Oil shale is an unconventional energy and has enormous reserves in the world. As a petroleum alternative,oil shale has a broad prospect. Oil shale is defined as a sedimentary rock containing organic matter (kerogen). When heating oil shale to a temperature around 500℃ in the absence of air,shale oil is obtained by pyrolysis of kerogen,and then it can be used as fuel oil after processing. Oil shale can also be used for generating steam and electricity by direct combustion. Electricity is generated by oil shale combustion in Estonia,China and Germany. The reserves and processing and utilization of oil shale in the world are introduced. Currently there are mainly three countries producing shale oil in the world. These countries and shale oil productions are as follows,China (800000t),Estonia (500000t),Brazil (180000t),while only a few production in other countries. Shale oil production in China is the largest in the world,and currently there are some 10 oil shale retorting plants in operation in China. Fushun Mining Group Company in Liaoning province produced about 350000t shale oil in 2013,its imported ATP unit with a capacity of 6000t/d for particulate oil shale has been commissioned and is extending continuous running time gradually. Progress has also been made in other place for oil shale retorting,such as Longkou,Shandong. There is no shale oil industrialized production in the USA,but long-term research and development of aboveground and in-situ retorting technologies for oil shale have been made in a number of universities,companies and research institutes. Three main types of oil shale retort:Lump shale gas heat carrier retort,particulate shale solid heat carrier retort and pulverized shale fluidized bed oil shale retort are presented. Meanwhile,the advantages and disadvantages of shale oil retorts in different countries are discussed.

China has abundant oil shale resources,which amount to 47.6×10⁹t shale oil. Now,the domestic enterprises produce shale oil mainly by the Fushun retort,which is characterized as mature technology,steady operation,but low oil recovery and limited capacity. In this paper several retorting technologies are introduced,including the technology being used,the technology to be commercialized,and the technology which was put into operation but discontinued. Analyses show that oil shale retorting in China is developing rapidly and growth of the industry is expected. The modified Fushun retort could increase oil recovery. Self-developed Chengda gas heat carrier retort has begun commercialized operation. Proprietary solid heat carrier retort has been developed. However,there are still many problems to be resolved,such as small single unit capacity,low oil recovery,utilization of semi-coke. Furthermore,the proprietary solid heat carrier retort is still in the experimental stage. No substantial progress has been made in import of foreign advanced retorting technology. In addition,oil recovery needs to be improved,and oil washing is still immature in China.

It is necessary to separate the amino acids from the fermentation broth during the process of amino acids production. The application of electro-membrane process(EMP) in the treatment of fermentation broth is becoming popular. This paper introduced the applications of conventional electrodialysis,bipolar membrane electrodialysis,ion-substitute electrodialysis and electrometathesis in fermentation industry,and described the stack configuration,the working principle and the application cases. It is also pointed out that the EMP can be used for the fractionation of amino acid mixtures,the desalination of fermentation broth and the production of amino acids from the corresponding salts. The process performance can be improved by optimizing stack configuration and operation parameters as well as applying novel membranes. It should be noted that the existing researches were mainly in experimental level and the simulated instead of real fermentation broth was used in the research,thus the reports of large-scale application were rarely available. However,it was predicted that the energy-efficient and environment-friendly electro-membrane process will play an important role in the treatment of amino acids fermentation broth in the future.

This paper summarized the split mechanical seal structure design and theoretical research status. Sealing ways of parting interface include sealing by connecting natural fractures,sealing with elastic gasket filled in pit and sealing through smoothing parting surfaces;location modes of parting surfaces are divided into five types,locating respectively by connecting fractures,external force compressing,locating elements,seats of seal rings and installation tools;fracture connections of split elastic auxiliary seal ring contain overlapping connection,inserting connection,buckling connection and the connection with standard elastic seal rings. This article further indicated that there are still some problems in the split mechanical seal field,such as suboptimal structure design,little theoretical research,imprecise measurements,no performance criteria and improper manufacturing technology. This article suggested possible solutions to the problems mentioned above. Establishing design method,enacting performance criteria and exploit effective measurement methods and feasibly efficient manufacturing process should be considered based on the development of theoretical temperature,deformation and leakage models of split mechanical seal.

Solubility is one of the major physiochemical properties. The importance of solubility cannot be ignored in chemical processes,drug discovery and environment. This review introduces the latest development of solubility prediction through quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) modeling and the ways of molecular description as well. Molecular descriptors are classified as constitutional descriptors,experimental parameters,and theoretical molecular descriptors,and their characteristics are viewed from different aspects. Also,three kinds of modeling methods (linear methods,nonlinear methods,and combination methods) used for solubility prediction are classified and their advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Based on the situation of the present QSPR studies of solubility,new ways are in need to predict solubility in more challenging systems (e.g. solvents at different pH and charged solutes) in the future.

Cooling performance of tradiator is an important factor affecting service life of electronic component and security. Heat pipe is widely used in high heat flux electronic components because of its small size,high cooling capacity and no consumption of power. The overall structure innovations of heat pipe radiator,particularly different arrangements and combinations of heat pipe are summarized,and thermal performance enhancements of heat pipe,including improvement of internal wick structure,complex internal wick structure manufacture are studied. The introduction of nano-fluid for heat transfer improvement is analyzed,and the relevant methods of heat sink thermal performance analysis and parameter optimization are introduced. The development trends and prospects of new structural design concept of heat pipe radiator,nano-fluid model and manufacture of compound liquid-absorbing core are proposed according to analyzing and summarizing research achievements.

Fluidized bed agglomerates were generated by the TEB atomization nozzle,the sizes of original particles,nucleation agglomerates,coherence agglomerates,paste agglomerates were distinguished by the cascade screening method,and different agglomeration stages could be identified. The most stable heterogeneous agglomerates coexistence region was taken as the research object to analyze the structural and textural characteristics in the growth process. Nucleation agglomerates was the basic element inducing coherence agglomerates. Adhesive growth of agglomerates was accompanied by increased porosity. With the injection liquid continuously filling the pores,agglomerates were gradually saturated. Adhesive growth rates of agglomerates of any size in the coexistence region were the same. In spite of the same fluidization conditions of agglomerates in the coexistence region,moisture contents and solids volume fractions of nucleation and coherence agglomerates were obviously different.

The performances of centrifugal extractors are mainly studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) method,which provides certain evaluation of the flow field;however,the flow field in the centrifugal extractor cylinder,especially the influences of the inlet radius on separation effect is rarely reported. In order to solve this problem,the Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) technology was used to analyze the internal flow field in the centrifugal extractor cylinder. A specially designed cylinder with the entrance radii of 7mm,10mm and 13mm,was tested using PIV to observe the flow field changes at different cross sections. The results showed that the fluid speed increased with the increase of cylinder radius in the terrestrial reference frame and vortex can be formed in the each separating cavity when the cylinder was taken as the reference frame. It was also found that when the entrance radius was10mm,the absolute value of the tangential velocity at each section was the highest among the tested radii and the liquid was more easily to flow towards the cylinder wall with a better separating effect. When the radial velocity relative to the rotary cylinder was positive,it was often the maximum relative velocity,indicating that the liquid passing the cylinder entrance can be thrown to the side wall,resulting in better separation.

The optimizing method of non dominated sorting genetic algorithm with elitist strategy(NSGA-Ⅱ)combined with process simulation software Aspen Plus has high time consumption in solving multi-objective optimization in chemical engineering. This paper presented a populations distributed parallel genetic algorithm(PDPGA),and assigned the simulated computation tasks to multiple computers in local area network(LAN),in order to optimize a vinyl chloride distillation process. The two optimization objects were the maximum production of vinyl chloride and the minimum total energy,and the six optimization parameters were mass reflux ratio,distillation rate and pressure of the low boiling tower and high boiling tower. The PDPGA and NSGA-Ⅱ were used to solve the problem. The populations and generations of both systems were 70. The results showed that PDPGA was able to fully use idle computers and improve optimizing efficiency and the quality of solutions.

Leaching stirred reactor is one of the important unit in leaching process. Reactor with reasonable optimization design contributes to leaching time reduction and leaching efficiency improvement. The leaching stirred reactor of Pangang Group Company was optimized by adjusting blade layer spacing,changing impeller installation layers or installing draft tube. The macroscopic flow structure was simulated for original and improved leaching stirred reactor with computational fluid dynamics(CFD) software Fluent. Results showed that the original double-impeller reactor with layer spacing C₂ at 1100mm contributed to small fluid axial velocity and serious “dead zone” phenomenon. The spacing C₂ in the double-impeller layer was adjusted to 1800mm and a three-impeller or draft tube was installed. Compared with the original reactor,the above improvement could contribute to fluid axial flow strengthening,“dead zone” areas reduction,flow structure variation improvement and fluid mixing efficiency enhancement.

Due to insufficient information on the absolute yields of the cracking product distribution,the existing optimization strategies for ethylene cracking furnace need to predict the cracking product distribution based on some cracking reaction models,and optimize the cracking furnace operation in an open-loop mode. The results of the optimization depend on the accuracy of the models. In this paper presented online measurement of methane yield (by weight),an important parameter in the cracking furnace operation,by modifying the cracking gas online sampling system in the ethylene cracking furnace. A closed-loop optimization method was proposed in order to obtain optimal ethylene and propane yield based on the online data of olefin-to-methane ratio(OMR),which was used in the iterative calculation of coil output temperature(COT). The proposed method was able to minimize the nonlinearity of the sensitive functions and the measuring errors of the online analyzers. In addition,this optimization procedure was independent on the feedstock properties and cracking reaction models,allowing less investment for the optimal system,and thus could have prospective industrial applications.

The problem of heat dissipation is the bottleneck for the further development of micro-devices because the high density,microminiaturization and functional systemic. In this paper,Nano-porous surfaces' excellent phase change heat transfer characteristics were analyzed to solve this problem. An experimental study on the pool boiling heat transfer performance of the aluminum base Al₂O₃ nano-porous film was conducted with water under normal pressure. Experimental results showed that Al₂O₃ nano-porous surface improved the heat transfer coefficient of the aluminum heat transfer surfaces 2—5 times compared with the smooth-surfaced devices,and could maintain high heat transfer coefficient in a long time,because the intensive vaporized core could produce large amount of small bubbles. The surface temperature of microelectronic could be effectively decreased by 3—5℃,even by more than 30℃ in nucleate boiling stage with nano-porous surface as heat transfer surface.

In order to explore the effects of the heat flux density,vacuum degree and flow on heat transfer performance of climbing film evaporator,this paper observed and analyzed the fluid flow pattern in the climbing film heating pipe,established the heat transfer experimental platform of climbing film evaporation system,and studied the heat transfer characteristics and fluid flow pattern of climbing film evaporator. The length of the climbing film evaporation pipe used in the experiment was 2200mm,the climbing film pipe was a quartz tube coated with transparent conductive film,the working medium was water,and electrical heating was employed in the evaporation section. The effects of the heat flux densities(6.71kW/m²≤ q≤ 26.79kW/m²),flow rates (20L/h≤ M≤ 100L/h) and vacuum degrees(0≤ P≤ 15kPa) on fluid flow pattern and heat transfer characteristics of the climbing film heating pipe were studied. The results showed that climbing film evaporation for the solution in the quartz pipe could be achieved in the way of electric heating. And bubbly flow,bulk flow,slug flow,plug flow,annular flow and mist flow were observed. When heat flux was less than 6.71kW/m²,climbing film evaporation was not formed. With the increase of the evaporation side heat flux density,annular flow length increased in the climbing film pipe,and the inner pipe heat transfer coefficient increased. With the increases of the flow,liquid turbulence intensity increased inside the climbing film pipe,the inner pipe heat transfer coefficient increased as well. And vacuum degree had a significant influence on the fluid flow pattern.

When an assembly oil pipeline is interconnected with a product oil pipelines,pressure regulating valve should be used to protect assembly pipelines by throttling and reducing pressure. In order to determine the security and reliability of a new type pressure regulating valve,numerical simulation was conducted to study the interior flow field in the pressure regulating valve. Based on computational fluid dynamics,visualization of the velocity and pressure distributions was obtained by simulating inner flow field under different openings,and the theoretical flow characteristic curve was determined. The valve was tested in the laboratory bench. The error between experimental result and simulation result was 11.5%,proving the rationality of the simulation results. The velocity and pressure contours and the quick-opening type flow characteristic curve of the valve were presented. The new type pressure regulating valve had good abilities of throttling and reducing pressure,and could be safely and reliably used in pipelines docking.

The conversion of syngas to mixed higher alcohols has attracted much attention in the field of energy and chemical engineering during the past decades. High performance catalysts and efficient separation process are key technologies for industrial large-scale application. This paper summarizes the latest research progress of process and catalyst for higher alcohols synthesis,in which catalytic systems including modified methanol catalysts,modified Fischer-Tropsch catalysts,MoS₂-based catalysts and other catalysts are well reviewed. A promising route to improve catalytic performance in mixed higher alcohols synthesis is proposed by controlling the structure and composition of catalyst precisely,so as to increase stability and selectivities. The trend of conversion of syngas to mixed higher alcohols directly is also suggested by coupling of multi-reactions and processes.

With increasingly serious air pollution and perfecting environmental protection laws,cleaner production of vehicle fuel is imperative. As a new type of desulfurization technology,more and more researches have focused on electrochemical desulfurization in recent years. Electrochemical desulfurization of vehicle fuel includes oxidation desulfurization and reduction desulfurization. Compared with the traditional hydrogenation desulfurization methods and other non-hydrogenation desulfurization methods,the electrochemistry desulfurization technology as a new desulfurization technology possesses the advantages of moderate operating conditions,high removal effectiveness of sulfur compounds,more simple process and automatic control. Advances in electrochemical oxidation desulfurization and reduction desulfurization,including reaction mechanism,experimental methods and desulfurization effect,are reviewed. Furthermore,the development and application trends of electrochemical desulfurization are proposed. Reaction mechanism,new electrode materials, composite electrolyte,and combination of composite desulfurization process with other desulfurization technology will become the future research directions of electrochemical desulfurization.

Coal-tar hydrogenation for refining motor fuel is an effective method to improve its additional value and clean utilization. As nitrogen compounds in coal-tar are complex,how to effectively remove N atom in nitrogen compounds is the research focus on the development of coal-tar hydrodenitrogenation(HDN) catalyst. The distribution and characteristics of nitrogen compounds in coal-tar are introduced,and the reaction network of typical coal-tar nitrogen compounds are discussed,including pyridine,quinoline,and indole. The research status of HDN catalyst is summarized from four aspects,which are HDN reaction mechanism,active components,carriers and promoters. Then,suggestions on the R&D of highly efficient HDN catalyst in coal-tar are proposed.

With increasing depletion of conventional fossil energy,more and more attention has been paid to biodiesel as a renewable alternative energy source. Microalgae oil extraction is a key part in promotion and the application of biodiesel. In this study,microalgae oil was extracted with organic solvents,and oil extraction yield of microalgae was investigated under different conditions. Microalgae oil extraction yield was especially studied by successive use of two organic solvents,methanol and petroleum ether. Temperature,liquid-material ratio and extraction time affected extraction rate,and the use of methanol and petroleum ether increased algae oil extraction yield significantly via two steps. Extraction yield was 58.71% when organic solvent was petroleum ether,liquid-material ratio was 15mL/g,temperature was 45℃ and extraction time was 5h. Moreover,extraction yield could be increased to 87.90% when methanol and petroleum ether were used successively in two steps,while temperature could be lowered to 35℃ under the same conditions of liquid-material ratio and extraction time.

Research progress in several types of catalysts for the hydrogenation of naphthalene was reviewed,such as the typical conventional catalysts based on the transition metals of Ni,Mo,Co,W and noble metal catalysts. Their application on the hydrogenation process of naphthalene and their advantages and disadvantages in activity,selectivity and sulfur tolerance were discussed. Progress in transition metal carbides,nitrides,phosphides and silicides catalysts was also introduced briefly and compared with former catalysts. The development trend of catalysts for naphthalene hydrogenation was pointed out. It indicated that the development of new catalysts was still the fundamental solution to the efficient utilization of naphthalene and other polycyclic aromatics.

Pt/USY,Pt/1.0K-USY and Pt/2.0K-USY hydro-upgrading catalysts were prepared. The typical structure and acidity of molecular sieves and catalysts were characterized by XRD,N₂ absorption-desorption,NH₃-TPD and Py-FT-IR. Then the hydro-upgrading performance of these catalysts was studied in a continuous down-flow fixed bed with stainless steel tubular reactor and refined FCC diesel oil was chosen as feedstock. The reaction results indicated that the activity of the catalysts mainly depended on their acid quantity,acid intensity,and acid distribution with the same Pt content and the similar pore structure. Suitable acidity was more favorable for the aromatic saturation and selective ring opening reaction. The diesel product meets national V Diesel standards.

Effect of impurities,such as ethyl mercaptan,methyl alcohol,butane and 1-butylene,on the performance of Pt-Sn-K/Al₂O₃ catalyst in the reaction of isobutane dehydrogenation to isobutene was investigated on a fixed bed reactor,and the product was analyzed by gas chromatography. The results showed that ethyl mercaptan,methyl alcohol,butane and1-butylene all had great influence on the isobutane conversion and isobutene selectivity of Pt-Sn-K/Al₂O₃ catalyst under the reaction condition of isobutane dehydrogenation to isobutene,i.e. at the temperature of 580℃,pressure of 0.1MPa,feedstock of H₂/i-C₄H₁₀(V)= 2,total space velocity GHSV= 2000h^-1,GHSV(i-C₄H₁₀)= 667h^-1;and the higher the impurities content was,the greater the influence was. Furthermore,how the impurities caused the deactivation of catalyst was analyzed.

Titanium dioxide nanotubes have been intensively concerned and studied in recent years due to their special morphology and highly ordered property. This paper reviewed recent advances in titanium dioxide nanotubes. Three kinds of preparation methods were discussed,including template synthesis,electrochemical anodization and hydrothermal synthesis. On this basis,it described the modification methods of titanium dioxide nanotubes in detail,including doping and compositing. The applications of titanium dioxide nanotubes and composites in the field of environment and energy were introduced briefly. Finally,the future studies on the formation mechanism,morphology control and modification of titanium dioxide nanotubes were proposed.

Due to its high sensitivity and strong anti-jamming ability,surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is widely used in surface science,analytical chemistry,physics and other fields,and is a powerful tool for qualitative identification of compounds with similar chemical composition. Therefore,SERS substrates with high-quality and high-activity have always been a focus of researchers. Gold and silver metallic nano-particles based on the Raman effect were first introduced; and non-metallic nanoparticle,ZnO,TiO₂,ZnS,Cu₂O,CdTe,CdS etc,as surface-enhanced Raman substrate were then summarized in terms of the SERS signal enhancement. Surface-enhanced Roman spectroscopic is currently applied in the liquid phase chromatographic detectors,medical instrumentation,forensic analysis and testing,and many other fields. In the future,the substrates of the complex of metal/semiconductor materials shall be focused on.

Oil production can be improved by profile control technologies,including the decrease of the permeability of high permeable zone and the increase of water-flooded sweep efficiency contributions. The most important chemical systems applied in present profile control technologies are weak gel systems with many great merits in promoting oil output. In this paper,we make a summarization on following aspects:The basic component of weak gel systems used in oil exploration by profile control technologies in recent years,the mechanism and condition of the formation of weak gel systems initiated by different crosslinking agents,and the evaluation methods of the performance of weak gel systems. It is also discussed that how additives,including stabilizing agents,bactericides,salt resistances,delay agents,etc.,and environmental factors,such as temperature,salinity,pH,etc.,affect the properties of weak gel systems. Based on the current application of weak gel systems,it is pointed out that there are still some problems unsolved in the profile control processes when the weak gel systems are employed. To develop new effective and inexpensive profile control agents and make the corresponding theoretical basis to new agents,methods to investigate the gelling mechanism of weak gel systems need to be improved. The improvement is going to be a transition from traditional macroscopic research methods to microscopic research methods,such as the laser light scattering,atomic force microscope and computer molecular dynamic simulation,etc.

Reactive inkjet printing is an important branch of inkjet-printing,for its devices can be synthesized at the same time as their final device geometries are patterned. Recent progress in functional materials,such as metal,polymer,and inorganic materials with reactive inkjet printing technology,is reviewed. It indicates that the research on inks is one key to develop reactive inkjet printing technology. The relationship between reactive inkjet printing and three dimensional printing is also introduced. It can be expected that reactive inkjet printing technology has board application in printed electronics,such as metallic circuits and organic light emitting devices.

As a promising battery system,lithium-sulfur battery with high theoretical energy density (2600W·h/kg) has attracted great attention. As one of the essential ingredients for lithium-sulfur batteries,sulfur cathode material is the key to improve the performance of batteries. However,there are some serious and unavoidable problems for lithium-sulfur battery,such as low utilization efficiency of sulfur in cathode and poor stability of electrode structure. In this review,the recent progress of sulfur composites as cathode materials for lithium-sulfur batteries is introduced. Cathode materials are divided into three kinds of composites,such as sulfur/carbon,sulfur/polymer and sulfur/oxide composite materials,which are discussed respectively. It is pointed out that the coming development of cathode materials for lithium-sulfur batteries should be focused on the combination of advantages of sulfur/polymer and sulfur/oxide composite materials,and the design of material structure,such as core-shell or core-shell-like structure for cathode materials. At the same time,high sulfur loading and high cycle stability will be good for the performance improvement of lithium-sulfur batteries.

Graphene,an atomic thick and two-dimensional structure lattice of carbon atoms with sp² hybridization,has not only excellent mechanical property and conductivity and large specific surface area,but also strong resistance to high temperature,acid and alkaline,which makes it very promising in the application of new carbon materials. In this review,special structure and properties of graphene are introduced,together with the current development; and recent progress in the use of graphene is summarized,which includes those as biological materials,film materials,catalytic materials,and energy storage materials. Problems in the practical application of graphene materials are analyzed,and the future development of graphene in electronics and composites is also discussed.

Silver nanoparticles (SNP) have attracted much attention due to its high efficiency,wide spectrum,low drug-resistance to bacteria,and high safety. The research achievements in antibacterial mechanisms of SNP are summarized,starting from the analyses about the antibacterial mechanisms of SNP from the following aspects:effect on living environments of bacteria,destruction of cell wall and cell membrane of bacteria,inhibition of DNA replication,suppression of respiration of enzyme and inhibition of activity of other enzymes. Next,the important factors in the antibacterial properties of SNP are discussed,including the particle size and morphology of SNP,stabilizers,reactive oxygen,culture medium,etc. Lastly,some vital problems and prospects in the study about the antibacterial properties of SNP are indicated.

Furazan energetic compounds are widely used as explosives or propellants in the military field because of their high energy density and good comprehensive properties. The large-scale synthesis of 3,4-diaminofurazan (DAF) as an important precursor compound lays a foundation for the application of furazan high energy density derivatives. In this paper,synthesis process and oxidation mechanism of DAF are introduced. Based on DAF as an intermediate,synthesis methods and properties of oxide and large ring,long chain,fused ring compounds are reviewed,which indicates that the detonation properties of furazan compounds are good and have potential application prospects. However,many nitro substituted or more furazan ring derivatives have disadvantages of poor stability and high sensitivity. According to this,the design of synthesizing new insensitive energetic furazan derivatives is considered as the effective strategy. Research on DAF synthesis process and strengthening development of furazan compounds are focuses of the future.

Oil-soluble O-sulfonated-N,N-dilauryl chitosan (HSDLCS) and O-quaternized-N,N-dilauryl chitosan (QADLCS) with similar substitution were synthesized. The properties of mixed monolayers and self-assembly vesicles of HSDLCS and QADLCS were studied. The mixed monolayers had larger collapse pressure (π_c) larger maximum compression modulus (C_s,max^-1) and limited molecular area (A_ex) compared with HSDLCS and QADLCS monolayers. Spherical self-assembly vesicles were formed in diameter 200—400nm. Using Vitamin B₁₂ as model drug,drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of complex vesicles were 0.1987 mg/mg and 38.25%,and equilibrium rates of Vitamin B₁₂ release was 23.68%. Electrostatic attraction existing between the hydrophilic groups of HSDLCS and QADLCS resulted in stronger anti-deformation ability and cohesion of the mixed monolayers,decreased drug permeability of complex vesicles,and more tight structure of vesicles.Therer was a linear relationship between the C_s,max^-1 of monolayers and equilibrium drug-release rate of the vesicles.

The dispersion stability of nanomaterials plays a decisive role on retaining the good performance of nano-organic composite phase change materials (PCMs),when nanomaterials are used as heat transfer enhancement additive of PCMs. To prepare nano-organic composite PCMs for air-conditioning cool storage,nanomaterials with high thermal conductivity,including MWNTs,Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃,were respectively added into the organic composite PCMs of caprylic acid/myristyl alcohol (with a mass ratio of 73.7 to 26.3),developed previously in our study. The dispersing stability of nano-organic composite PCMs was analyzed indirectly by measuring their thermal conductivity coefficients. The kinds and concentrations of nano-material and dispersant are key influencing factors,as well as ultrasound dispersing time. The experimental results showed that the SDBS had the best dispersing effect on the composite PCMs,and the dispersing stability of the composite PCMs reached optimum,when the ultrasound dispersing time was 90 min,and mass ratios between the dispersant SDBS and MWNTs,Al₂O₃,Fe₂O₃ were 2:1,3:1,3:1,respectively. The new evaluation method and guide to obtain the nano-organic composite PCMs with good and stable performance were proposed in this paper.

With different macromolecular polysaccharide as framework materials,four high-capacity strong base anion exchange resins were prepared by the introduction of quaternary ammonium groups in tentacle-type by three chemical reactions. The resins were applied to remove Eosin Y,and the effects of adsorption time,pH and dye concentration on the removal were also studied. It indicated that all resins could function well in the pH range of 1 to 12. Four resins reached equilibrium in 5 min,and agarose beads resin can completely remove 200 mg/L Eosin Y in 2 min at 1 g/L feeding rate. Fitting the data into kinetic models and isotherm gave the conclusion that the adsorption behavior matched better with pseudo-first-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption rate and adsorption capacity of four resins,especially agarose beads resin,have a greater advantage. It can be selected according to the needs,because the costs of raw materials in four resins are different.

One promising area of nanotube study is the modeling to simulate real ion channels in biological systems,which may greatly reduce the modeling complexity of ion channels. However,this can only be possible with a comprehensive understanding on the interactions of ion channels (nanotubes) with water molecules. Molecular dynamic simulations have been performed to study the structures and diffusion behavior of water molecules confined in single-walled carbon nanotubes of (6,6),(7,7),and (8,8) types. The results show that water molecules form a single chain in (6,6),twined double chains in (7,7),and quadrangular stacks in (8,8). The comparison between two diffusion coefficients of water in nanotubes and in bulk has also been made,which shows that diffusivity of water in carbon nanotubes is two orders of magnitude higher than that in bulk.

Low temperature melting method was used to produce insoluble sulfur (IS) from normal sulfur. The effects of polymerization conditions,addition of stabilizer,selections of treatment oil and extractant on content and yield of IS and on high temperature stability were studied. The proper polymerization conditions were:reaction temperature 260℃,reaction time 1h,deionized water at room temperature as quenching solvent,solidifying temperature 60℃,solidifying time 4h. In this case,IS content in polymerization product reached more than 40%. Solidification of polymerization product,higher extraction temperature,oil-treatment,and addition of stabilizer in the quenching and oil-treating processes were beneficial to improving stability of the products. Stabilizers added to quenching solvent,extractant and treatment oil and their addition amounts were determined respectively. As a result,high temperature stability of IS product at 120℃ was more than 49%,at domestic leading level in the same processes.

The sealing characteristics is an important evaluation index of oil-based drilling fluids. Improving the plugging ability of oil based drilling fluids favors hole stability and fast drilling safety. A new method has been established to evaluate the sealing characteristics by using sand core funnel simulating micro-fracture. Experiment results have shown that the addition of nano materials CQ-NZC can make permeability lower and have good performance on plugging. The micro morphology analysis has been used to study the mechanism. The experiment results indicated that CQ-NZC and asphalt plugging agent agglomerated together partly to form hole plugging particles which contributed to the improvement of plugging ability.

Titanium dioxide was prepared by adding phosphate in the sol-gel process and acetic acid used as an inducer. The effect of phosphate on nano-titanium dioxide micro-structure and surface hydroxyl density were studied in this paper. The process of phase transition and surface structural change were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction(XRD),Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET),X-ray energy-dispersive (EDS),scanning electron microscope (SEM),fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the surface hydroxyl groups of nano-titanium dioxide were significantly increased with the adding amount of phosphate. The surface hydroxyl densities were 10.74nm^-2 and 4.03nm^-2 of the samples calcined at the temperature of 500℃ and 700℃,respectively. However,the control sample with none phosphate was 4.95 D_OH/nm² at 500℃. Moreover,the thermal stability of the phase transition was enhanced by adding phosphate in sol-gel process. Until the phase change temperature reached 800℃ did it have been begun to ransform anatase to rutile. The may be due to the bonding of PO₄^3- in these multidentate modes occupy one full face of [TiO₆] octahedra and inhibit the growing of chain along the opposite edges and hence inhibit the formation of rutile.

As an important kind of starch derivatives,starch esters have attracted much attention with the intensive need of renewable resources due to their good thermoplasticity and thermostability. However,because of its semi-crystalline structure,starch is insoluble in water and most organic solvents,which has limited broader application of starch esterification with low esterification and low degree of substitution. Nevertheless,several kinds of solvents for starch have been used as homogeneous systems for starch modification. In this review,development of modified starch in the homogeneous systems in the recent 30 years is summarized and 49 references are cited. Research progress of starch esters in dimethyl sufoxide (DMSO),LiCl/N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA/LiCl),and ionic liquids(ILs) is presented. The influence of catalyst,reaction temperature and concentration of esterifying agent on degree of substitution is discussed. Structure and thermodynamic properties of starch derivatives show superiority of homogeneous systems by comparing with natural starch or heterogeneous products. Finally,some problems that need urgent solution and future development of starch homogeneous esterification modifications are suggested.

There are increasing debates about the problem of PFOA/PFOS in environmental pollution and bioaccumulation,which has become the focus of attention of the world. It has vital significance to look for novel fluorinated surfactants to replace PFOA/PFOS.The synthesis methods of new possible fluorinated surfactants alternatives of PFOS/PFOA are reviewed and categorized according to the characteristics of molecular structures. Four categories of alternatives:(1) surfactants including either a CF₃O or (CF₃)₂N end-group; (2) surfactants containing short fluorined chain; (3) surfactants based on VDF or TFP; (4) surfactants from fluorinated polyethers,are presented. Meanwhile,surface activity,biodegradability and application in emulision polymerization of four categories of alternatives are discussed. Preliminary analysis indicates that the current research trends of PFOA/PFOS alternatives mainly reduce the ratio of fluorine,shorten fluorine-containing chain "effective length",and insert N or O heteroatom in the fluorinated surfactants,so that the novel fluorinated surfactants are more degradable,more environmentally friendly,and safer.

Using natural cashew phenol as raw material,two cashew phenol (cardanol) sulfonates were prepared through sulfonation reaction and alkaline neutralization reaction. The products were identified by FT-IR. Their surface activity and interface activity were measured by drop volume surface tension meter and automatic spinning drop interfacial tension meter. Cardanol sulfonates had good surface activity and interface activity. the cmc values of cardanol sulfonate and saturated cardanol sulfonate in aqueous solution were 38.1mg/L and 28.2mg/L respectively,and the values of γ_cmc were 38.54mN/m and 37.35mN/m respectively. When the concentration was above 0.8%,interface tension of oil and water decreased to 10^-3mN/m by saturated cardanol sulfonate,and interface tension of oil and water decreased to 10^-1mN/m by cardanol sulfonate. Surface activity and interface activity of saturated cardanol sulfonate were superior to those of cardanol sulfonate.

A ternary copolymer of 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS),acrylamide (AM) and sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) was designed and synthesized by free radical polymerization as fluid loss additive for drilling fluid at high temperature and high salt content. The chemical structure of the copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR). When 1.8% fluid loss additive was added into the freshwater based mud,filtration of drilling fluid was 7.9 mL at room temperature and 13.5 mL at 210℃. In the presence of NaCl of concentration 25% and CaCl₂ of concentration 3% as salt water mud,the filtration values of drilling fluid were 14.8 mL and 11.0 mL,respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the microstructure of the surface of the filter cake obtained from the drilling fluid. When fluid loss additive was adsorbed on the surface of clay particles,clay particles were dispersed in the drilling fluid to form steady dispersion system. The filter cake would be uniform and fluid loss was reduced.

Cationic starch-dimethyl diallylammonium chloride (CS-DMDAAC)/attapulgite is a new composite flocculant. It is used in the flocculation and recovery process of chlorella and has a much more broader application prospect in environmental protection,chemical engineering and material industry. In this paper,CS-DMDAAC copolymer was selected by comparing CS-DMDAAC with cationicstarch (CS) in terms of the flocculating effects on chlorella,and then this composite starch was blended with attapulgite at a specific ratio. The effect of pH,ratio of CS-DMDAAC/ attapulgite,dosage of composite starch and deposition time on the flocculation rate of chlorella was discussed. On the basis of single factor experiment,the flocculation process of CS-DMDAAC/ attapulgite on chlorella was optimized by means of orthogonal test. The shape of attapulgite,CS-DMDAAC/attapulgite and the mixture of composite flocculant and chlorella were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The optimal conditions were:pH=9,CS-DMDAAC/attapulgite ratio in flocculant 1:9,dosage of composite starch 0.04g and deposition time 210 min. Parallel experiments were made under the optimal conditions,and flocculation rate of chlorella was up to 99.1%. The results of this paper could provide valuable reference for modifications of CS-DMDAAC and recovery of alga.

A synthesis process of 4-methoxystyrene by NaBH₄ reduction of p-acetanisole and zeolite catalytic dehydration of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol was developed. An optimized synthesis process was proposed with vaporization temperature of 270℃,reaction temperature of 280℃,vacuum of -0.09MPa and feed rate of 1mL/min,and with a yield of 85% [based on 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol] and GC purity of 95%. The product was characterized by IR, ¹H NMR and MS. The synthesis process of 4-methoxystyrene with mild reaction condition,simple control and availability of raw materials would have potential for industrial production.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation(Anammox)has advantages of high efficiency and low consumption. This method has become a promising biological nitrogen elimination process. This paper compared the operation conditions of one-and two-stage Anammox processes,analyzed the habitat and species diversity of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria and process versatility of Anammox,and summarized the laboratory research and engineering applications of Anammox in the treatment of various types of ammonium-rich wastewater. The characteristics,research progress and application barriers of sludge digestate,reject water,landfill leachate,livestock wastewater, municipal sewage,saline wastewater etc were introduced. Moreover,the potential problems of Anammox process in practical applications were discussed and further research focuses were suggested.

A bacterial strain SMC was isolated from the aerobic sludge of coking wastewater to resolve the problem of difficulty in treating effluent with high concentration of m-cresol. The characteristics and kinetics of degradation of m-cresol by the strain was investigated with m-cresol as sole source of carbon in the cultural medium. After isolation and screening,16S rDNA gene was analyzed to identify the taxonomic position of the strain. Its degradation capability under optimal growth conditions was studied by testing the concentration of m-cresol in residue medium. Haldane type substrate inhibit model was used to simulate cell growth on m-cresol. The isolated strain named as SMC belonged to Bacillus cereus. Under the optimal conditions of pH 7.5、30℃,150r/min of shaking rate,m-cresol with 1600mg/L initial concentration would be degraded 97.81% in 48h and the highest tolerance to m-cresol was 1900mg/L. The kinetic parameters were:μ_max=0.01252h^-1,K_S=34.58mg/L,K_i=479.5mg/L(R² = 0.932). SMC could degrade m-cresol effectively,with good application potential for wastewater containing high concentration of m-cresol.

A heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifying bacterial strain H1 was loaded on modified diatomite used as the immobilized carrier. The immobilized conditions were optimized and the tolerance of immobilized bacterial stains for environment was studied. 24 hour of fixed time and 0.06g/mL(the weight of added diatomite to volume of bacterial suspension)were selected as the best immobilized conditions. The results showed that dosages of modifier FeSO₄,pH and temperature affected the adsorptive property of diatomite and the activity of immobilized cells. The bacterial strains loaded on diatomite exhibited more nitrate removal against changes in different pH and temperature compared to free cells and more adaptable at various dissolved oxygen conditions. The best results of denitrification using immobilized cells were achieved when the weight ratio of FeSO₄ to diatomite was 3.5%,pH was 7.5,temperature was 30℃,and dissolved oxygen level was 5.1mg/L. Finally,the disposal wastewater was treated with immobilized cells in the continuous bioreactor. After 8 days, the removal rate of TN,NH₄⁺-N and COD were 52.40%、55.64% and 61.23%,respectively,indicating that bacterial strain with heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification function loaded on modified diatomite in denitrification could have great prospect in further applications.

In order to cultivate three different nutritive types of sludge,three 4.2L Plexiglas reactor was fabricated in this research. This study aimed to find out the micro reasons of the settleability differences among three different nutritive types of sludges(autotrophic,heterotrophic and mixed nutritional sludge). The results showed that the settleability of different sludge were in the following order:autotrophic sludge >mixed nutritional sludge >heterotrophic sludge. Particle size had no obvious effects on settleability. Zeta potential and sludge hydrophobicity were the most important surface physicochemical property. The Zeta potential value was closer to zero,the better settleability for the sludge was achieved. Humic Acid and polysaccharide concentration in sludge EPS had no significant effects on the Zeta potential,sludge hydrophobicity and sludge settleability. Protein affected sludge settleability by directly changing the Zeta potential values and sludge hydrophobicity. In addition,the total amount of EPS had insignificant effects on the sludge settleability.

The pyrolysis properties of nine tars,derived from the air gasification of five different kinds of sewage sludges at 600℃,700℃ and 800℃ in an external heated updraft fixed-bed,were studied by thermal gravimetric analysis. The results showed that the pyrolysis processes of the nine gasification tars could be divided into three stages:the stage of water and low boiling organic compounds release,the stage of organic compounds release and decomposition,and the stage of residual organic compounds decomposition. Low molecular weight organic compounds increased in the gasification tars obtained at 800℃ in both the sludge anaerobic digestion and the “anaerobic” process in wastewater treatment,and light organic compounds and heavy non-polar compounds released in the second stage did not change much. Besides,both the sludge anaerobic digestion and the “anaerobic” process made the pyrolysis properties of the gasification tars become worse. The influences of gasification temperature on the change rule of weightlessness rate at the first and second stages of the tars from indigested sludge were different from that of the tars derived from digested sludge. The pyrolysis properties of the gasification tars were better than that of pyrolysis tars. The kinetics analysis indicated that the pyrolysis mechanism functions of the nine gasification tars were different,and the pyrolysis activation energies of them were low,suggesting good pyrolysis properties.

Industrial furnaces emit a large number of pollutants into the atmosphere every year. This research applied low polluting natural gas-fired catalytic furnace to reduce air pollution in the process of heating tri-color glazed pottery of Tang Dynasty. The temperature and distribution of pollutants of exhaust gas were investigated inside the furnace without pottery. The natural gas-fired catalytic furnace met temperature requirements of making tri-color glazed pottery and had lower pollution. The temperature inside furnace was controlled by adjusting the extent of door opening and changing input power. Meanwhile,the concentration of each pollutant in the exhaust gas was measured during the heating process. The optimum heating process was obtained by theoretic analysis and numerous experiments. The results showed that the glaze bonded closely in the natural gas-fired catalytic furnace,with well immersed colors smooth feel,and uniform opening pieces. In addition,the heating process in the natural gas-fired catalytic furnace had lower pollutant emissions,making this method a substitute to the traditional furnaces with high pollutions.

Aiming at high energy consumption in viscose staple fiber production,feasibility of energy-saving of spinbath preparation system was presented by analyzing energy consumption of each process in viscose staple fibre production. The advantages and disadvantages of two kinds of spinbath preparation system:Maurer model and Lenzing model were discussed. An improved energy-saving spinbath process was designed through technical progress and innovation. A new type of multi-stage flash evaporation device was developed. Multi-stage flash evaporation was used to regulate the temperature of circulated spinbath,and the traditional device with crystallization and calcination was replaced by a one-step device with multi-stage flash evaporation for extraction of anhydrous sodium sulfate. The advanced multi-stage flash evaporation simplified the process and saved investment. Industrialized operation showed that energy consumption could be reduced by 23% with obvious energy-saving.

This research investigated the separation of products mixture of dichlorosilane,trichlorosilane and silicon tetrachloride in the trichlorosilane synthesis process with the divided wall column instead of the conventional distillation sequences. The influences of reflux ratio,divided wall location,feed location,side-draw location,liquid split ratio and vapor split ratio on the mole fraction of distillate,side-draw and bottom products were simulated by Aspen Plus,and the optimal technological parameters were obtained. The energy consumption of separating the mixture mentioned above was compared between the divided wall column and the conventional distillation sequences. The simulation results showed that the separation effect was optimal when the reflux ratio was 6,divided wall was located the 8th stage and the 24th stage of main column,feed location was the 10th stage of prefractionator,side-draw location was the 15th stage of main column,liquid split ratio was 0.21 and vapor split ratio was 0.5. The mole fraction of trichlorosilane product can reach 99.999% under the above conditions. Compared with conventional distillation sequences,the reboiler duty and condenser duty of the divided wall column could be reduced more than 29.09% and 29.48% respectively.

As the essential carrier for nowadays chemical industry,chemical industry park is a complex system consisting of local governments and companies,in which human resources of leading cadres,enterprise managers,specialized technical professionals and people with high-level skills are required. Human resource is the most important resource in the development of chemical industry park,and the introduction mechanism,cultivation mechanism,and motivation mechanism are discussed in this paper. The matching of position and abilities,introducing projects and professionals simultaneously and constantly optimizing the introduction system are very important for the professionals' introduction. In order to build a reasonable cultivation mechanism,the chemical industry park should combine theoretical with practical training,adopt different and opening cultivation forms to improve the comprehensive abilities of professionals. It is good to motivate professionals by combining material and spiritual incentives,enhancing the influence of professionals and creating favorable environment for development of professionals.