An experimental investigation for boiling heat transfer of gasoline-air mixtures outside horizontal spiral-flat tubes of different pitch was carried out with incondensable gas content of less than 5%. Results showed that the boiling heat transfer coefficient decreases as the increase in incondensable gas content，and the main factors differs as the gasoline mass flow changes. Finally，an experimental correlation for boiling heat transfer coefficient was established.

The processes of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) production from carbon dioxide with co-production of diols and epoxide production from olefins are described. DMC，instead of toxic phosgene，is used to develop a series of new clean technologies for the production of fine chemicals，such as ethyl-methyl，diethyl，dipropyl and dibutyl carbonates，furazolidone，hydrazine carbonate，methyl phenylamine and benzylamine carbamates，dimethyl p-phenylenediamine dicarbamate，methyl m-hydroxyl-amine and m-toluidine carbamates，dimethyl 4,4’-diphenyl methane and dimethyl- 1,6-hexanediamine dicarbamates，alkylamine methyl carbamate，methyl hydrazine，isocyanate，PU，PC，sulfometuron，metsulfuron-methyl and chlorimuron-ethyl etc. These new production technologies with the use of carbon dioxide indirectly and with the replacement of toxic phosgene can promote the optimization of chemical industry structure and shape a green high-tech fine chemical eco-industry.

With the advantages of non-toxicity，non-flammability，cheapness and mild critical point conditions，carbon dioxide（CO2）has become the most adequately studied supercritical fluid medium that is widely used in extraction，chemical reaction，material preparation etc. as a favored alternative to conventional solvent. This review summarizes the utilization of CO2 in organic synthesis both as a reagent and as a medium in recent years，especially，as starting materials to prepare organic carbonates，organic acids，phenolic acid，formic acid and their derivatives.

Effects of temperature on the flux of pure solvents through linear low-density polyethylene（LLDPE）membrane were investigated using a pervaporation setup. Permeation activation energies of five solvents were regressed from experimental data using Arrhenius equation. Equilibrium absorption data of each single solvent in the membrane were obtained from swelling experiment，from which the diffusion coefficients through the membrane of the five solvents at 25 ℃ were calculated. The permeation flux was found in the order of n-hexane > n-heptane > cyclohexane > acetone > n-methyl pyrrolidone（NMP），and the absorption capability in the membrane was in the order of NMP > cyclohexane > n-hexane > n-heptane > acetone.

A combined emulsification technique was introduced to intensify emulsification by means of ultrasonic and mechanical stirring. Effects of ultrasonic power，ultrasonic frequency，emulsification temperature and time on the dispersity of water in heavy-oil by the combined technique or ultrasonic stirring alone were investigated on the basis of Sauter mean diameter（SMD）calculation. Results showed that the combined technique could achieve a higher dispersity of water with a 4—8 μm decrease in SMD of the disperse phase. The dispersity of water increases with the increase in ultrasonic power and emulsification temperature，while the emulsification temperature should not be higher than 90 ℃. Lower ultrasonic frequencies are favorable to the micronization of water in heavy oil. With the increase in emulsification time，the dispersity of water first increase and then decrease. As a result，the optimal experimental conditions can be considered as is 500—600 W of ultrasonic power，25—40 kHz of ultrasonic frequency，70—80 ℃ of emulsification temperature，and about 30min of emulsification time.

Based on integral modeling method，FLUENT software was used to simulate fluidized bed jet mill to explore the changes in internal flow field under different actuating medium. Simulation results showed that there is little difference in air flow velocity pressure with different actuating medium，while a higher outlet velocity can be obtained when actuating medium with lower molecular weight flow through the Laval nozzle. Meanwhile，higher velocity of injective air in grinding chamber provides more chance for particles to enter the axial velocity area. Therefore，an actuating medium with lower molecular weight can increase the grinding efficiency effectively. Simulation results for different inlet pressure and back pressure on grinding airflow showed that the airflow velocity increases obviously with the building up in the inlet pressure，but less effected by the building up in the back pressure .

Short-staple polyester filter cloth was utilized as the separation medium to develop a submerged dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR). The treatment efficiency and operation characteristics of DMBR were studied. Results showed that the removal efficiency of the DMBR for average COD，NH4+-N and total nitrogen were 89.00%，82.50% and 44.85%，respectively，and the effluent turbidity was about 1NTU. The outflow water quality was better than the first grade A required by the discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plant，and the treated water can be used for town landscape. Analysis in variation of filtration pressure and flux showed that the dynamic membrane could be formed within 10 h with a flux of 37.9L·m－2·h－1，and its backwashing period was about 30 h.

Separation process was investigated with 3-tube polyethylene microfiltration membrane based on the difference in concentration，operation pressure and inlet arrangement. Results indicated that the 3-tube membrane showed characteristics of higher permeation flux and less energy consumption when the concentration was 0.25%. The permeation flux with tangential inlet was 2 times of that with radial inlet. An optimum operation pressure was observed for the rotating flow of tangential inlet when the concentration was 0.5%.

The phase equilibrium data of cyclopentane (CP)-methane hydrates in NaCl aqueous solutions were measured by pressure search procedure with a viewable experimental apparatus for gas hydrate. The formation and dissociation heats of CP-methane hydrates were calculated based on these phase equilibrium data using Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The formation of hydrate became markedly easier after CP addition to methane. At temperature higher than the quadruple point of pure CP hydrate，CP-methane hydrates could be formed at a low pressure when methane was used as a help gas. The phase equilibrium pressure of CP-methane hydrates increased with the increase in temperature，and linearly increased with NaCl concentration in solution. Moreover，the effect of temperature and NaCl concentration was more obvious at a higher temperature. The formation and dissociation heat of CP-methane hydrates decreased with the increase in temperature and NaCl concentration.

Extraction of organic acids from corn polyols residue was carried out with tributyl phosphate（TBP）as complexing agent. Effects of varying parameters were investigated，including complexing agent concentration，diluent type，extraction time，oil water ratio（O/W），pH value of the residue and stages of extraction. The extraction ratio for organic acids could be achieved to 90.7% after a 4-stage extraction.

Advances in the carbonylation synthesis of dimethyl carbonate（DMC）from methanol or dimethyl ether with carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide were summarized. Merits and drawbacks of each technological route were analyzed. The oxidative carbonylation of methanol has drawbacks of low activity，easier deactivation and difficult regeneration of catalysts；low conversion of reactant；complicated technology for catalyst preparation；rigor reaction conditions；difficulty in the activation of CO2. Finally，emphasis for research and development in the synthesis technology of DMC was proposed.

Through upgrading, bio-oil by biomass fast pyrolysis is promising technology for diesel or gasoline substitute. Biomass to bio-oil is considered extensively a controllable technology with a fast progress. But the upgrading or refinery of bio-oil is complex. The paper summarized recent development of the technology of bio-oil upgrading or refinery, and the research way of aqueous of bio-oil for hydrogen and the unaqueous for oil is a promising scheme，and some suggestion for using bio-oil by classification is put forward.

Synthesis of methanol and dimethyl ether from catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide is one of the efficient methods to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide，which is of great value for economics and environmental protection. In the present review，the latest advances and characteristics in methanol and dimethyl ether synthesis from catalytic carbon dioxide hydrogenation were systematically summarized from aspects of catalyst preparation，choice of precipitant，calcination time，catalyst supporter and promoter.

Current situation of biodiesel synthesis catalyzed by lipase transesterification was introduced from the aspects of enzyme immobilization and non-aqueous media. Characteristics of ionic liquids as green solvents and effects on the lipase-catalyzed reaction were briefly described. It was clearly ascertained that the use of ionic liquids can increase stability and maintain the catalytic activity of lipase. The application of ionic liquids as reaction medium for lipase-catalyzed biodiesel synthesis with high yield would be a highly potential possibility.

The deeply oxidation extraction desulfurization technology of FCC gasoline was studied with the investigation on the effects of oxidation conditions，extraction solvent，water content in the extraction solvent，and the volume ratio of solvent to oil. Sulfur content and sulfur compound distribution in the refined oil and the feed oil was also analyzed. Experimental results showed that heteropoly acid/phase transfer agent/H2O2 is a very effective catalytic oxidation system for the desulfurization. With the increase in the volume ratio of solvent to oil or the water content in extraction solvent，the desulfurization ratio of gasoline decreased while the yield of gasoline increased. With 1∶1 volume ratio of solvent to oil and 10% water content in the extraction solvent，the desulfurization ratio and yield of gasoline were achieved to 80% and 97.5% respectively. The catalytic oxidation system of heteropoly acid / phase transfer agent/H2O2 showed good activity for sulfur compounds with strong electronic destruction like benzothiophene and methyl-benzothiophene，and lower activity for sulfur compounds with weak electronic destruction like thiophene.

Metal nanocluster catalysts prepared by liquid solution chemical reaction usually show excellent catalytic performance. However，the nanoclusters are easily agglomerated，which generally decrease the catalytic performance. Therefore，to stabilize metal nanoclusters against agglomeration is crucial for application. This review summarizes the stabilization methods for metal nanoclusters，such as stabilizations using ligands，surfactants，polymers，ionic liquids or biomasses. The distribution and stabilization effect of support for metal nanoclusters is presented. Furthermore，some opinions about the study of metal nanocluster catalysts are proposed.

Methods for terpineol synthesis and recent research progress are reviewed according to catalyst types. Many catalyst can be used for terpineol synthesis，including inorganic acid，organic acid，solid super acid，ion-exchange resin，zeolite，mixed system，phase-transfer catalyst，ionic liquid and membrane catalyst，etc. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods are analyzed，and the direction for future development is proposed.

The efficient comprehensive utilization of spent hydrotreating catalysts in refinery has received considerable attention because of its increasing enormous quantity and contaminating the environment. In this paper，the progress in utilization of spent hydrotreating catalysts is summarized from three points of regeneration and recycling，reuse of spent hydrotreating catalysts in other processes and the preparation or recycling of useful materials from the spent catalysts. Besides that，the present imperfections and directions in the future are also propounded.

Mn-doped TiO2 nanocrystal photocatalysts，Mn-TiO2-S and Mn-TiO2-C，were prepared by simple hydrothermal synthesis using MnSO4·H2O and MnC2O4·4H2O as manganese source，respectively. The catalysts were characterized by X ray diffraction and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy，their photocatalytic activity for rhodamine B degradation was evaluated，and effects of manganese source and Mn doping amount were investigated. All the Mn-TiO2 showed an anatase crystallite structure and the Mn doping inhibited the growth of TiO2 particles. The particle size of Mn-TiO2-S was smaller than that of Mn-TiO2-C. The absorption edge of Mn-TiO2 shifted to the visible light region upon doping. The Mn-doped TiO2 showed obvious photocatalytic activity for rhodamine B degradation under visible light irradiation，and Mn-TiO2-S showed higher photocatalytic activity than the undoped TiO2 and Mn-TiO2-C.

Ti-bearing blast furnace slag was used to prepare photocatalyst GN. The photocatalytic activity was examined via rhodamine B degradation in different concentrations，and the reaction mechanism was primarily discussed through UV-vis absorption and infrared spectra. Equations for the reaction kinetics in different concentrations were obtained. The photocatalyst GN showed a high activity for rhodamine B degradation to organics with small molar mass. Also，the photocatalyzed degradation in different phases could be expressed with different equations which varied with the concentrations in waste water.

Preparation of polypyrrole with special characteristics and micro-morphologies by selecting specific dopants has attracted much attention in recent years. Characteristics and micro-morphologies of polypyrrole influenced by dopants are one of the major research contents. This paper discusses the doping mechanism of polypyrrole are expounded detailedly，and effects of different dopants on the characteristics and micro-morphologies of polypyrrole are introduced systemically.

Techniques utilized for poly (ethylene terephthalate)（PET）recycling and their recent developments are summarized，including melt recovery（direct reuse），incineration（energy reuse），and chemical degradation. Discussions are focused on chemical degradation，such as glycolysis，methanolysis，ammonolysis and hydrolysis. Appropriate technique for recycling PET should come from comprehensive understanding of purity and properties of PET as well the maturation and economic feasibility of recycling technique. Enzymatic depolymerization and depolymerization in supercritical fluids are two methods recently developed for PET recycling，the former is helpful to realize ecological reuse of PET wastes.

This paper introduces the advances and principle of sonochemical method in the preparation of nanosized materials. The mechanism of ultrasound effect and some preparation methods for nanosized materials are reviewed，including ultrasonic precipitation，ultrasonic spray pyrolysis，sonoelectrochemistry. Finally，prospects for the future development of sonochemical method the preparation of nanomaterials are discussed.

Recent applications of ionic liquids，such as [Bmim][BF4]，[Bmim][PF6]，[C2OHmim]Cl，[C2OHmim][BF4]，etc，for preparation of nanostructured TiO2 are reviewed. In addition to as solvents，ionic liquids can also be used as stabilizers in synthesizing nanostructured TiO2 with sol-gel，hydrothermal，microwave-assisted and electrochemistry methods. Compared with those in conventional organic solvents，nanostructured TiO2 prepared in ionic liquids exhibits smaller particle size and better dispersibility. Finally，problems and future research direction in this field are discussed.

Rosin-based waterborne polyurethanes（RWPU）were prepared from fumaropimaric acid polyester polyol（FAPP），polyether glycol（N-210）and toluene diisocyanate. Effects of the amount of dimethylol propionic acid（DMPA），R values and the amount of FAPP on properties of emulsions and RWPU films were studied. Properties of the products were characterized by FTIR spectra，specular gloss，pendulum hardness，tensile strength，impact strength，elongation at break and water-resistance. RWPU with excellent comprehensive properties was obtained when the amount of DMPA was 5%，R was 1.2，and the amount of FAPP was 35%，respectively.

Effect of ammonium polyphosphate with and without coupling agent treatment（T-APP and APP）on the flame retardant and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foams（RPUF）were analyzed by means of thermodynamic mechanical analysis（DMA），thermogravimeric analysis（TG）and limited oxygen index（LOI）. Results indicated that the addition of APP and T-APP can make an increase in LOI of RPUF，while the T-APP is more effective. The addition of T-APP has improved the compression strength and modulus of RPUF with respect to the compatibility enhancement derived from coupling agent.

Preparation of anotubes by microwave method is a new technology that make the use of dielectric effect of microwave on water. TiO2 nanotubes were obtained using microwave method from the precursor of TiO2 nanopowders prepared by sol-gel method，and then the samples were characterized by TEM and SEM. The obtained TiO2 nanotubes without washing by HCl have very complete shapes with diameter of 8—15 nm，inner diameter of 5—10 nm and length of 50—100 nm. Upon washing with HCl，the nanotubes structure would be partially destructed as observed with electron microscope.

UV-curable photosensitive coating technology has special requirements to the object being cured，the curing depth and adhesives，especially for that applied in high-speed automated production lines. On the basis of defect analysis of this technology，the present paper reports the preparation of UV-curable epoxy-acrylic photosensitive resin using epoxy resin and acrylic acid as starting materials，triphenylphosphine as catalyst，and p-benzenediol as inhibitor. Then epoxy-acrylate photosensitive coating was compounded by mixing the resin，reactive diluent and photosensitizer. Influences of the mole ratio，the feeding mode and temperature on resin synthesis，as well as the impact of sensitizer on coating behabiour are also discussed.

R-Ethyl-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate（R-CHBE）is used as a chiral building block for the synthesis of pharmaceutical target compounds. R-CHBE can be produced by the asymmetric reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate（COBE）. However，effective cofactor regeneration is a key step for the application of most oxidoreductases. In this research，the NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase gene（alr）was cloned from the genome of Sporobolomyces salmonicolor ZJU010，and the recombinant E.coli BL21/pET-alr strain was constructed. Asymmetric reduction of COBE to CHBE was performed using the recombinant E.coli BL21/pET-alr coupling with E.coli BL21/pET-gdh. The highest reduction activity was obtained by recombinant resting cells at 6∶1 weight ratio of E.coli BL21/pET-alr with E.coli BL21/pET-gdh. Yield and the enantiomeric excess（ee）of R-CHBE reached to 95.88% and 96%，respectively，after 22h bioconversion without adding coenzyme NADPH or NADP+. R-CHBE could be effectly produced using the recombinant E.coli BL21/pET-alr coupling with E.coli BL21/pET-gdh for NADPH regenerantion．

A method is described for successive purification of astaxanthin by medium-pressure silica gel column chromatography from Phaffia rhodozyma containing 20% astaxanthin at least. The column chromatography was performed by using 120—160 μm silica gel as filling material，petroleum ether-dichloromethane-acetone with 5∶2.5∶1 volume ratio as eluting solvent and the loading amount of 1∶7. The purity of obtained astaxanthin was higher than 97% and the average yields was 60% at least. The reclaimed eluting solvent can be used repeatedly，and the chromatography column can be used repeatedly through regeneration by acetone and equilibrated with petroleum. Compared with traditional method for astaxanthin purification，the current method has the advantages of less solvent usage，cheaper filling material，short production cycle and effective purification.

Methylal is not only an essential intermediate to synthesize polyoxymethylene，but also a down-stream product of methanol. This review summarizes the progress in methylal synthesis with evaluation and comparison of different technologies from methanol with formaldehyde，dimethyl ether，methanol with polyoxymethylene according to the difference in starting material and details in synthetic technology.

Hydroxytyrosol is one of the major natural phenolic compounds，mainly in virgin olive oil and the wastewater generated from olive oil processing. The main pharmacological activities of hydroxytyrosol are reviewed，including anti-cancer，anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Production of hydroxytyrosol by extraction and separation from olive oil waste residue and wastewater，chemical synthesis and biological synthesis are introduced.

Advanced oxidation process（AOP）with O3/H2O2 exhibits advantages of strong oxidation capacity and non-selectivity and has been widely used in the treatment of high-concentration，refractory，toxic and harmful organic wastewater. This review presents the mechanisms of O3/H2O2 AOP，and summarizes the application advances of O3/H2O2 AOP in the treatment of drinking water，printing and dyeing wastewater，papermaking wastewater，pesticide wastewater，coking wastewater，explosive wastewater and landfill leachate. It is indicated that the control of suitable O3 to H2O2 ratio for different wastewater systems is crucial for the degradation of organics.

Submicron particles can be agglomerated as a result of humifying and Coulomb force provided by charged droplets. This review summarizes the present research situation in the removal of submicron particles by charged water droplets with the introduction of interaction mechanisms and influence factors. Feasibility in the removal of fine particles and simultaneous removal of other pollutants from coal burning in the coal-fired flue is analyzed. Charged water droplets can substantially increase the removal efficiency for fine particles with traditional electrostatic precipitators，which shows a good application prospect for the capability of simultaneous removal.

A novel two-compartment photo-electro-chemical catalytic reactor was designed for the study of Crystal violet degradation with TiO2/Ti thin film electrode as the photo-anode and graphite as cathode. Effects of Crystal violet concentration，initial pH，and cathodic potentials on the decolorization efficiency of Crystal violet were investigated. The decoloration and mineralization processes of Crystal violet were preliminary discussed. Based on GC/MS analysis and the change in UV-vis absorption spectrum，the degradation process of Crystal violet was discussed. Experimental results showed that the decolorization ratio of Crystal violet was achieved to 98.3% within 120minutes with a mineralization ratio of about 20%—30% at conditions with Crystal violet initial concentration of 30 mg/L and initial pH of 3.0. Compared with the decolorization rate，the mineralization was slower.

The emission characteristic of oxidized and elemental mercury from fly ashes collected from Guangzhou Pearl River Power Plant（1#）and the First（2#）Second（3#）Electric Fields of Guangzhou Petrochemical Plant was investigated during thermal treatment using Ontario Hydro Methods（OHM）. Under different calcination temperature（200 ℃，400 ℃，600 ℃，800 ℃ and 1000 ℃），and different calcination time（30 min，60 min，90 min and 160 min），the emission amount of oxidized and elemental mercury from the fly ashes was determined subsequently. Results showed that the emission amount ranged from 1.955 ng to 669.87 ng for oxidized mercury and from 14.53 ng to 3501.15 ng for elemental mercury per gram fly ash during thermal treatment. When the fly ash was calcined up to 60 min，all the mercury existing in both forms was mostly emitted. The emission reached to the maximum at calcination temperature of 600 ℃（except for 3#）for oxidized mercury，and at 400 ℃ for elemental mercury. The emission amount of mercury was proportional to the unburned carbon content in fly ashes.

Organic extraction of P2O5 from the dissolution of phosphorite tailings with a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid was investigated with effects of extraction and back extraction conditions. The dissolution was purified firstly by evaporation to remove impurities. P2O5 extraction rate of higher than 68% could be achieved under the optimum conditions using n-butyl alcohol as extractant under ambient temperature for 10min from sample with P2O5 concentration of 48% and the phase ratio of 3∶1. The back extraction rate of P2O5 from organic phase could be achieved to higher than 90% using water as the back extractant with water dosage of 30% of the organic phase volume under ambient temperature for 5min. Concentration of the obtained H3PO4 product was as high as 50.49% with very low content of other impurities.

Application of 15 m2 scraped film evaporator in caprolactam production，which has already been localized in China，was calculated using Komori analytical model and basic heat transfer models combined with related physical and operating parameters of the equipment in actual production. Results from the theoretical model calculation were then compared with those from actual operation，and the deviations were thus discussed including those from operational parameters such as feeding flux and temperature，and those from the production process.

A comparative study for 1500 h activity and stability of LY-2008 and HTC-200 catalysts was conducted with a 500 mL adiabatic unit using the C6～C8 fraction of pyrolysis gasoline from Daqing Petrochemical Company as the feedstock under simulated industrial working conditions. Results showed that the activity and stability of LY-2008 was better than that of HTC-200 under same process conditions. The inlet temperature for LY-2008 was lower than that of HTC-200 by 10—15 ℃ at similar product index required. LY-2008 exhibited better comprehensive performance than HTC-200，showing a predictable industrial application prospect.