According to the principles and implementary modalities of water recycling economy combined with the reality of petrochemical industry in China, a scheme for water recycling economy in petrochemical industry is proposed. An application example for water recycling economy in chemical and petrochemical industries is introduced, which is composed of large, medium and small scales of recycling.

On account of limitations of traditional agitators with individual or multiple impellers mounted on a single shaft，the emergence of combined double-shaft agitator is analyzed，and the related research and development are described. The working range for horizontal and vertical combined double-shaft agitators is discussed. Finally the development and application prospect of combined double-shaft agitators are addressed.

A bioflocculant MBF-18 with high flocculating activity was produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain JX18. Measurements of chemical analysis，UV and IR spectroscopies revealed that the bioflocculant MBF-18 is mainly composed of polysaccharides and distributed in the fermentation broth. Flocculation property study showed that MBF-18 has a high thermal stability and a wide pH serviceable range. The flocculating activity showed no decrease even at 100℃and kept stable with higher than 85% at pH 3.0—10.0. Further investigation revealed that the optimum concentration of this bioflocculant for flocculation was 2.5 mg/L，and CaCl2 was proved to be the best coagulant aid with an optimum concentration of 0.5 g/L. Scanning electron microscopy image of the solid-state MBF-18 showed that the bioflocculant has a linear morphology，and connected with Kaolin clay molecules upon flocculation.

Orthogonal test was used to study the osmium removal from ruthenium absorption liquid in RPBR（rotating packed bed reactor）via oxidation and vacuum degassing. Effects of reaction temperature，H2O2 dosage，rate of liquid flow and RPBR rotating speed for the oxidation and degassing of osmium were investigated. Results showed that these factors are in the order of H2O2 dosage，reaction temperature，rate of liquid flow and RPBR rotating speed. These results provided a theoretical basis for the preparation of ruthenium hydrochloric acid solution with osmium in ppm using RPBR via oxidation and vacuum degassing.

Continuous multistage counter-current fractional crystallization process was investigated for the separation of naphthalene and thionaphthene mixture in a column with a length of H=1350 mm and a inner diameter of Φ=50 mm. Impact factors for the separation efficiency of the crystallization column were systemically studied，including speed of stirring，height of crystal bed，fraction of naphthalene in the feed，and flux ratio. The mechanism for purification improvement was discussed，which was found as the counter-current washing. Better purification was obtained when the mass fraction of naphthalene in the feed was increased from 96.628% to 99.99% at 400mm crystal bed height with 10 r/min stirring speed and 2.29 reflux ratio. Finally，the number of theoretical plates about the crystallizer column was calculated，and the results were highly consistent with the experimental results.

A striping operation using compressed air to remove acrylonitrile from one-step condensate in a 300 mm plexiglass column was investigated. Improved pall ring，compound tray and fixed valve tray were used in the experiment as the internal components，which was proved to be effective to strip acrylonitrile from wastewater with compressed air. The temperature of condensate water showed an obvious influence for the acrylonitrile removal with gas stripping. Under same operating conditions，it was considered that the compound tray is better than the fixed tray in increasing acrylonitrile removal rate.

On the basis of the concept of heat transfer enhancement in the core flow，a new type of shell-and-tube heat exchanger with a combination of different diameter rod was designed. Corresponding mathematical and physical model on the shell side about the new type heat exchanger were established，and the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics were numerically investigated. Simulation results showed that the heat transfer coefficient of the new type of heat exchanger approximates that of rod baffle heat exchanger，but the flow pressure drop is much less than the latter，which indicated that the comprehensive performance of the former is superior to that of the latter，especially under high Reynolds numbers.

Catalytic reduction of SO2 to elemental sulfur can not only remove SO2 pollution but also obtain elemental sulfur. The reaction process and catalytic mechanisms for the reduction of sulfur dioxide to sulfur are discussed in detail when carbon，hydrogen，methane and carbon monoxide are used as the reductant respectively. Merits and demerits of different reductant are compared. Carbon thermal reduction of SO2 and direct catalytic reduction of SO2 by CO in flue gas are proposed to be the important development direction.

Alumina as a porous material，is generally used as catalyst supports，catalysts，adsorbents and ceramic materials because of its good porous structure，high chemical and thermal stability. As the development of material science，nanoscale alumina with special morphologies has been synthesized. Comparing with conventional alumina，nanoscale alumina displayed excellent behavior in adsorption and catalysis owing to their unique porosity and surface property. This review summarizes the hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis of nanoscale alumina and its precursor-boehmite. The formation mechanism and catalytic applications of nanoscale boehmite with different morphologies are discussed. Finally，development tread for synthetic techniques and applications of nanoscale boehmite is proposed.

The structure-performance research in Ziegler-Natta catalyst is based on the detailed characterization of chemical and physical properties of complicated components and their interactions system. Therefore，this paper reviews the advances in the research of characterization for Ziegler-Natta catalysts used in alkene polymerization since the very beginning of Ziegler-Natta catalysts in 1950’s. The apparatus usually used and corresponding research of each instrument are introduced，including X-ray diffraction（XRD），electron paramagnetic resonance/electron spin resonance（EPR/ESR），nuclear magnetic resonance（NMR），infrared spectroscopy（IR），Raman spectroscopy（Raman），X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS），electron microscope（EM），thermo-gravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry（TG/DSC）and etc. Prospect of characterization research in this field is briefly discussed.

A series of Mg-Al acid-base compounds were prepared by coprecipitation method，and the effects of solid base and acid properties on the catalytic performance were studied. CO2-TPD and NH3-TPD results showed that the prepared Mg-Al compounds have both were weak acid and weak basic sites. The catalyst exhibited the best activity for acetone condensation to isophorone when the acid amount was 0.21 mmol/g and the basic amount was 0.015 mmol/g.

TiO2 nanotubes can not effectively absorb most of the visible light，which becomes the “bottleneck” for its practical application. Nonmetal element-doped TiO2 nanotubes can effectively reduce the TiO2 band gap and expand the scope of spectral response. This paper briefly describes the principles of and preparation methods for nonmetal-doped TiO2 nanotubes. The research advances of nonmetal single-element doping and nonmetal co-doping with other elements are discussed in detail. Current existing problems and future developing trends in this area are also discussed.

Magnetite nanoparticle is a kind of materials with many functions，and has wide application in such fields as medicine，catalysis and magnetic recording etc. This review summarizes the preparation methods of magnetic magnetite nanoparticles，including co-precipitation，thermal decomposition，microemulsion，and hydrothermal synthesis etc. Current strategies for the protection of magnetic nanoparticles are also discussed，such as surface modification，polymer coating，silica coating，carbon coating，gold coating and so on. Finally，the research prospect of magnetism particles is presented.

Ionic liquids（ILs）exhibit unique properties due to their special structure，such as wide temperatures range of liquid state，good solubility，high ionic conductivity，high thermal stability，very low vapor pressure and so on. ILs have received growing attention in the field of nanomaterials. In this paper，we summarize the development of ILs in the synthesis of nanomaterials including nano-metal，nano-oxide and nano-conducting polymer. We also illustrate its applications in the modification of nanomaterials and the preparation of solvent-free nanofluids.

The development and application of polymer based composite materials with vegetable fibre reinforcement are reviewed with a discussion on problems that harass their properties improvement. Some typical fibre surface treatment methods are described，and their influences on composite mechanical properties as well as their limits are represented. Such as chemical methods of alkali treatment，interface coupling treatment and grafting treatment，and physical methods of thermal treatment，steam-explosion treatment，discharge treatment and high-energy irradiation treatment. General shortcomings of the existing treatment techniques are summarized and some suggestions on the development of vegetable fibre surface treatment are proposed.

A star-shaped gel polymer electrolyte was synthesized by blocking diethylene glycol dimethylacrylate into olefine acid ester with polyhydroxy groups. Electrochemical properties of the gel electrolyte and battery were studied with cyclic voltammogram，AC impedance and XRD. Results showed that the block of diethylene glycol dimethylacrylate can improve the properties of gel polymer electrolyte，which exhibits 1.89 mS/cm of ionic conductivity at room temperature with a small dosage. The polymer battery displays excellent rate performance with impedance of 110 Ω and capacity maintenance ratio of 96% after 50 cycles. The block copolymer can reduce the activation energy of ionic conduction by disarranging the polymer structure and expanding the space between branches.

A new aldehyde-functionalized glycomonomer，1,2:3,4-Di-O-isopropylidene-6-O-(2’- formyl-4’-vinyl phenyl)-D-galactopyranose（IVDG），was designed and prepared by the reaction of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-O-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-D-galactopyranose（ITDG）with 2-hydroxy-5- vinylbenzaldehyde，and its structure was confirmed via elemental analysis，MS，and NMR spectroscopy. The radical polymerization of IVDG was successfully achieved using AIBN as initiator at 60 ℃ in THF. Removal of the protective isopropylidene group from the sugar residue in polyIVDG was carried out quantitatively using 88% formic acid at room temperature，yielding a novel polymer containing both galactopyranose and aldehyde functionalities. These amphiphilic polymers self-assembled into well-defined aldehydes-bearing polymeric micelles in aqueous solution without recourse to any surfactant. The hydrodynamic radius（Rh）of the micelles was 450nm by DLS in CONTIN algorithm. The micelles could be observed directly under TEM. The prepared nanospheres can potentially be applied in medicine and biotechnology.

With sodium dodecyl sulfonate as phase transfer catalyst，N,N-dialkyl chitosan（N,N-DLCS-1 and N,N-DLCS-2）with different degree of substitution were prepared and characterized by FTIR，EA and 1H NMR. Properties of monolayers of these two samples were also studied. Experimental results showed that N,N-DLCS-1 has a higher degree of substitution，both samples could form a monolayer at the air-water interface. The sample N,N-DLCS-1 showed higher collapse pressure πc，maximum compressibility modulus Cs－1 and smaller extrapolated area Aex，the monolayer from which is more inseparable and stable due to the stronger intermolecular hydrophobic interaction derived from the higher degree of alkyl substitution.

Lauric acid cellulose esters were synthesized in cellulose/LiCl/N,N-dimethylacetamide（DMAc）homogenous solution using p-toluenesulfonyl chloride for the in-situ activation of lauric acid. Structure and properties of the obtained lauric acid cellulose esters were characterized by means of IR，1H NMR，TG，etc. The esterification conditions were investigated and the results showed that the degree of substitution（DS）was influenced by mole ratios of cellulose repeat units/lauric acid/p-toluenesulfonyl chloride，reaction temperature and reaction time. Under the optimized reaction conditions，the highest DS was 2.58. TG analysis revealed that the inter- and intra-molecular interaction of cellulose was weakened by the esterification，and hence the cellulose lauric acid esters were endowed with preferable thermal processing characteristic. The products are soluble in various organic solvents，depending on the DS.

The blends of polypropylene（PP）and styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene elastomer（SEBS）were prepared by melt blending with a twin screw extruder. The phase behavior of the blends was investigated by means of wide angle X-ray diffraction，optical microscopy and a rheometer. Crystallizability of the blends was decreased as the increase in SEBS content，for which the haze values of injection-molded plaques decreased. The PP/SEBS blends showed a decreased tensile strength and and a increased impact strength as compared with PP. Results of rheological study showed that the blends turned to be co-continuous phase behavior as the increase in SEBS content.

Chitosan-acrylic acid-hydroxyethyl methacrylate（CS-AA-HEMA）hydrogel with high hardness was synthesized in acrylic acid（AA）solution with chitosan（CS）and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate（HEMA）using glutaraldehyde as crosslinker. Effects of concentrations of CS，AA and HEMA as well as the gel placed time on the hardness of hydrogel，and the state and distribution of water in the hydrogel were investigated. Results indicated that the hardness of CS-AA-HEMA hydrogel increased first and then decreased gradually with the increase in AA concentration，and the hardness increased obviously with the increase in concentrations of HEMA and CS as well as the extension of gel placed time. There were free water，intermediate water and non-freezing water in the CS-AA-HEMA hydrogel. When the concentration of AA was 7.257 mol/L，the hydrogel showed the highest content of equilibrium water and freezing water with 65.412% and 61.537%，respectively；while when the AA concentration was 4.354 mol/L，the hydrogel showed the highest non-freezing water with up to 13.549%. The dehydration temperature of CS-AA-HEMA hydrogel was 20—200 ℃，and the decomposition temperature was 380—470 ℃.

Application of glycosidase biocatalysis in non-aqueous phase and sugar-based directional transformation is one of the most fascinating topics in recent years. In this review，the principium of glycosidase is introduced and the application of glycoside in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and alkyl glycosides in non-aqueous system by glycosidase is summarized，particularly in catalyzing natural lead compounds with organic solvent-resistant glycosidase in non-aqueous phase，which provides a unique environment for efficient and selective catalysis，and it is desired to be an important research tool for high-performance modification of functional oligosaccharides and natural compounds in non-aqueous phase.

As a kind of multi-copper oxidases，laccase can catalyze the polymerization of phenolic，aromatic compounds with amino groups，and some bioactive substances with the concomitant reduction of oxygen to water in a four-electron transfer process. Accordingly，researchers have paid increasing attention to the catalytic mechanisms and applications of laccases. This review provides a brief discussion about the catalytic structure and applications of laccases in organic synthesis. The characteristics of structure，redox potential and its influencing factor，and laccase-mediator system are dedicated in the structure part. The homo- and co-polymerizations，cross-coupling oxidation，and non-phenolic substrates oxidized by laccase-mediator system were emphasized in the organic synthesis category. Finally，the current research and perspective of laccase in organic synthesis are discussed.

The chemical structure and properties of ascomycin are introduced，and the current application situation is reviewed. The progress in production of ascomycin via fermentation is presented with a discussion on existing problems. Technology of metabolic engineering used in fermentation is introduced especially. Furthermore，prospect for future research is proposed.

Reduction of CO2 emissions has become a public concern due to the global warming. Based on the CO2 fixation in succinic acid fermentation process，the research progress is reviewed with the microorganism fixing CO2 and producing succinic acid simultaneously，the principle of succinic acid process，and the genetic engineering to optimize the process and improve the efficiency. This review also emphasizes that genetic reconstruction will play an important role in future investigation. Furthermore，concerning the importance of amplification effect in practical application，the effect of reaction conditions on other coupling fermentation process is increasingly important，and correlated researches should be strengthened in this field.

A new process was proposed for preparation of brassylic acid by oxidation of methyl erucate. Brassylic acid was obtained through C=C bond epoxidation，epoxide hydrolysis and oxidative cleavage of vicinal diol from methyl erucate using hydrogen peroxide and oxygen as oxidants. Parameters for improving the epoxidation yield and the hydroxyl value of vicinal diol were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the larger the hydroxyl value of vicinal diol，the higher the total yield of brassylic acid，with the best yield of 70.3%. This process can be expected to have a good prospect for industrial application.

Through acylation and nitration reactions，2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-nitrophenyl ethyl carbonate was synthesized from 2-choro-4-fluorophenol，ethyl chloroformate and fuming nitric acid. Influencing factors，reaction mechanism and kinetics of acylation and nitration reactions were investigated. Proper experimental conditions for acylation reaction were found as：n(2-choro-4-fluorophenol)∶n(ethyl chloroformate)=1∶1.06，pH 6.8—7.0，reaction temperature 25 ℃ and reaction time 2 h. The optimal nitration reaction conditions were found as：n(HNO3)∶n(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl ethyl carbonate)=1∶1.25，reaction time 2 h，reaction temperature 20 ℃. The purity of 2-choro-4- fluoro-5-nitrophenyl ethyl ester was 99.21% as determined by HPLC，and the total yield of 2- choro-4-fluoro-5-nitrophenyl ethyl ester based on 2-choro-4-fluorophenol was 92.95%. The molecular structure of 2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl ethyl carbonate and 2-choro-4-fluoro-5-nitrophenyl ethyl ester were exactly identified by 1H-NMR，FT-IR and elementary analysis.

Heavy metal chelate DTCS was synthesied by amination and nucleophilic addition using St-g-NMA graft copolymer（N-methylolacrylamide grafted cassava starch）as starting material，diethylenetriamine as an amination agent and carbon disulfide as a nucleophilic addition reagent. Effects of reaction temperature and time，content of CS2 and solvent，as well as the alkalinity of reaction medium on sulphur content in DTCS were investigated. Meanwhile，the structure of DTCS was characterized by FTIR. The optimal synthetic conditions were found as：T=45 ℃，t=18 h，VCS2=1.5 mL，VS=40 mL，aNaOH=0.4. The obtained DTCS showed a sulphur content of higher than 6%，with which the removal efficiency of several heavy metal ions was close to 100%. FTIR analysis proved that the St-g-NMA graft copolymer was successfully modified by DTC.

Camostat mesilate，a drug for pancreatitis treatment was prepared from p-guanidinobenzoic acid hydrochloride and N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl-p-hydroxyphenylacetate in the presence of DCC（N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide）using DMAP（4-dimethylaminopyridine）as catalyst. p-Guanidinobenzoic acid hydrochloride was prepared from p-aminobenzoic acid and cyanamide by optimization of reaction conditions. This process is simple with easily available starting materials，which is suitable for industrial production.

On the bases of simulation theory for pollutant solute migration in porous media，this paper provides an overview on the research results for migration of pollutant solute in porous media with conventional migration models. The traditional convective-dispersion equation model and its development are described in detail. The stochastic migration model and other applicable transfer models are also introduced. The applicable scopes，advantages and disadvantages of these models are discussed. Finally，problems that needs to be concerned and possible development trends for future simulation study are suggested.

The treatment of biorefractory wastewater is regarded as the key field and major task in the environmental planning of China. The methods to treat biorefractory wastewater include extraction，adsorption，incineration，chemical oxidation and biological oxidation. But each of these methods has its limitation. Combining advanced oxidation process（as a pre-treatment）with biological method is attractive for the treatment of biorefractory wastewater. This coupled process is effective for the degradation of pollutants and also cost effective. This paper reviews the study of the coupled process of photo-Fenton system and biological method in recent 10 years. Attention is paid on the type of wastewater treated by this coupled process and the determination of the optimal coupled point. Various biological reactors and comparison of different pre-treatment methods are also introduced. Finally，some suggestions for future study of the coupled process of photo-Fenton system and biological method are proposed.

Removal of toluene was investigated via noble metal catalysts combined with low temperature plasma. The low temperature plasma used was produced by pulsed streamer discharge with needle-board. Toluene removal efficiency was investigated by variation in experimental parameters，such as pulse frequency，pulse peak voltage，inlet toluene concentration，gas flow rate and catalysts. Results indicated that the toluene removal efficiency was not simply increased or decreased with pulse frequency and pulse peak voltage，optimum values were found as f = 33 kHz and U = 15 kV，respectively. When inlet toluene concentration was increased from 60 to 180 mg/m3，the removal efficiency was increased gradually. The increase in gas flow rate would lead to the decrease in removal efficiency. Noble metal catalysts showed an obvious promoting effect for toluene degradation，the maximum values of toluene removal efficiency were 57.3% without a catalyst and 88.5% with a catalyst.

In order to determine the effect of composition and chlorine content in medical waste on PCDD/Fs（polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans）distribution，pyrolysis-combustion experiments were conducted with single component，two components and different chlorine contents. Results indicated that plastics with different chlorine content are different in both of PCDD/Fs generation and the concentration of chlorinated congeners. When PVC was combusted together with fiber，PCDD/Fs formation was enhanced，and the higher chlorinated congener was noticeably increased，which was varied with different PVC type. With the increase in chlorine content，the amounts of HxCDF，HpCDF and OCDF increased. No significant correlation between the total chlorine level in the fuel and the emission level of PCDD/Fs was observed. While，the yield of PCDD/Fs showed a conspicuous increase when chlorine content exceeded 1.73%. Furthermore，the PCDD/Fs formation characteristics were different for different PVC type even with the same chlorine content.

Degradation of reactive red dye 3BS was studied by using photocatalytic reactor of 3D-Nickel-Net coated with nano-TiO2 under different experimental conditions，such as initial reactive red dye concentration，pH value，amount of added H2O2。 Results indicated that the combined mode of UV/Nickel-Net/TiO2 showed the highest degradation efficiency for the reactive red dye and 99.8% of decolorization was achieved after 390mins treatment. With the increase in initial dye concentration，the percentage of decolorization was declined obviously. Decolorization percentage higher than 98% after 390 min treatment could be achieved when the initial dye concentration was 20 mg/L. The degradation was found at pH 7，the decolorization was as high as 99.2%. The degradation process could be further promoted by the addition of H2O2. The decolorization could be reached up to 99.4% after 150 min’s treatment with the addition of 1 g/L H2O2.

Polymeric substances（EPS）in brewery surplus activated sludge were extracted and compared with four different methods of NaOH，heating，streaming and iron-exchange. The EPS obtained was used for sludge flocculation and conditioning. The EPS extracted with NaOH method showed 45.4% flocculation rate. The EPS was beneficial for sludge settling and filtering，because of that the specific resistance of sludge could be declined by 15.2% with the EPS extracted with NaOH method.

For the optimization of ethylene cracking severity，an economical optimal index for ethylene and propylene yields was proposed. Optimization in such an economical index enabled to achieve an optimal cracking severity in Naphtha with different features and operational parameters. The introduction of an idea of receding-horizon optimization enabled to overcome the uncertainty from ethylene-and-propylene yield predictive model and the operating disturbance. Industrial application illustrated that the proposed optimization scheme is feasible and economical.