity，gas temperature，vibration frequency and heating power could result in the decrease of sludge moisture by increasing the volumetric heat transfer coefficient. A correlation to calculate the volumetric heat transfer coefficient was established based on the experimental data with errors within 30%，which can serve as an important guidance for sludge drying design and operation.

Chemical-looping combustion（CLC）is a combustion process with inherent CO2 separation，which can simultaneously improve combustion efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. With the concept of CLC，it is advantageous to realize highly efficient utilization of solid fuels with economical feature and low pollution. The present review introduces the technical approaches for solid fuels CLC，and summarizes the recent research advances in reactor deign and oxygen carriers. The existing technical problems in solid fuels CLC are discussed. It is suggested that solid fuels CLC under high temperature and high pressure would be an important tendency for future research.

Metal detergent is the main additive for internal-combustion engine lubricating oil. The present review summarizes the research progress in lubricating oil detergent metalation process and introduces some typical metalation techniques with a introduction of the types and applications of metalation promoter. The development in reaction mechanism study for metalation process is discussed，and the trend in the study of lubricating oil detergent metalation process is suggested.

Direct methanol alkaline fuel cell（DMAFC）has attracted a broad attention because of the possibility of using non-platinum catalysts. Bipolar plates are very significant components in fuel cells，whose corrosion resistance determines the fuel cell’s life. While，application of metal bipolar plate in DMAFC has been rarely investigated. This paper reports a comparative study in the electrochemical behaviors of bipolar plates with 316L stainless steel and graphite in a simulated DMAFC environment were investigated. Results of potentiodynamic experiments and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS）showed that the bipolar plate corrosion current density of 316L is lower than that of graphite，and the polarization resistance of 316L is obviously superior to that of graphite. Results of potentiostatic experiments were consistent with the analysis of Tafel curve，which further verifies the results of potentiodynamic experiments and EIS. It can be concluded that the reactivity of 316L stainless steel in electrolyte solution is lower than that of graphite bipolar plate，which may make great contribution to the progress of DMAFC.

Core/shell nano-composite materials presents novel physical and chemical properties because of the special structure, which has broad application prospects in catalysis, biology, medicine, light, electricity, magnetism and high-performance machines. Catalyst with a core/shell structure can not only achieve controlled catalytic reactions, but also protect the core materials from chemical erosion by the external environment and the issues such as the aggregation of nano-particles can be prevented simultaneously. This review summarizes the recent progress in core/shell nano-composite materials for catalysis, such as core/shell nano-composite materials with metal-metal, metal-oxide and oxide-oxide, and their application in electro-catalytic oxidation, hydrogenation, selective oxidation, reduction, environmental catalysis and photo-catalytic degradation reactions. Prospects for future developments of core/shell nano-composite materials in catalysis are proposed.

Different experimental methods for the determination of metal dispersion on supported metal catalyst are introduced and compared，including static chemical absorption，dynamic chemical absorption，X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy，X-ray diffraction（XRD）and transmission electron microscopy（TEM）. At the same time，the suitable range，limitation and consistency with test results of these methods are discussed.

Vanadium-phosphorous oxide catalysts modified with bismuth were prepared by coprecipitation and characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD），FTIR and SEM. Catalytic behavior of the prepared Bi-modified vanadium-phosphorous oxide catalysts for selective oxidation of cyclohexane with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant was investigated with variations in Bi/V and P/V molar ratios，solvent and temperature. Results showed that cyclohexane conversion and selectivity for cyclohexanone were obviously improved with the increase in Bi/V molar ratio. The P/V molar ratio showed a great influence on catalyst structure and performance. The addition of P could significantely destroy the crystal structure of V2O5 by producing some phosphates. Under optimized conditions，n（Bi）/ n（V）=0.1，n（P）/ n（V）=0.92，acetone as the solvent at 65 ℃for 8 h， cyclohexane conversion，cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol yields were 81.4%，58.2% and 23.2%，respectively.

Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared by chemical co-precipitation，and magnetic composite nanoparticles of SiO2/Fe3O4 and Al2O3/SiO2/Fe3O4 with core-shell structure were obtained by coating SiO2 or Al2O3/SiO2 in situ through carbonation precipitation of Na2SiO3 and NaAlO2. The composite nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction（XRD），scanning electron microscopy（SEM），Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR）and vibration sample magnetometer（VSM）. Supported metal catalysts were prepared by loading Ru and Ru-Co on the surface of magnetic composite nanoparticles，the catalytic activity of which were evaluated in toluene hydrogenation. The magnetic catalyst of Ru/pvp/SiO2/Fe3O4 showed high activity and could be recycled for six times without activity loss. While the catalyst of Ru/pvp/Al2O3/SiO2/Fe3O4 showed a higher activity at the beginning，and a little activity decrease in the later recycles. The bimetallic catalyst of Ru-Co showed activity strongly related to the formulation and composition，which was found in the order of RushellCocore＞Ru-Co＞CoshellRucore. The catalyst of RushellCocore/SiO2/Fe3O4 with 1∶5 of Ru/Co exhibited excellent activity for of toluene hydrogenation with a TOF of 16 656，which is higher than that of the monometallic Ru/pvp/SiO2/Fe3O4（9828 TOF）under the same reaction conditions.

Chitosan is a widespread natural cationic polysaccharide with characteristics of safty，nontoxicity，excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Chitosan has potential applications in non-viral gene delivery，while it is restricted by its poor solubility，weak targeting and low transfection efficiency. In response to these shortcomings，a series of chitosan derivatives for gene carriers have been investigated through modification of chitosan. This review presents the status and development of modified chitosan derivatives as non-viral gene deliveries with emphasis on the cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency.

Cellulose，a sustainable development of renewable resources，is abundant in nature. The application of modified cellulose is of great significance to ease the future energy and environmental stress. This paper reviews recent progress in cellulose modification，especially in chemical modification of cellulose derivatives. Cellulose pretreatment is often the first step in cellulose modification，including physical and chemical method etc. Modified cellulose materials include cellulose esters，cellulose ethers，and grafted copolymers. Biological modification of cellulose is mainly used in paper-making industry to treat pulp using cellulose and hemi-cellulose enzymes. Modification of bacterial cellulose includes bio-modification during fermentation and chemical modification after purification. Finally，prospects for modified cellulose application is discussed.

One-dimensional conducting polymer nanomaterials have attracted much attention owing to their advantages of low-dimensional structure，good environmental stability，low cost and facile synthesis. This paper reviews the recent research progress in the preparation of one-dimensional conducting polymer nanomaterials，including hard and soft template methods，interfacial polymerization，rapid mixing reaction，dilute polymerization and electrochemistry method. The virtues and disadvantages of these methods are discussed and the potential application of one-dimensional conducting polymer nanomaterials are presented.

Lithium iron phosphate（LiFePO4）has received particular interest as cathode materials for large-size lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles application. The preparation process of LiFePO4 varies with starting materials. This paper reviews the research progress in various synthetic routes for LiFePO4 developed by Shanghai Jiao Tong University with focus on the preparation process of LiFePO4/C and its charge-discharge performance. Approaches to improve the performance of LiFePO4/C cathode in different working temperature range are also presented. Finally，the process engineering problems of LiFePO4/C cathode material preparation are discussed，including the effects of reductant，carbon source and process equipment.

Vanadium dioxide（VO2）has polymorphs of B with a metastable monoclinic rutile structure，M with a monoclinic rutile structure and R with a tetragonal rutile structure. VO2 is a potential functional material in various fields for its specific optical and electrical properties. This paper reviews the preparation of nano VO2（B）powders including methods，reagents and temperature. The properties and prospective applications of VO2（B）are described. The key technology and progress in synthesizing VO2（M）powders are discussed. The phase transition between VO2（M）and VO2（R）are analyzed with the types，induction factors，temperature fluctuating source and mechanism study. Based on the recent research progress since 2007，it is proposed that the research of phase transition mechanism is necessary for controll the phase transition properties of VO2 powders，which would be the trend of future research in VO2 materials.

Graft copolymerization of acrylamide（AM）and acrylic acid（AA）onto cassava starch was conducted in a five-component inverse emulsion system with potassium permanganate as initiator. Effects of reaction temperature and time，concentrations of initiator and monomer，the ratio of AM to AA on the graft percent and graft efficiency were investigated. Structure of the obtained St-g-AM/AA ternary copolymer was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）and scanning electronic microscope（SEM）. Results illustrated that all the factors of reaction temperature and time，initiator and monomer concentrations，and the AM to AA monomer ratio showed predominant influences on the graft copolymerization. FTIR and SEM analysis proved that graft copolymerization reaction occurs at the starch particle surface，and both PAM and PAA have been successfully grafted onto the starch molecules.

TaC coating on mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers was prepared by sol-gel method. Characteristic functional groups of Ta sol-gel were studied by FT-IR，the microstructure and composition of the prepared TaC coated carbon fibers were characterized by XRD and SEM，and the antioxidation behavior of the coated carbon fibers was studied by thermal gravimetric analysis. Results showed that after being twice coated and thermal treatment at 1600 ℃，the formed TaC coating layer on carbon fibers with a thickness of about 150 nm was continuous，uniform and smooth without big holes，and the coating layer presented large areas of white TaC particles. It was also showed that the initial oxidation temperature of the twice coated carbon fibers was about 250 ℃ higher than that of the uncoated carbon fibers，no obvious weight loss was observed below 800 ℃，and the final oxidation temperature was improved to 870 ℃. Thus，the oxidation resistance of carbon fiber was improved by TaC coating．

This review summarizes the chemical and biological synthesis for xylonic acid production. By comparison，the microbial fermentation method is considered as one of the promising methods for xylonic acid production. Current status of microbial xylonic acid production is especially introduced，including strains，metabolite pathways and fermentation levels. In addition，the application prospects of xylonic acid is also discussed. It is proposed that future research should be emphasized on screening ideal microbe strains，analysis in the metabolic mechanism for xylose oxidation，and further investigation in xylonic acid application.

The utilization of controlled-release fertilizer can improve crop nutrient uptake and fertilizer utilization efficiency. The design of controlled-release fertilizer should be based on the characteristics of crop nutrient uptake. In this paper，the nitrogen uptake accumulation of main crops were analyzed to be a “S”pattern and could be divided into seedling，vegetative and reproductive three periods. An ideal cumulative release curve of film coated controlled-release fertilizers should correspond with this “S”pattern，i.e. a mode of lagging，constant rate and decayed periods. For the match of fertilizer controlled release and crop nitrogen uptake，performance design for controlled-release fertilizer is suggested. For crops with a long growing period of passing winter，the release should be controlled with 20% in lagging of 120 to 150 days，55% in constant rate period of about 60 days，and 25% in decayed period of about 30 days. For corps with life of 90～130 days，the release should be controlled with 5% in lagging of 20 to 30 days，80% in constant rate period of 30 to 60 days，and 15% in decay period of about 30 days. For vegetative harvest of vegetables，the release should be controlled with 5% in lagging of about 20 days，and 95% in constant rate period of about 40 days.

In order to improve the extration of tea polyphenols，tea polysaccharide and caffine from old tea，a single-factor test was conducted with compound neutral protease method. The optimum extraction conditions were found with the ratio of cellulase，pectase and neutral protease as 1∶1∶3 and with the total enzyme dosage 0.3 mg/g at pH 6.0 under 50 ℃ for 1h enzymolysis.

Using chitosan and sodium alginate as micro-carrier material，calcium-alginate-chitosan microcapsules were prepared by an impulsive electrostatic preparation process. Enzyme activity of lipase immobilized in these microcapsules under different preparation conditions was investigated. Results indicated that the enzyme activity were mainly affected by lipase/alginate ratio and alginate mass concentration. The highest enzyme activity was found with 15 mg/mL enzyme loading and regular spherical microcapsules were obtained with 10 mg/mL alginate mass concentration. The microcapsule membrane creation was affected by both the relative molar mass and mass concentration of chitosan，through which the enzyme activity was also influenced. The pH value of chitosan solution regulated the ionization state of functional groups in both chitosan and alginate molecules，and hence the electrostatic binding in membrane generation，the enzyme protein encapsulation rate，and finally the enzyme activity. A maximum enzyme activity of 187 IU/g was achieved ultimately under preparation conditions with 15 mg/mL of lipase/alginate ratio，10 mg/mL of alginate mass concentration，50kDa of chitosan relative molar mass and 1 mg/mL of chitosan mass concentration with pH 3.0.

Novel synthesis and optimal reaction conditions for 4-amino-6-nitroresorcinol hydrochloride（ANR•HCl），a key intermidiate of poly（p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole）（PBO），were systematically studied. Effect of solvent dosage，activated carbon and FeSO4•7H2O，molar ratio of hydrazine hydrate and reaction time were optimizied with an L18（2×37）orthogonal test and a 2nd step optimization. ANR•HCl was obtained with 90.7% yield and 94.1% purity by selective reduction of 4,6- dinitroresorcinol（DNR）under the optimized conditions of 10.0g of DNR，1.5 g activated carbon，1.0g of FeSO4•7H2O，6.62 g of 85% hydrazine hydrate and reflux for 1 h in 150 mL ethanol. The refined ANR•HCl was identified by FT-IR，1H NMR，13C NMR and MS. The current process has the advantages of excellent product stability，high-selectivity，less organic pollution，easy operation and so on.

The biofouling of reverse osmosis membrane is reviewed based on literatures in recent years. The fouling mechanisms are firstly introduced，including the adsorption interaction between microorganism and membrane surface，and the effects of some factors on the microorganism deposition. The monitoring and early warning of biofouling is then described. Finally，the control and prevention methods for biofouling are discussed，including pretreatment，membrane surface modification，cleaning and microorganism quorum sensing inhibition.

The preparation method of sewage sludge adsorbents and its application development in the field of decontamination are introduced. The recent progress in preparation with direct drying method，traditional sludge activation carbonization method and microwave activation carbonization method are described. It is demonstrated that the structure of sludge carbon can be changed and the effiency of adsorption and decontamination can be improved through addition of metal oxide，polymer and relevent accessories into the sludge. Moreover，the decontamination mechanism of sludge adsorbents and the application of Langmuir Freundlich Models are also discussed.

The effect of biological nutrient removal depends on the quantity and activity of nitrobacteria in activated sludge and biofilm. At medium temperature range，the conversion of ammonia nitrogen into nitro nitrogen is mainly conducted by the medium temperature nitrifying bacteria. While，most of the medium temperature nitrobacteria are hibernated bellow 10 ℃ and lose their metabolic ability below 4 ℃，which resulted in the insufficient treatment for waste water can not reach the standards. In this study，cold-adaptive nitrobacteria were isolated by cultivating the activated sludge in low temperature（≤10 ℃）to make the cold tolerance nitrobacteria become the dominant bacteria，with which low-temperature-resistant nitrobacteria were constructed by using entrapped bioaugmentation technique and their effects for nitrogen removal were investigated.

The components of tar derived from co-coking of coal with waste tyre were analyzed by using GC-MS technique，and the effect waste tyre and its quality on tar yield from co-coking were investigated. Results showed that the tar components from tyre individual coking are acyclic，alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons with carbon numbers from 6 to 11. A “synergistic action” was observed during co-coking of coal with waste tyre，both tar yield and contents of phenols and esters in the tar were obviously affected when adding 3% waste tyre in blended coal. At same conditions，the particle size of waste tyre showed effect on the yield and quantity of tar，while the proportion of main components in the tar was slightly affected.

Super float valve（SFV）tray is a new type of trays developed by China University of Petroleum. SFV tray was designed with many innovation and optimization for valve structures combining the advantages of guide rectangular valve tray and micro V-grid fixed valve. The hydraulic and mass transfer performances of SFV were investigated with an air-water-oxygen system in a stainless steel column of 1200 mm in comparison with the traditional F1 tray. Experimental results showed that SFV has pressure drop lowered by 10%—20%，weeping rate lowered by 20%—30%，entrainment lowered by 20% and mass transfer efficiency increased by 10%—20% as compared with F1. The industrial application showed that the high performance SFV tray could be used to the design and restoration of columns.

SINOPEC Maoming Branch has made technical improvement to cracking heater of H110，H113，H114，H116，H117 and H120 in 1# pyrolysis cracking unit from 2009. This paper reports the comparison in running status of H116 and H117 before and after the technical improvement. Industrial running data showed that the radiant heat transfer efficiency has been improved greatly after improvement，the combustion consumption of the heater was lowered by 11% for the same procession amount，the emission of CO2 was largely reduced and the processing capacity of the heater was increased obviously，which made great improvement in both economical and environmental return of the unit.