This review starts with a brief introduction on principles and methods of microbiological molecular ecology as well as their applications in soil remediation. In addition to the genetic information of soil microbial community，the use of microbial molecular ecological tools enables the monitoring of the growth and function of inoculant degrading microbials，as well as their interaction with the indigenous microorganisms. These information are of fundamental importance for the selection and screening of degradation microbial communities，the intensification of degradation process，and the evaluation of remediated soil. Application perspective of microbiological molecular ecology is also discussed.

A novel hydrogen storage method—hydrogen stored in hydrates is introduced. Hydrogen can be stored in different hydrate structures，such as structure Ⅱ（sⅡ），structure Ⅱ（sⅡ），structure H（sH）and semi-clathrate structure，etc. Related research works are reviewed comprehensively. Although the present results for hydrogen storage in hydrates can not meet the requirement of practical application，this technology is promising. Research results from different scholars are inconsistent，therefore，this technology needs to be improved through extensive research works. Finally，three directions for future study are suggested.

Room temperature ionic liquids（RTILs）have been paid ever-increasing attentions in extraction field and are regarded as an alternative green solvent for their peculiar properties，such as managed structure，non-volatility and selectivity to subject. The application of room temperature ionic liquids for extraction of organic compounds is summarized，including liquid-liquid extraction，liquid-solid extraction，liquid phase microextraction，solid phase microextraction，ultrasonic extraction and microwave extraction etc.

Based on the synthetic principle of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts，the possibility and existing problems of using high-gravity rotating packed bed in reactions with gas-liquid-solid three-phase products were studied. A suggestion for improvement was proposed，based on which a large-scale high-gravity rotating packed bed with 50 t/a yield was founded and used for catalyst preparation. Characterization results for the catalysts showed that all the physical properties are superior to the existing aldehyde hydrogenation catalysts.

Extraction of propionic acid by chemical complexation was investigated from simulation solution and fermentation broth. Methyl trioctyl-ammonium chloride（MTAC）diluted with octanol was used for the extraction，which had a higher selectivity for propionic acid over other organic acids and was less affected by pH and inorganic anions. The extraction equilibrium could be reached in 15 min when 1.2 mol/L of MTAC was applied with an extraction phase ratio of 3∶1（organic phase to water phase）. This system was believed to be adaptable for the extraction of propionic acid with high concentration. Over four-stage extraction，86.2% of propionic acid could be extracted.

Condensation heat transfer of gasoline-air mixture gas，with non-condensable gas mass quantity of 2%～13%，in horizontal inner coil tube was investigated through comparison with inner smooth tube. Results showed that the condensation heat transfer in coil tube is diminished when the content of noncondensable gas increases，and the average of condensation heat transfer in coil tube is higher than that in smooth tube. The condensation heat transfer coefficient could be predicted by Re and Co of liquid film，and a experimental correlation for condensation heat transfer coefficient in coil tube was established.

An experimental study for fluid hydrodynamic characteristics in thin water films falling down the outside of a vertical tube was performed with the analysis of several factors about the uniformity and stability of the film. Experimental data suggested that there is an optimum value of the annular distance in the range 0.5—2.0 mm and of the spray density in the range 250—700 kg/(m•h) for the falling-film device. Single-tube rotated 270°along the tube wall was used in the falling-film device in order to make the liquid flow tangentially. Several suggestions for the device design of outside tube falling film were proposed.

Chemical demulsification process was studied by using Turbiscan Lab® Expert stability analyzer，which revealed the phenomena of flocculation，coagulation，sedimentation，creaming and phase separation during the demulsification process. Simultaneously the rate of the above-mentioned phenomena and the droplet size changes were quantitatively analyzed. Results showed that flocculation and coagulation of water droplets occured in the middle of the W/O model emulsion，while kept stable in the middle of the O/W model emulsion. Moreover，creaming and sedimentation were observed in the top of the W/O model emulsion and in the bottom of the O/W model emulsion while other parts kept stable. As the demulsification process proceeds，the mean water droplet diameter in the middle of W/O emulsion increased from 29.07 μm（0 h）to 73.17 μm（1.8 h），while the mean oil droplet diameter in the middle of O/W emulsion increased from 12.95 μm（0 h）to 14.03μm（1.6 h）.

The performance and lifetime of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) are great influenced by whether the CO2 produced from the catalyst layer can vent from the diffusion layer and the anode channel. Thus，the understanding for the mechanism of bubble behavior is essential for DMFC optimization. In the present study，the bubble behavior from the anode diffusion layer into the anode channel in DMFC was simplified as the process of bubble formation and detachment from cross-orifice in steady liquid flow，which was experimentally investigated by using a visual system. Effects of the gas/liquid flow flux and the buoyancy on bubble formation and detachment were investigated. Results showed that the bubble formation is dependent on the gas pressure and the capillary pressure produced by surface tension. Compared with the bubble gestating process，bubble formation and detachment are much quicker. With the gas flow flux increase，the time interval of bubble formation decreases，the bubble coalescence site moves forward，the detaching time decreases first and then increases. With the liquid flow flux increase，slug flow evolves to bubbly flow gradually，the detaching time decreases quickly first and then becomes constant. The buoyancy has a strong impact on the bubble formation in down direction. It is much more difficult for bubble to form and detach from the orifice in down direction，which contributes to the buoyancy effect.

Advantages of second-generation biodiesel are reviewed on the basis of literatures. The preparation principle for second-generation biodiesel is described，and three main production processes are summarized as the direct hydrodeoxygenation of oils and fats，the hydrodeoxygenation followed by hydroisomerization and the refining blended with diesel fuel. Furthermore，catalysts for hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerization involved in the preparation process are also summarized. Problems in the development of second-generation biodiesel are discussed，and corresponding solutions are proposed.

Acid-base composite membranes derived from sulfonated polybenzimidazole (S-PBI) and sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) were prepared via solution blend process. Properties of the membranes were characterized in terms of swelling ratio in methanol aqueous solution，water uptake，methanol permeability coefficient and proton conductivity. Results indicated that the introduction of S-PBI reduced the methanol swelling and methanol permeability coefficient of the membranes. Although the proton conductivity decreased with the addition of S-PBI，the composite membrane showed a relatively high proton conductivity with certain S-PBI content at high temperature. Thus，the composite membranes could be used as proton exchange membranes for direct methanol fuel cell applications.

Diphenyl carbonate (DPC) is an important intermediate in chemistry industry. The synthesis of DPC via transesterification with phenol is a nonphosgene route instead of the conventional phosgene route，which includes the reactions of phenol with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) or with dimethyl oxalate (DMO). The principle and characteristic of these two transesterification reactions are discussed respectively. The development and corresponding characteristics of heterogeneous catalysts for the transesterification reactions are reviewed，including metal oxides，zeolites or hydrotlcite，and heteropolycation compounds.

Rare earth（RE）β nucleating agent，firstly developed for industrial application by Chinese scientists，is one type of β nucleating agents for polypropylene（PP）. Preparation methods and compositions of nucleating agents with single- and multi-core RE β crystalline form are described. Application situation of RE β nucleating agents especially La-containing nucleating agents in different PP homopolymer and copolymer are summarized comprehensively. RE β nucleating agents can be used in combining with α- nucleating agents and RE coupling agents with good collaborative effect. In brief，RE β nucleating agent has strong nucleation ability in forming β-PP that has high heat distortion temperature，impact strength and thermal stability etc. Further research for RE β nucleating agent should be focused on their structure and nucleation mechanisms，as well as combination rules with other additives.

Research progress in catalysts for direct hydration of cyclohexene is summarized，in which ion exchange resins and zeolites are two major catalysts. The modification of zeolite is an important research direction. Processes for cyclohexene hydration to produce cyclohexanol are reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages are compared. A new process with reactive distillation column using a co-solvent was proposed for the preparation of cyclohexanol by catalytic hydration of cyclohexene，which seems to offer a solution for those problems in existed technologies.

A process for the synthesis of tetrahydrolinalool from the residue of linalool rectification was studied. The residue contains dihydrolinalool and linalool. The synthetic process was investigated under different conditions of temperature，hydrogen pressure and the weight ratio of catalyst to reactant. Catalyst is the Lindlar catalyst，Raney Ni and 5%Pd/C. The main components of product were determined by GC/MS or 1H NMR spectra. With reaction conditions of temperature 90～92 ℃ and hydrogen pressure 2.0MPa for 4h，tetrahydrolinalool was obtained in 96.3% yield and 96.5% purity from the residue containing 38.3% dihydrolinalool and 59.2% linalool under the catalysis of 5%Pd/C.

Supported NaX zeolite membranes were successfully prepared on the outer surface of α-alumina tube via in-situ hydrothermal synthesis followed by ion-exchange with Co(NO3)2·6H2O for preparing catalytic membranes. The catalytic membrane samples were characterized by XRD，SEM and ICP. Results showed that the formation catalytic membranes was successful with an average thickness of 20 μm and the Co2+ content of about 8.40%. The catalytic contact membrane reactor prepared with the prepared catalytic membrane was used for styrene epoxidation，which exhibited higher catalytic activity than that of particulate catalyst with same Co2+ content. The catalytic membrane can be reused for seven times with high activity and stability，and no Co2+ loss was detected in the reaction system.

HMCM-22/MCM-41 composite molecular sieves with mesoporous and microporous structure were prepared under hydrothermal conditions from HMCM-22. Physicochemical properties of the as-synthesized catalysts were characterized by XRD，N2 adsorption-desorption and NH3-TPD. Results showed the existence of well-structured microphase MCM-22 zeolite and mesophase MCM-41 in the composite materials. Selective alkylation of toluene with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was carried out over HMCM-22/MCM-41 composite molecular sieves in a fixed-bed flow reactor. Effects of reaction conditions on the alkylation of toluene with DMC were investigated. The selectivity to p-xylene was higher than m- and o-isomers over HMCM-22/MCM-41 which exhibited good catalytic activity and selectivity.

Amorphous Ni-P catalyst was prepared by chemical reduction. Effects of initial solution pH and P/Ni molar ratio on the structure of amorphous Ni-P catalyst and the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline were investigated. Results showed that the initial solution pH and P/Ni molar ratio in the preparation process have great effects on the physicochemical properties of obtained amorphous Ni-P catalyst. Ni-P catalyst with amorphous structure was formed with high initial solution pH. With initial solution pH of 11.0，the amorphous Ni-P catalyst had a surface area of 13.7 m2/g with good thermal stability. When P/Ni molar ratio was less than 4，the amorphous phase content in the catalyst was low，and the optimum P/Ni molar ratio was 4. Using 0.2 g amorphous Ni-P catalyst，which was prepared with P/Ni molar ratio of 4 and initial solution pH of 11.0，for the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene，the conversion was 55.2% and the aniline yield was 53.8% after 3 h reaction.

Pure titanium dioxide photocatalysts were synthesized by controllable hydrolyzation from titanium tetrachloride. Effects of preparation conditions on catalytic activity were investigated，such as pH，temperature and concentration. The obtained titania particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy（TEM）and X-ray diffractometry（XRD）. Results indicated the obtained titania with anatase phase and an average particle size of about 13nm showed excellent dispersion properties and catalytic activities when the pH value was controlled at 6，the system temperature at 15 ℃ and the volume ratio of titanium tetrachloride with ethyl alcohol at 1∶3 during the preparation process.

Porous materials especially those with mesoporosity have attracted a great deal of attention owing to their potential applications. Recent years，a lot of substances have been used as templates or pore-forming agents to synthesize mesoporous materials，such as organic small molecules，ionic liquid and silica sources.These non-surfactant templating routes to mesoporous materials exhibit many advantages comparing to the traditional surfactant methods. Here we report the progress in the synthesis of silica-based mesoporous materials using non-surfactant structure-directing agents.

Progress in energy storage materials and supports is summarized together with the research works of the authors. Inorganic，organic phase change materials（PCMS）with respect to single，binary，multivariate systems and inorganic-organic PCMS at low temperature are reviewed. Corresponding strategies for resolving the existing problems in various energy storage materials are also discussed. Prospects for research focus and commercial application of low-temperature energy storage materials in the future are also proposed.

Poly（propylene carbonate）（PPC）is a new completely biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polycarbonate. Blending with other polymers is an effective way to improve the overall properties of PPC based materials. From the viewpoints of synthesis，performance characteristics and applications of PPC， advances in solvent blending and melt blending modification of PPC with degradable polymers，non-degradable polymers and inorganic particles for nearly a decade are reviewed and the developing tendency of PPC is discussed.

Polyaniline films were prepared on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers by a modified in-situ chemical polymerization. Hydrochloric，sulfuric and phosphoric acids were chosen as dopants respectively，and ammonium peroxydisulfate as the oxidant. Effect of H+ concentration on the conductivity of polyaniline films was investigated. FTIR spectra and morphology of PANI doped with different inorganic acids were analyzed and observed by attenuated total reflectance method (ATR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM).

PbO2/SPE composite membrane electrode was prepared by electroless plating directly deposited on Nafion membrane. The crystalline structure and morphology were analyzed by XRD and SEM. Results showed that the deposited layer on the membrane has a single tetragonal b-PbO2 with homogenous and dense structure and particle size of about 300－500 nm. The anodic oxygen evolution characteristic and electrolytic ozone properties of the prepared b-PbO2/SPE composite membrane electrode was investigated by using Galvanostat experiments. Compared to the other two membrane electrodes，the b-PbO2/SPE membrane electrode is more suitable as anode material for electrolytic ozone generation. Under i= 1.5 A/cm2，ozone production reached to 49.64 mg/h with current efficiency of 14.1%，bath voltage of 4.33 V and power consumption of 102.7 W·h/(g O3).

Precursors of nano-NiO were prepared in aqueous solution through liquid-phase deposition with nickel sulfate as raw material，ammonium bicarbonate as precipitator，and Tween-80 as additive. Then NiO powder was prepared by calcining the precursor in muffle furnace. Product samples were characterized by XRD and SEM. Effect of the molar ratio of NiSO4·6H2O/NH4HCO3，reaction time，temperature for thermal treatment and dosage of Tween-80 on NiO yield and particle size were studied systematically. Results showed that under conditions with NiSO4·6H2O/NH4HCO3 of 1∶4，volume ratio of Tween-80/NiSO4 solution 1.25∶100，reaction time of 105 min，and NiO particles with particle size of 38—60 nm were obtained by thermal treatment of the precursor at 500 ℃，the yield could be reached to 79%.

Process systems engineering（PSE）is playing an increasingly important role in the development of biorefinery. This paper introduces the existing application of PSE in process development，enterprise production and regional system design of biorefinery. To meet the requirements of biorefinery development，the possibility and necessity of PSE application in bio-reaction process simulation，enterprise production process optimization and production management optimization are discussed. Two important future directions of PSE’s application in biorefinery are proposed，one of which is the effort in large-scale system analysis for a complete biorefinery system including agriculture and forestry， and the other is the interdisciplinary cooperation with economics，management science and other sciences.

Cobalt blue pigment was prepared by self-propagating combustion and calcination from xerogel precursor prepared by sol-gel method. Factors influencing the gel formation and combustion characteristics as well as the crystal structure of prepared cobalt blue were investigated，such as citric acid amount，sol reaction temperature，pH value，concentration of metal ions and ethylene glycol. Effects of thermal treatment methods and calcination temperature of the xerogel on the crystal structure of cobalt blue pigment were also investigated. Results showed that citric acid amount，sol reaction temperature and ethylene glycol have no effects on the crystal structure of cobalt blue pigment. The increasing in sol reaction temperature and concentration of Co2+ and Al3+（0.01～0.1mol /L ）was conducive to rapid gel formation. When the total Co2+ and Al3+concentration was as low as 0.005 mol / L，the cobalt blue pigment could not be formed with intact spinel structure. Suitable pH value（about 6.5）was favorable to citric acid ionization and complexation with metal ions，as well as the succeeding gel self-propagating combustion. Glycol could improve the agglomeration of cobalt blue pigment. Cobalt blue pigment with intact spinel structure could also not be formed just by gel self-propagating combustion. The crystal structure and dispersion properties of cobalt blue pigment could be improved by the combination of self-propagating combustion and calcination. By calcination after self-propagating combustion，cobalt blue pigment was obtained with more complete crystal structure and with brighter colors with the increasing of calcination temperature.

This review introduces the biological activated carbon（BAC）technology，biofilm formation，bioregeneration of activated carbon. Effects of activated carbon properties，microbes，ozone and backwashing on the efficiency for water treatment are discussed. Some applications of BAC in industry are introduced. The deficiency and development direction of the BAC process are also discussed.

Radiation technology is a new environmental pollution treatment technology，playing an important role in environmental protection. In this paper，the studies and applications of radiation technology in wastewater treatment are summarized，including the disinfection of wastewater as well as the removal of organic and inorganic compounds. The situation of radiation treatment device construction is also narrated in brief. Research progress and application prospect in combined technique of radiation technology with other wastewater treatment technologies are also discussed.

Laboratory generated chromium (Ⅵ) wastewater treatment was studied by selecting the sludges from fish ponds，pollutant carrying in the recirculation zone of Yangtze River，and landscape pond. Main process conditions for chromium (Ⅵ) wastewater treatment were investigated in making comprehensive utilization of the integrated properties of sludges，such as reduction，adsorption and complexation. Results showed that the sludge from fish ponds was the best；the treatment effect was better with pH value of 3～4 than that with pH of weak acid and neutral. For the selected wastewater with chromium (Ⅵ) concentration of 27 mg/L，15 g/150 mL sludge was sufficient，with which the removal was basically stable higher than 93% after 45 h. This shows that sludge is the convenient efficient and easy material to deal with laboratory Chromium (Ⅵ) wastewater.

PY-GC/MS was applied to analyze the components and contents in the cracking of turmeric industry solid waste. The cracking was conducted at heating rates of 400 ℃/S or 800 ℃/S and flash to 1000 ℃. Results showed that characteristic productions went dispersive on the TIC chart with the increase in heating rate，both components and contents of the productions were quite different under different heating rates. The major cracking components were found as aromatics and their derivatives (25.139%—47.542%)，and as alkanes and their derivatives (5.367%—16.307%).

Sawdust was pyrolyzed in a bench-scale fluidized bed and the mass balance of pyrolysis reaction was calculated. By installing an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) in the end of the fourth condenser，bio-oil yield increased from 54% to 72%，which not only prevented bio-oil from losing together with the produced gas，but also made the gas cleaner. When the pressure of condensers was maintained at a level of 100 Pa，the yield of bio-oil reached the maximum. Energy consumption of the pyrolysis process of sawdust was measured as about 2.01 MJ/kg. The chemical compositions of bio-oil were analyzed and classified with GC/MS and their physical properties were charactered.

14 representative ionic liquids（ILs）were synthesized，from which [Meim]DEP was chosen as an environment-friendly solvent for in situ enzymatic saccharification in view of its biocompatibility with both lignocellulose solubility and enzyme activity. With the implementation of corn stover pretreatment in [Meim]DEP，the enzymatic saccharification rate was directly enhanced to 2.4-fold and in situ enzymatic saccharification was realized. Furthermore，[Meim]DMP can be efficiently recovered and reused after the in situ enzymatic saccharification. The IL could keep good pretreatment characteristics after 5 times recycle.

To improve the alkali-extraction process in benzypenicillin sodium salt production，a continuous-process technology was adopted instead of the conventional intermittent production. Based on extraction principles，optimum process conditions were obtained by using orthogonal experimental design，which were found as 6% sodium carbonate solution，5min for vibration shock and 12.1cm2 sub-phase boundary area. An industrial test run was carried out under these conditions，the first extraction yield was entirely higher than 96% and the second extraction yield was higher than 99.9%.

Application of barotropic continuous dryer in polyphosphate production was introduced. Points for attention in the design of continuous dryer were discussed. Results showed that the development of barotropic continuous dryer in polyphosphate production was successful.