Abstract: Ionic liquids（ILs）exhibit unique properties due to their special structure，such as wide temperatures range of liquid state，good solubility，high ionic conductivity，high thermal stability，very low vapor pressure and so on. ILs have received growing attention in the field of nanomaterials. In this paper，we summarize the development of ILs in the synthesis of nanomaterials including nano-metal，nano-oxide and nano-conducting polymer. We also illustrate its applications in the modification of nanomaterials and the preparation of solvent-free nanofluids.