To understand the nature of DCL process and identify challenges in chemical engineering，this paper analyzes DCL technology in a view of rates balance between generation of free radical fragments through pyrolysis of coal structure and hydrogenation of the free radical fragments to products. The rate balance of these two fundamental reaction steps governs the performance of key equipments，such as the slurry preheater，the liquefaction reactor，as well as the high temperature separator.

The direct coal liquefaction technology, as one of the important routes to substitute oil, has attracted people’s attention and concern for a long time. Combining the practice of the world first direct coal liquefaction demonstration project, the paper describes the different developing courses and the latest progress of direct coal liquefaction technologies and elaborates the development process of new coal liquefaction technologies, technical characteristics, experimental work and research of core technologies. The paper also points out the orientation of future research and development of direct coal liquefaction technologies in the aspects of graded conversion based on coal characteristics, scaling up of reactor, process optimization, main product and by-product mix optimization, etc.

Progresses in the application of C5 fraction and the research of C5 fraction separation technology are reviewed. Characteristics of several important separation processes and some newly developed technologies，which are believed to have potentials with high energy efficiency and economic performance，are introduced，such as thermally coupled distillation，heat-integration，chemical absorption and membrane separation etc. The prospects for the separation technology of C5 fraction are discussed，such as optimization in technologies，energy saving and new extractant development etc.

A crucial issue for the popularization of high viscous polymer devolatilization process is to develop high efficiency mass transfer apparatus with improved surface renewal rate. For the limitations of conventional apparatuses，a vertical rotating packed bed for high viscous polymer devolatilization process is proposed. The devolatilization mechanism of the proposed apparatus is illustrated by analogizing with the structure of screw extruder. Results show that the rotating packed bed has a higher devolatilization efficiency and a lower energy consumption as compared with conventional devices. Using the proposed vertical rotating packed bed，the acrylonitrile monomer removal efficiency from polyacrylonitrile can be achieved to over 99% upon twice devolatilized. As the desorbed volatiles can depart as soon from the packed bed and then be transfered by vacuum bump，this proposed technology will efficiently prevent the secondary dissolution of the volatiles.

Bipolar membrane electrodialysis （BMED） is a novel membrane technology，with which H+ and OH- could be continuously produced under the effect of applied direct current via water decomposition occurred at the cation-anion interface of the bipolar membrane. Therefore，a variety of specific separation processes could be achieved by different combinations of bipolar membranes and ion-exchange membranes. Compared with conventional technologies，BMED has significant advantages such as high efficiency，environmental friendliness and convenient operation. In this paper，three different working models of BMED are introduced，and the recent progress of BMED in the fields of organic acid production，water desalination，albumen separation and ultrapure water production are discussed together with the prospects for further investigation and development.

The weeping rates of cross-type valve trays were measured in a φ1000mm column by using air-water system, and the influence of liquid flow rate and outlet weir height were studied. The weeping rates of the cross-type valve trays in different situations were compared with the interlaced cross-type valve trays, the combined directed valve trays and the F1 valve trays, which shows that the cross-type valve trays have better weeping performance for small liquid stream and when the gas velocity is higher than the valve hole critical gas-velocity. By correlating the experimental data, equations of gas velocity with weeping point of the cross-type valve trays were obtained.

The volumetric mass transfer coefficient was measured by chemical absorption reactions for two-stage spraying rotating packed bed (RPB) under different operating conditions. Effects of the high gravity factor β，the liquid flux and the gas flux on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient kyα in the RPB were investigated. Experimental results showed that the volumetric mass transfer coefficient kyα increases with the gas and the liquid fluxes. When β is small，the experimental curve slope is larger，and kyα increases sharply with the β increase. While，when β reaches to 100，the experimental curve slope becomes small，and kyα increases slowly with the β increase.

Chitosan microspheres immobilized with β-cyclodextrin were prepared by an inverse phase suspension method and cross-linked with epichlorohydrin. Structure of the microspheres was characterized by FTIR，SEM and XRD. The adsorption behavior of the microspheres for 2,4- dinitrophenol was investigated with the effects of adsorption time，pH，sodium chloride content and phenol concentration. Experimental results indicated that the microspheres are insoluble in acidic and basic solutions，and are capable to adsorb 2,4-dinitrophenol effectively. The adsorption reached to 325 mg/g instantaneously for a solution with pH 3.6. The adsorption behavior for 2,4- dinitrophenol of the modified chitosan microspheres is fitted into the Freundlich isotherms and pseudo second-order kinetics equation.

Recent reasearch progress and future development of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) for the production of ethanol using lignocellulosic feedstocks are reviewed. SSF has the advantages of simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation and is one process option for the production of ethanol from lignocellulose, through which the endproduct inhibition to the enzymatic hydrolysis can be reduced and the investment costs can also be reduced. Significant progress has been made with respect to the optimization for pretreatment, lowering the cost of enzymes, and the co-fermentation of both hexoses and pentoses during SSF. Presently, the SSF process for wheat straw as starting materials can be expected to give final ethanol concentration close to 40 g/L.

The developments of heteropolyacid (salt) catalysts and their applications in organic synthesis are reviewed with focuses on the corelation between molecular structure and catalytic characteristics. Heteropolyacids (salts) can be considered as excellent green catalysts and have great potentials in organic synthesis.

The CX process of Mitsui and the Hostalen process of Basell for HDPE production are introduced. The characteristic and disadvantages of different catalysts for the slurry process are summarized for comparison, including the PZ and RZ catalysts of Mitsui, the BCH and BCE catalysts of Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, the XYH catalyst of Liaoning Xiangyang Chemicals Group, the TH and Cr-series catalysts of Basell, and the JM-1 catalyst of Liaoyang Petrochemical Company. Some advices on the development and application of HDPE catalysts for the slurry process in China are proposed.

TiO2-SiO2 mixed oxides (TS) were prepared under different pH values by co-precipitation method and characterized by means of N2-physisortion，X-ray diffraction，temperature-programmed desorption and infrared spectroscopy. With these TS oxides as carrier and CuO, Cr2O3 and CeO2 as the active components, Cu-Cr-Ce/TS catalysts were prepared and their catalytic performance for the selective reduction of NO by NH3 was investigated between 140 ℃and 220 ℃. Results showed the Cu-Cr-Ce/TS catalyst，in which the TS was prepared under pH values between 10 and 11，appears to have the highest catalytic activity under lower temperature. This is due to the larger specific surface area and the more weak acid center of the TS support，through which a large number of NH3 molecules can be adsorbed as to react easily with NO.

Composite semiconductor nano crystallites WO3·NiO·0.33H2O were synthesized by using composite surfactant as dispersant under microwave radiation. The structure and photo absorption property were characterized by using XRD，TEM，BET，XPS and UV-Vis D R S techniques. Results showed that the prepared nano crystallites have smaller crystallite size，larger hole，larger specific surface area of 66.37 m2/g and broad wavelength absorption up to 600 nm. Therefore，the prepared nano crystallites have improved light energy utilization efficiency and enhanced photocatalytic activity.

TS-1 molecular sieves were synthesized through two different methods，one was using complex to improve the stability of titanium source and the other was the traditional method. These samples were characterized by using SEM，XRD，micro-structural analysis and IR，and their catalytic performance for propylene epoxidation with high concentration of hydrogen peroxide was investigated. Results showed that the TS-1 samples prepared by the two different methods have the same frame structure，shape，surface area and pore size distribution etc.，and their catalytic performance is also appropriately the same. However，the grain size form the traditional method is not uniform，while that from the method using complex to improve the stability of titanium source appears as lamellate uniform TS-1 molecular sieve. These results provide a possibility for the further study of TS-1 preparation and its industrial application through a relatively inexpensive synthetic process.

Sodium 1,4-butanediol bisulfosuccinate diester was synthesized from 1,4-butanediod, maleic anhydride and 1-octadecanol. The diesterfication reaction was catalyzed with phosphotungstic acid supported on silica (PW12/SiO2). The optimized conditions for the esterification were determined with orthogonal experiments as：molar ratio of 1,4-butanediol bismaleic acid monoester to 1-octadecanol was 1.00 : 2.20, amount of catalyst was ω=1.5%, reaction temperature was 150℃，reaction time was 8h，the esterification rate could reach to 97.2 % and the yield was up to 84.9%. The sulfonation reaction was carried out with the molar ratio of 1,4-butanediol bismaleic acid diester to NaHSO3 of 1.00 : 3.00 and 1.5% catalyst (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) at 90℃ for 4h，the sulphonation rate could reach to 92.7 % and the yield was up to 74.9%. The obtained sodium 1,4-butanediol bisulfosuccinate diester has a surface tension γcmc of 41.9mN/m，a CMC of 7.2×10-5 mol/L in aqueous solution at 25 ℃，indicating that the surfactant has a low CMC.

The recent progress in the preparation of silicon nanowires is reviewed，including the methods of laser ablation，chemical vapor deposition (CVD)，thermal evaporation，solution-growth，electrochemical technique and direct growth on silicon substrate. Advantages and disadvantages of these different methods in controlled preparation of silicon nanowires are discussed. A comprehensive review is given on the latest progress in the applications of silicon nanowires for sensors，optoelectronic devices and lithium ion battery. Finally，the existing problems and the research development trends are discussed.

The self-cleaning principle，preparation methods and industrialization status of superhydrophobic self-cleaning surfaces are reviewed. From the viewpoints of large-scale manufacture and self-cleaning durability，the problems in present fabrication processes of superhydrophobic self-cleaning surfaces are analyzed. The future developing trends are also discussed.

Stable waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was synthesized from toluene diisocyanate (TDI)，a polyether polyol and dihydroxymethylpropionic acid (DMPA) using castor oil as the crosslinking agent. Effects of NCO/OH，DMPA and castor oil on the water-resistance，stability and mechanical properties were investigated. Results showed that the castor oil modified WPU has better stability，and suitable amount of castor oil can improve the tensile strength and water-resistant properties of the film from WPU. The obtained WPU has excellent balanced properties when prepared with 7:3 mass ratio of polyether to castor oil，5% mass percent of DMPA，and 1.3 molar ratio of NCO to OH.

A series of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate-co-1,2-propylene succinate)s [P(BS-co-PS)] were synthesized by solution polycondensation combined with melt polycondensation from succinic acid with 1,4-butanediol and 1,2-propanediol. The chemical structures of the products were characterized by1H NMR. The characters of the polymers，such as relative molecular weight，molecular weight distribution，crystallinity，thermal properties and mechanical properties，were characterized. P(BS-co-PS) copolymers with molecular weight (Mn) higher than 60000 and molecular weight distribution less than 2.0 were obtained in a reaction time of 4h. With the increase of 1,2-propanediol content，the copolymer has a decrease in crystallinity and Tm and an increase in elongation at break. When the molar content of 1,2-propanediol is 30%，the polymer has an elongation at break as high as 417%. The decomposition temperature of the obtained copolymers is all above 300 ℃.

Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared by using luteolin as the template molecule，acrylamide as the functional monomer and EGDMA as the crosslinking agent. The prepared MIPs were used as solid-phase extraction (SPE) agent to extract luteolin from peanut hull，which exhibited very high selectivity and good recognition ability to luteolin. The obtained luteolin with the MIPs-SPE column has a purity of 96.2%，which is 20 percentage higher than that with silica gel column. Furthermore，compared with silica gel column，the MIPs-SPE column can be used for many times after elution and regeneration.

In order to expand the application of Radix platycodonis polysaccharide and broaden the slection for edible film materials，polysaccharide composite film was prepared by sheet glass flow casting，and the preparation conditions was optimized through response surface analysis. By using tensile strength as the evaluation indicator，the best preparation conditions were found as：Radix platycodonis polysaccharide 2.16%，sodium alginate 2.66% and glycerin 1.88%，from which the tensile strength of the obtained composite film was 7.875 MPa. By using folding endurance as the evaluation indicator，the best preparation conditions were found as：Radix platycodonis polysaccharide 2.04%，sodium alginate 1.92% and glycerin 1.97%，from which the folding endurance of the obtained composite film was 167 double fold. With Radix platycodonis polysaccharide 2.0%，sodium alginate 1.8% and glycerin 2.0%，the obtained composite film had the best balanced properties with tensile strength of 7.875 MPa and folding endurance of 167 double fold.

Perovskite-type mixed conductor BaCo0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ (BCFN) was synthesised through solid state reaction and charactered by SEM，XRD and O2-TPD. Influence of flow rate (Air or Helium) and temperature on the oxygen permeability of the BCFN membrane was investigated. It was found that the oxygen permeation is determined by the oxygen potential on both sides and body diffusion of the BCFN membrane. XRD results for both the freshly prepared and used membranes showed that the BCFN has phase stability and has perspect for practical application as oxygen permeation membrane.

A novel method was developed to prepare green rust (GR). Under the pH value close to neutral condition，ferric iron solution was slowly added into the ferrous solution. The pH value was carefully controlled simultaneously through adjusting the addition rate of NaOH solution. TEM photoes demonstrated that the GR obtained by this preparation technology only has the hexagon crystals and does not have acicular shape of iron hydroxide.

The preparation of chiral epichlorohydrin was studied by using asymmetric hydrolysis with (salen)Co(III)(OAc) catalyst. The influences of temperature，catalyst and water amount and reaction time on the optical purity of the produced epichlorohydrin were optimized with Box-Behnken mode of response surface method. A mathematical regression model for the optical purity of chiral epichlorohydrin was established，and the significance test and variance analysis for the regression equation were also analyzed. Results showed that the optimum conditions for the optical purity of chiral epichlorohydrin are：the temperature is 46.02 ℃，the molar ratio of water to epichlorohydrin is 61.10，the molar ratio of catalyst to epichlorohydrin is 0.003937 and the reaction time is 18 h. The predicted optimum optical purity of chiral epichlorohydrin is 102.18%，which is in consistent with the average measured value of 99.61%. Therefore，the regression equation is valid and reliable.

To enhance efficiency of asymmetric synthesis of (R)-2-octanonol with Oenococcus oeni CECT 4730，we applied in situ absorption technique to compose an aqueous/resin system for the reaction. The most suitable resin AB-8 was selected from 6 types of absorption resins with respect to the effect on the bioreduction. After evaluated effect of the load of resin and the substrate concentration in the aqueous/resin system，we found that a suitable aqueous/resin system with a matched load of resin can relieve substrate and product inhibition significantly and elevated the initial substrate concentration and product yield markedly. In an aqueous/resin system of 15 g/L resin AB-8，product yield could reach 58 % at the substrate concentration of 30 g/L with an 1.7 fold increase compared with the aqueous system.

Triptolide was extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f by pressurized liquid extraction with 1，2-dichloroethane. Main factors affecting the extraction process were discussed，and the optimum extraction conditions were obtained as：the solid to liquid ratio is 1:9.7，the extraction temperature is 115 ℃ and the extraction time is 80 min. Under the optimized conditions，the actual yield and purity of triptolide were 0.173‰ and 1.21％ respectively. This process has obvious advantages as compared with conventional reflux extraction.

The alkene ozonolysis reaction is introduced，and the reactions of the produced zwitterion with alcohols，amine oxides，water and Lewis acids as well as the zwitterion isomerization are discussed. Applications of the corresponding products from these reactions of zwitterion in chemical industry，pharmaceuticals and fragrant compounds are summarized. The development in the research of zwitterion reactions in recent ten years is introduced in detail.

The importance of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose was introduced briefly, and the synthetic route was analyzed and selected. The target compound was obtained by acetylation, bromination and hydrolysis of D-glucopyranose. Structure of the product was affirmed by 1H NMR. The synthetic process was optimized, with which the yield of bromination is as high as 87.3% and is 14% higher than before. The total yield of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose was 50.6%, which is about 6% higher than before. This improved synthese is more safe and more environmental benign.

Biurea was successfully synthesized from ketazine，urea and water by a one-step process. The structure and physical properties of the produced biurea was confirmed by IR spectrometry，TG-DTA and DSC. The reaction conditions were investigated including the ratio of ketazine to urea，the urea concentration，reaction time and the recycling of the mother liquor. The prepared biurea was used to the synthesis of azo-diformamide，and the obtained product can achieve the excellent product quality as stated by HG/T 2097—2008 standard.

The control of point source pollution generally depends on macro-control discharge standards in China，such as COD and BOD. However，these indicators can not effectively regulate the discharges containing trace toxicants，especially trace organic toxicants. Hence，the progress of three macro analysis technologies is reviewed in this paper. These technologies include whole effluents toxicity (WET)，toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) and toxicity reduce evaluation (TRE)，which have been used in the field of ecological risk evaluation and management in USA，UK and so on. Furthermore，the application of (Q)SAR mathematical models and molecular ecotoxicology in some developed countries，which are two effective micro evaluation methods for organic toxicants，are also analyzed. Finally，some useful suggestions to enhance study on technology and policy for the ecological risk management of point source effluent in China are proposed.

With the increase of environment pollution from tail gas of vehicles，decrease of sulfur contents in fuel oil becomes more and more important. The advances in hydrogen peroxide as oxidant for deep desulfurization of diesel are reviewed. Much attention should be given in increasing the catalytic efficiency and improving catalyst separation.

The electro-Fenton degradation of azo dye methyl orange (MO) in water was conducted with four different cathodes (plumbaginous cathode，steel wire cathode，titanizing steel wire cathode and silver-gilt steel wire cathode)，and the effect of cathode on the removal rate of MO was investigated. The decoloration value of MO is the highest with the silver-gilt steel wire cathode under same conditions，and then the titanizing steel wire cathode，the steel wire cathode and the plumbaginous cathode in turn. Moreover，the degradation of MO accorded with a first order kinetic equation with all the four different cathodes.

By means of single-factor experimental method，Fenton-like reagent was applied to treat molasses alcohol wastewater. Results showed that the optimal processing parameters are：the initial pH=6.0，1000g/m3 of FeCl3•6H2O，6.7L/m3 of 3%H2O2 and a stirring time for 5min，under which the color and COD removal rates are 90.35% and 77.28% respectively.

Biosorption is regarded as a cost-effective biotechnology for the treatment of high volume and low concentration complex wastewater containing heavy metal(s). Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the promising biosorbents for heavy metal removal. In this paper，the main influence factors for the biosorption of Cd2+ by Saccharomyces cerevisiae are discussed. Results indicated that the pH value affects obviously the biosorption performance for Cd2+. The maximum biosorption capacity of unit biomass is reached at pH 4 for both the free and immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae，and the lower or higher pH values are not beneficial for the biosorption. The coexisting ions K+，Ca2+，Na+and Mg2+ have no obvious impact on the biosorption of Cd2+ by statistic analysis at low concentration. While when the concentration of any K+，Ca2+，Na+or Mg2+ ion is higher than 5 mg/L，the removal of Cd2+ would be affectted，and the impact sequence is K+＜Na+＜Ca2+＜Mg2+. The disturbing heavy metal ions Zn2+，Fe2+，Cu2+ and Pb2+ affect the biosorption of Cd2+，and the impact sequence is Pb2+< Zn2+< Fe2+< Cu2+. The competing impact of Cu2+ for the Cd2+ biosorption is most poignant in all disturbing heavy metal ions because Cd2+ ion is nearly not adsorbed at 50mg/L Cu2+ or higher.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is one of persistent organic pollutants, which is widely used as wood preservative, fungicide and herbicide. Because of its toxicity and widespread distribution, it has worldwide contaminated soil, surface water and underground water. The immobilization conditions for the PCP degradation bacteria NERCDT-A, NERCDT-B, NERCDT-C and NERCDT-D were investigated with the orthogonal method including immobilization material selection, pH of solution and amount of inoculation. The immobilized bacteria showed higher degradation efficiency for PCP than the bacteria in solution. The Monod parameters of different immobilized bacteria have been obtained from the degradation kinetics.

The technological process for the separation of methylcyclopentane from raffinate oil was studied. Simulated by Aspen Plus software，the optimum design parameters，operating condition，heat duty of condenser and heater were obtained for common distillation. The separation of methylcyclopentane with methanol as entrainer in azeotropic distillation was also simulated. Meanwhile，the optimum design and operating condition of the azeotropic distillation column for methylcyclopentane were obtained.

Wiped film evaporator was used for the dehydration process of thermosetting PF resin production. Effect of vacuum degree，feed temperature，feed speed and heating temperature on the separation efficiency was investigated. This technique has been developed successly in the industrial process of phenolic resin production.