This paper reviewed the basic working principles of heat pipes and introduced seven types of heat pipes,including thermosyphons,reciprocating heat pipes,pulsating heat pipes,loop heat pipes,rotating heat pipes,micro-heat pipes and variable conductance heat pipes. The applications on the reliability of railway embankment,endurance of machine components,heat dissipation of integrated circuits and resolution of temperature measurement instruments were discussed. The wick structure and the development of composite structures increased permeability and capillary pressure. Material compatibility determines the lifespan of heat pipes and is a key issue to be considered in heat pipe design. Conventional heat pipe manufacturing methods of separately fabricating tubes and wicks were briefly reviewed and discussed. The trends of heat-pipe microminiaturization and structural integration demand more effective heat-pipe shapes and wick structures. A novel heat-pipe fabrication method based on the three dimensional (3D) printing was proposed. This method is able to achieve one-step forming of both the heat-pipe body and the wick structure and directly integrate a heat-pipe device into the structure where heat should be dissipated. As a result,more significant heat-transfer efficiencies and larger economic benefits can be accomplished.

Surfactants have been widely used in nanofluids——the new heat transfer working fluid as a dispersant. It's very important to study the characteristics of nanofluids in actual energy transfer system. Experimental study on the effect of surfactants on stability,thermal conductivity and viscosity of H₂O-based nanofluids was specially summarized and compared,mechanism of surfactants in nanofluids and problems existing in current studies were stated and analyzed. Finally,four suggestions helping to improve effects of surfactants on the characteristics of H₂O-based nanofluids were put forward,including the impact of mixed surfactant composition and proportion on stability,thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids; methods,such as molecular dynamics simulations,to study effects of surfactants on the nanofluid properties; relationship between stability and thermal conductivity and viscosity in nanofluids with surfactants; and quantitative analysis of many uncertainties in nanofluids.

Biodiesel is an important substitute for petrochemical diesel. When biodiesel is produced commercially by conventional stirred tank and tubular reactor,the reaction rate is slow and the conversion is low. In this paper,the advancement of novel biodiesel reactors with the improvement of reaction rate and conversion was reviewed. The reactors for the improvement of reaction rate include microwave reactor,cavitational reactor,rotating packed bed,oscillatory flow reactor,high shear reactor,static reactor,microreactor,and liquid-liquid film reactor. The reactors for the improvement of conversion include reactor/separator,reactive distillation,and membrane reactor. The advantages and disadvantages of these reactors were compared. And simultaneous application of several technologies was proposed to integrate effectively the intensification of mass transfer and separation technology,to miniaturize reactor and shorten process,and to establish high-productivity and portable factories for biodiesel in the future.

Cavitation jet has been widely used because of its advantages in high efficient energy and zero pollutions. However,the complexity of its structure and hydrodynamics limit its applications in industries. In order to better understand and study the characteristics of cavitation jet flow field, numerical simulation of cavitation jet flow field,cavitation models,numerical calculation method and the characteristics of cavitation flow field were discussed in this paper. The numerical models,including cavitation models,turbulence models and multiphase model,were analyzed. Applications of Lagrangian and Eulerian numerical methods used in cavitation jet were compared,and the computation requirements in cavitation jet flow field. The influences of different factors on cavitation jet flow field were discussed. Three directions of future research were prospected.

Advanced process control (APC) and its application in some domestic and foreign representative petrochemical enterprises are introduced. Application of APC in Sinopec is analyzed from four aspects:development and application,result of application,operation/maintenance and APC training. Application of APC not only improves unit control ability and management level,enhances competitiveness of enterprises,promotes scientific and technological progress of enterprises but also creates considerable economic benefits for enterprises. The paper shares some experience of APC application in Sinopec,such as organizational structure,team building,implementation strategy,and prospects APC application in Sinopec in the next three years.

Recovery of low-temperature heat energy has become a hot spot as the world is facing increasing energy shortage. As the core components of medium to low-temperature waste heat recovery equipment,the longitudinal finned heat exchangers have the advantages of low fouling and scaling,but the relatively low heat exchanging efficiencies limit the applications of this type of heat exchangers. This paper investigated the methods of optimizing the structure of traditional flat longitudinal finned tubes and enhanced heat transfer effects of the fin and fluid outside the tube,and applied j/f,j/f^1/2和j/f^1/3 as comprehensive performance index to analyze heat transfer performances of four different types of longitudinal finned tubes. The results showed that the longitudinal louvered finned tubes was 90% better in heat changing efficiency than ordinary flatbed longitudinal finned tubes,but the pressure drop was the largest among the tested tubes,Under the same pressure drop and pumping power conditions,comprehensive performance of longitudinal louvered finned tubes was better than other types of exchangers. The numerical simulation results were similar to the experimental results with the average relative error of 15%.

This research developed a “waved-inner-wall” stirred vessel(WSV)by mounting some half-circle tubes on the inner wall to improve the mixing efficiency. The turbulent hydrodynamics within the vessel was studied using the compotational fluid dynamics(CFD) technique. By comparing the experimental and numerical results from literatures,the modeling and simulation methods were validated and subsequently used to study the flow fields and energy consumption. Effects of the tube size,number and mounting positions were studied. Results showed that compared with the standard stirred vessel,the “waved-inner-wall” stirred vessel had better uniformity of fluid velocity distribution with no obvious improvement turbulent kinetic energy. and negligible variation of energy consumption. Then the inner vessle was evenly equipped with 4 half-circle tubes(the radius of each tube was 1/20 of the vessel inner diameter),the low fluid velocity region behind the baffles and in the top region of the stirred vessel can be significantly reduced.

Coal chemical industry is noted for high energy consumption and significant discharge of CO₂. Using thermodynamic analysis to evaluat utilization of energy in such processes can effectively find defects of energy utilization and energy-saving potential,and can provide the basis for energy saving optimization reconstruction of the process. Thermodynamic analysis includes energy balance and exergy analysis. This paper presents the method of combining entropy analysis with exergy analysis after reviewing the traditional analysis methods and pointing out their shortages. Taking Texaco coal gasification as an example,energy utilization was analyzed by using energy balance,exergy analysis and the proposed method. Energy consumption,entropy generation and distribution of exergy loss of all modules were obtained. Based on this,the relationship between exergy loss and CO₂ emission was established,and distribution of CO₂ emission and exergy loss coefficient of all modules were obtained by calculation. The gasifier was the main location for energy-saving. This relationship we established could provide theoretical basis for energy saving and emission reduction of the coal gasification process.

As an important part of energy recovery system,the design level of work exchange network has significant influence on energy consumption in process system. However,the research on synthesis of work exchange network is still in early theoretical stages. This paper proposed a new method for synthesis of work exchange network based on transshipment model in accordance with analysis of work cascade. This method took the minimum utility consumption as the objective function,establishing a LP mathematical model for the isothermal process. A strategy for constructing an intermediate pressure of low-pressure streams was proposed to solve pressure constraints in the matches during direct work exchange between work sinks and work sources. Hence,an initial work exchange network was obtained. In order to optimize the network structure,the utility consumption was further decreased according to the strategy for merging the adjacent pressure intervals. This method was proven to be feasible and effective by its applications in several examples.

In order to study the effect of ammonia concentration of base solution on comprehensive performance of the Kalina cycle system,thermal efficiency ef,economic parameter of heat exchanger AP,size parameter of turbine TP,economic parameter of system ECO,comprehensive performance parameter Obj were taken for analysis. When analyzing the changes of economic performance and comprehensive performance,the linear weighting method belonging to the optimization theory was used to discuss the effect. Ammonia concentration had different effects on different performance parameters. As ammonia concentration increased,thermal efficiency ef would first increase and then decrease,turbine parameters TP increased,but parameter AP,ECO and Obj would first decrease and then increase with increasing ammonia concentration. There was an optimum ammonia concentration which matched with each optimal performance. At the same time,the optimal ammonia concentration was different under different objective functions. When turbine inlet pressure P₁ remained constant,the relationship of the optimal ammonia concentrations corresponding to different objective functions was a_TP< a_ECO< a_Obj< a_ef< a_AP. And with increasing pressure,optimal concentration increased. When P₁ was 1.5MPa,2MPa and 2.5MPa,ammonia concentration of base solution corresponding to comprehensive performance of system was 0.44,0.52 and 0.62 respectively.

With economic globalization,more overseas petrochemical engineering projects are constructed by Chinese companies. Many uncertainty factors in the supply chain of international petrochemical engineering project are resulted from the characteristics of petrochemical engineering projects and global procurement. In order to analyze the influence of uncertainty factors on international petrochemical engineering projects,an overseas ethylene cracking project was taken as example. According to the characteristics of the actual project,an evaluation model of total construction cost of supply chain was set up,and purchasing price,unit freight cost,storage time and exchange rate of currency were chosen for sensitivity analysis. By calculating the sensitivity coefficient of each factor,the sensitive factors of the total construction cost of supply chain in petrochemical engineering project were identified. Purchasing price and exchange rate were found to be more sensitive and corresponding solutions were also discussed. The evaluation model of total construction cost and the method of sensitivity analysis are applicable for supply chain in international petrochemical engineering project.

The thermodynamics of both oxidative dehydrogenation and dehydrogenation-oxidation of propane were analyzed and compared with that of simple dehydrogenation of propane. Twenty seven products from the reactions of cracking,partial oxidation and deep oxidation of propane were taken into consideration. The molar fractions of the feed and the products in the Gibbs reactor under isotonic and isothermal conditions were calculated by using Aspen Plus simulation software. The effects of oxygen addition on the molar fraction of target product propylene and the composition of other products under pressure of 0.1MPa and in the temperature range of 300—700℃ were discussed. For whichever propane dehydrogenation system,i.e. adding oxygen before or after the dehydrogenation,addition of oxygen was extremely harmful to production of propylene. The higher the temperature and the larger the oxygen addition amount,the less the propylene production and the greater the feed loss. The major byproducts were CH₄ and CO rather than CO₂ and H₂O.

In order to find the best control indicators of benzoic acid,maleic anhydride,phthalide,anthraquinone and heavier components,the Taguchi quality design method was used to achieve control of impurities in refining phthalic anhydride. First,the controllable factors level table was set up by analysis of variance to determine the best test conditions. Second,the signal-to-noise ratio was used as an indicator of robustness to analyze simulation parameters robustness with the smaller-the-better design method. Finally,the results were verified by test. The feasibility of this design method was confirmed in this engineering field. The parameter control by the Taguchi design method was used in production practice,and the best process control indicators of the rectification tower top was recommended to achieve higher ratio of premium quality phthalic anhydride,providing guidance for optimizing phthalic anhydride production.

This paper describes the effect of dithiocarbamate compounds on nickel and vanadium removal from Xinjiang heavy crude oil under microwave condition. A series of dithiocarbamate NS compounds with —CSS— coordination group were synthesized,which can be used to remove nickel and vanadium from crude oil by complexing reaction. In comparison with different NS compounds,the effect on nickel and vanadium removal was evaluated,which follows the order of NS3 >NS2 > NS4 >NS1. Moreover,under microwave condition with 700W power for 3min and reaction temperature of 90℃ for 20min,200mg/L NS3 were reacted with crude oil,and the removal effect of nickel and vanadium from crude oil were 79.8% and 82.4%,respectively. Therefore,the results indicate that microwave condition can facilitate removal effect of nickel and vanadium.

Amine decarbonization is widely used in natural gas pretreatment on account of its good removal result and low energy consumption. According to the survey,MDEA is widely used as the main absorbent in mixed amine solutions. In order to find new absorbents,which are economic and highly efficient,TEA is selected as the main amine solution for experimental study in this paper. Both TEA and MDEA are tertiary amines. According to the reaction mechanism of TEA solution,PZ is selected as the additive to study the decarburization performance of TEA+PZ mixed amine solution. The absorption,desorption and cycle performance of TEA+PZ mixed amine solution with different ratios are investigated. The experimental results show that the absorption performance of TEA+PZ mixed amine solution was improved when the amount of PZ increases,but this phenomenon will not be obvious with the further increase of PZ. The addition of PZ has no significant effect on the desorption performance of TEA.

Coal to SNG process has such advantages as simple flowsheet and equipment,high reliability and low investment per heating value. A model was developed using process simulation software Aspen Plus for the process producing SNG from coal,and exergy distribution of the process and exergy loss of each unit were calculated based on the exergy analysis method. In the process,the exergy efficiency of the rectisol unit was the highest,98.22%,and that of the gasification unit was the lowest,58.99%. Exergy loss mainly took place in the gasification unit,accounting for 72.69% of the total exergy loss. The internal exergy loss caused by heat transfer and chemical reactions irreversibility was the major loss in the gasification unit. Optimizing gasification temperature and molar ratio of steam to oxygen could be the key to improving exergy efficiency and reducing exergy loss of the process

Chiral metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted growing interest for their potential use in asymmetric catalysis and chiral separation,and on a more basic level,have called for the creation of new topologies in inorganic materials over the past few years. The synthesis methods of chiral MOF are discussed,including Ⅰ self-assembly based on achiral organic ligands; Ⅱ synthesis by chiral template; Ⅲ synthesis by chiral ligands; Ⅳ post-synthesis modification. “Synthesis by chiral ligands” is widely used in creating chiral MOFs. Accordingly,some applications of various chiral MOFs as catalysts are elaborated,hoping to offer some help to the designer of chiral MOFs. Usually as an asymmetric catalyst,chiral MOFs are capable of being very active for many reactions,such as epoxidation and Aldol reaction. The future main objective of chiral MOFs catalysis is to synthesize more excellent chiral MOF catalysts and be used in large-scale industrial production,achieving higher enantioselectivity and larger turn-over number under mild conditions.

Bifunctional catalysts Pt/ZSM-5 were prepared and tested in the selective hydrocracking of normal bio-alkane for producing liquid biofuels. The liquid biofuels consisted of kerosene, gasoline and diesel, and could be directly used as jet fuel or vehicle fuel after separation. To reveal the effect of catalysts compositions (Pt loading and Si/Al ratio) and operating conditions (temperature, pressure and liquid hourly space velocity) on hydrocracking, parameters such as conversion rate, kerosene/gasoline ratio and iso/n ratio were used. The iso/n ratio of cracking products increased with increasing conversion rate over the same catalyst. However, iso/n ratio was also related to the alkene coverage of acid sites. An impressive result (conversion rate >80%, kerosene/gasoline ratio=1.15, iso/n ratio=1.29) was obtained in the laboratory experiment when 0.7%Pt/ZSM-5 catalyst was tested under a relatively mild condition (4MPa, 320℃, 1h^-1, H₂/oil=1500:1).

Dawson-type aluminum phosphotungstate(AlH₃P₂W₁₈O₆₂·nH₂O)was prepared by the double decomposition method,and characterized by FT-IR,SEM,XRD and EDS. The catalyst was used to catalyze synthesis of adipic acid from oxidation of cyclohexanone by 30% hydrogen peroxide. Orthogonal experiments were used to optimize reaction conditions. The optimum reaction conditions were:mass ratio of catalyst to cyclohexanon 7.6%,molar ratio of cyclohexanone to 30 percent hydrogen peroxide 100:450,reaction time 6.0h,reaction temperature 105℃,and isolated yield of adipic acid could reach 91.4%. The filtrate containing the catalyst could be concentrated by rotary evaporation and be reused five times by easy separation of the product after reaction,and isolated yield of adipic acid was still above 72.3%.

Pd nanoparticles/graphene (Pd/G) composites were fabricated via the chemical reduction method using graphite oxide and palladium nitrate,and then deposition of Pt on Pd/G was performed potentiostatically using chloroplatinic acid as precursor of platinum. Pt-modified Pd/G (Pt-Pd/G) electrodes with different platinum loadings were prepared. The microstructure of the Pt-Pd/G electrode was characterized by FE-SEM,EDX and TEM,and the results showed that metal nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 7.2 nm were evenly distributed on the surface of graphene. Electrochemical measurements revealed the high catalytic activity of Pt-Pd/G electrodes for ethylene glycol oxidation in alkaline solution. The peak current density on the Pt-Pd/G electrodes with a Pt:Pd atomic ratio of 1:42 was about 3.0 and 2.7 times higher than that on Pd/G and Pt/G electrodes,respectively. The catalytic activity of the Pd/G electrode was significantly improved by the deposition of a small amount of Pt. The modification method used in this study is simple but its effect is very obvious,and the approach can be used to modify other metal substrates with a second metal.

The core-shell hybrid microsphere (PW-HPW/PNIPAM),loaded with hexadecyltrimethylammonium-peroxotungstophosphate (PW-HPW) complexes,were synthesized with N-isopropyl acrylamide (PNIPAM) polymer hydrogels as support. The PW-HPW/PNIPAM composite microspheres contained PNIPAM core and PW-HPW shell with catalytic performance. The composite microspheres were used in oxidation of dibenzothiophene (DBT) with hydrogen peroxide. The microspheres showed high catalytic performance and conversion rate of DBT was more than 90.32% after 8h at 40℃. The hybrid microspheres could be easily recycled and reused for at least three times.

For the excellent complex and recognition function,cyclodextrins have attracted wide research interest. In order to utilize these special properties of cyclodextrins more effectively,immobilization of cyclodextrins,with specific orientation,upon solid substrate is necessary in many potential applications. This paper summarizes the common methods to prepare monolayer/multilayers of cyclodextrins on solid substrate,including the Langmuir-Blodgett method,Layer-by-Layer technique,and chemical adsorption. These methods are compared and evaluated. The application situation of these systems is introduced. Finally,based on preparations and applications,the future research directions of cyclodextrins monolayer/multilayers membranes are discussed. Improving routine methods and developing simpler methods will be the key research of this area in the future.

Quasicrystal is a novel metal material with unique atomic arrangement structure and special properties. The research progress of quasicrystal application is reviewed. The relationship between microstructure and catalytic activity in catalytic steam reforming of methanol over quasicrytal is elaborated. When quasicrystal is added into Al alloys,Mg alloys and polymers to prepare reinforced composites,it could improve mechanical properties such as tensile strength,yield strength,extensibility and wear resistance. The discharge capacity,high rate discharge and cyclic stability of quasicrystal as negative electrode for nickel-metal hydride batteries are summarized. The structural stability of quasicrystal in application is also presented. The researches on combining composition,structure and properties of quasicrystal with its effective application need to be conducted.

Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels have attracted great attention mainly due to their wide applications in separation processes. The recent design concepts of IPN hydrogels,including sequential IPN,simultaneous IPN and semi-IPN,based on polysaccharides (such as chitosan,alginate,starch,and other polysaccharides),protein (such as gelatin,collagen,silk fibroin and soy protein) and synthetic polymers (ionic and nonionic polymers) are introduced. Moreover,semi-IPN and IPN hydrogels as adsorbent used in separation of dyes and heavy metal ions are reviewed. In order to improve biocompatibility,swelling rate and mechanical properties,synthetic polymers composed of natural polymers are used to fabricate IPN hydrogels. IPN hydrogels are endowed with very fast kinetics and high sorption capacity for sorption of dyes and heavy metal ions compared with single network hydrogels. Future research could be highly efficient IPN hydrogels,such as ion-imprinted IPN hydrogels and macroporous IPN composites cryogels,in improving specific surface area and selective adsorption.

Banana fiber reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composite was prepared with ATBC as plasticizer and by adding modified banana fiber and intumescent flame retardant (IFR) into polylactic acid (PLA). The composite was the best when banana fiber was modified by silane coupling agent,with tensile strength and flexural strength 57.49MPa and 101.80MPa,respectively. The result was consistent with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The comprehensive properties of the composite was the best when intumescent flame retardant content was 5 phr,limited oxygen index reached 32.8%,vertical burning test reached V-0 (UL-94),tensile strength and flexural strength reached 43.97MPa and 87.95 MPa respectively.The result of TG showed than addition of flame retardant banana fiber could obviously increase thermal decomposition temperature and final amount of residual carbon of PLA.

Water-based nano boron solution was prepared with nano boron carbide powder as nanomaterial,polyethylene glycol,sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as dispersing agent,montmorillonite as antisedimentation stabilizer,RO reverse osmosis membrane-treated water as dispersion medium by using the two-step method. To study the different dispersion conditions of nano boron carbide dispersion in water-based fluid,sedimentation stability and rheological characteristics analysis were used to evaluate its dispersion effect. The experimental results showed that dispersant type,mass fraction of dispersant,particle size of nano boron carbide,mass fraction of nano boron carbide could affect stability of solution dispersion. Polyethylene glycol 600 as a dispersant,mass fraction of 0.4%,60nm particle size of nano-boron carbide and mass fraction of 0.8%－0.9%,could achieve stable dispersion of nano boron carbide in water-based fluid.

Crude glycolide which obtained via melting depolymerization was purified by alcohol washing. The effects of times of washing,amount of solvent,washing time on contents of free acid and H₂O in glycolide and yield of glycolide were investigated. The effect of total hydrogen content on ring opening polymerization was also discussed. Isopropanol was chosen as the proper solvent for crude glycolide purification by comparing different alcohol solvents first,and purified glycolide was obtained by filtration and vacuum drying. The optimized purifying conditions were as follows:washing 3 times by alcohol,V(Alcohol)/M(Glycolide)=2mL/g and washing time for 30min in each time. The contents of free acid and H₂O in glycolide were reduced to 17×10^-6mol/g,and 468mg/L respectively,and total hydrogen content was 1.7×10^-5mol/g. Through ring opening polymerization in twin screw extruder,glycolide was converted to PGA with high intrinsic viscosity of 0.81dL/g. After purification of glycolide via alcohol washing,the yield was 82%,higher than that of the recrystallization process. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine glycolide purity with average value of 99.93%,meeting the needs of ring opening polymerization.

Arosin ester (RG) was made from rosin and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). Radical homopolymerization of RG and copolymerization with styrene (St) in solution were carried out. The effects of reaction conditions,including raw material ratio,reaction temperature,initiator type and amount,on the polymerization were investigated. The homopolymer PRG and the copolymer P(RG-co-St) were characterized by Fourier transfer infrared spectrometer (FT-IR),thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),respectively. The results showed that PRG and P (RG-co-St) were synthesized successfully,and AIBN was the best initiator for homopolymerization and copolymerization. With the increase of reaction temperature,the molecular weight (M_n) of the copolymer increased and the molecular weight distribution (MWD) was narrowed. With the increase of St loaded,the M_n of copolymer decreased but MWD was broadened. In addition,the copolymer had the similar initial decomposition temperature and higher the-most-decomposition- temperature,and the copolymer exhibited higher glass transition temperature than the homopolymer.

With the development of biochemical technology,industrial biochemical research and process development became increasingly important. The biomass yield constituted one of the key parameters in any biotechnological process or experiment involving microbial cultures,as it could determine the absolute biomass or cell concentration,which must imperatively be optimized in order to obtain reasonable productivities. And in order to explore the influence of different factors on the biomass yield,aerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation process were taken as examples in this paper. The Gibbs dissipation and key parameters in microbial growth process were analyzed. Through the analysis and regression of published experimental data,the Gibbs dissipation of microbial growth was related to carbon chain length and the degree of reduction. A rough model for biomass prediction based on the theory of the Gibbs dissipation theory was proposed. And the results were consistent well with published data.

To investigate the decoloration problem of pigment violent 1,a strain was isolated from advertising dye,whose main composition was pigment violent 1. A single and pure strain was first obtained by flask shake and dish culture methods. 18S rDNA gene sequence analysis identified that the strain was Aspergillus versicolor. Then the decoloration conditions of pigment violent 1 were studied systematically by this novel strain. The optimal condition was found by mono factor experiment and response surface experiment as the glucose 30g/L,the original concentration of pigment violent 1 250 mg/L,the concentration of NaNO₃ 0.3g/L,and the pH 5.5. Under the optimal decoloration condition,the decoloration rate of pigment violent 1 reached 84.64% by the strain Aspergillus versicolor. The discoloration mechanism of pigment violent 1 was analyzed and characterized by FTIR,and the results indicated that the main mechanism of the decoloration was bio-adsorption.

Tea saponin is a product extracted from tea cakes,also a good nonionic surfactant in nature that can make emulsifier,foaming agent,wetting agent,and can be processed into many kinds of high value products; however,there are issues in color and purity,which makes its applications limited to some extent. In this article the structural characteristics and chemical properties of tea saponin,and tea saponin extraction method have been reviewed,research progress in the extraction technology of water extraction,organic solvent,and auxiliary method are introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. Meanwhile,the application of saponin in the fields of textiles,agriculture,building materials is detailed and the function mechanism of different areas is recommended. Furthermore,the future research directions for tea saponin are discussed,the advantages and development trends of tea saponin are given,which provides a scientific guidance for the development and utilization of tea cake resources.

Polymerization of 1-decene catalyzed by bridged metallocene catalyst system,rac-Et(1-Ind)₂ZrCl₂/Al(ⁱBu)₃/[Me₂NHPh]⁺[B(C₆F₅)₄]^－,was studied. The effects of the concentration of metallocene catalyst,Al/Zr mole ratio,B/Zr mole ratio,temperature,conversion time,viscosity and molar mass were investigated. The reaction condition was chosen as follows:1-decene 20mL,toluene 20mL,Zr/1-decene mole ratio 8×10^-5,Al/Zr mole ratio 80,B/Zr mole ratio 1.5,reaction temperature 80℃,and reaction time 1h. The conversion was 96.2%. The product structure was characterized by ¹³C NMR and ¹H NMR. The polymer obtained under optimized condition has a high viscosity index (259) and a narrow molecular weight distribution (2.088),which is a desired component for lubricating based oil.

1-(chloromethyl)-4-ethenyl-benzen-maleic anhydride grafted sucrose superplasticizer (SP) was prepared from sucrose and 1-(chloromethyl)-4-ethenyl-benzen-maleic anhydride copolymer (ClSMA) through heterogeneous polymerization with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator,styrene and maleic anhydride (MAH) as monomers. The molecular structure was characterized by FI-IR and ¹H-NMR. Effects of the reaction temperature,reaction time and degree of catalyzer on the substitution reaction were investigated with the initial fluidity as measurement index. The result shows that the optimal condition of substitution reaction includes that the amount of catalyst is 10% according to the mass of sucrose and 1-(chloromethyl)-4-ethenyl-benzen-maleic anhydride copolymer,the reaction temperature is 45℃ and reaction time is 2h. SP prepared under optimal condition has good plasticizing property,the initial fluidity of cement paste reaches 320mm,and the water-reducing ratio is 27.9%.

As a key intermediate for poly (p-phenylene-2-pyridinoimidazol-6-oxazole),2-amino-6- chloro-3,5-dinitropyridine(ACDNP) with 95.60% and the total yield of 41% was obtained from 2,6-dichloropyridine by nitration,ammonolysis and nitration. 2-Amino-6-hydroxy- 3,5-dinitropyridine (AHDNP) was prepared from ACDNP in potassium carbonate solution at 70℃. The purity of AHDNP was 82.07% and the total yield of AHDNP is 98.13% after re-crystallization. AHDNP was identified by FT-IR,MS and ¹³C NMR. This process for AHDNP synthesis has advantages of simple operation procedure,excellent product quality,good economy and easy industrialization etc.,which provides convenience for further development of PPIO and other high-performance materials.

Flunarizine dihydrochloride was synthesized with fluorobenzene and cinnamyl alcohol as starting material; bis(4-fluorophenyl)methane bromide was formed through Friedel-Craft reaction,hydrolysis,reduction and bromination of fluorobenzene; trans-1-cinnamylpiperazine was prepared from cinnamyl alcohol and thionyl chloride,then reacted further with bis(4-fluorophenyl) methane bromide to form flunarizine dihydrochloride through chlorination and substitution reaction. Repetitive experiments were conducted to verify experiment stability. The optimal technological condition for the synthesis of flunarizine hydrochloride was found as n(fluorobenzene):n(AlCl₃):n(PEG-400)=1:1.1:0.04,stirred at 45℃ for 2h,n(bis(4-fluorophenyl)-methanone):n(sodium borohydride)=1:0.6 with ethyl alcohol as solvent,stirred at 50℃ for 2h,NBS and AIBN as the reactants,n(4,4'-difluorobenzhydrol):n(NBS):n(AIBN)=1:1:0.03,stirred at 80℃ for 3h,n(cinnamyl chloride):n(1,4-diazacyclohexane)=1:3.5,stirred at 50℃ for 1.5h,under which rough cinnamyl piperazine was purified by washing,extraction and saltification,and this single step yield was up to 56.2%,the total yield of flunarizine dihydrochloride was up to 30.0% with the purity over 99%,higher than 18.5% of original. The structure of product was characterized by IR and MS.

A synthesis process of di(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol) terephthalate from terephthalic acid and 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol was studied. The influences of catalyst type and amount,ratio of reactants,dosage of water-entrainer,reaction temperature,and reaction time were investigated. In addition,the target product was determined by FT-IR and GC-MS. The optimal reaction condition was obtained as follows:n(DGBE):n(PTA)=3.5:1,catalyst (5.00% of mass of PTA),water-entrainer (30.00% of mass of PTA),reaction time (5.50h) and stirring speed of 300r/min,under which the esterification rate was 98.90%. The content of di(2-2(2-butoxyethoxy)tehanol) terephthalate reaches 99.03% in refined product. The apparent kinetics model of esterification was established,and the equation of reaction rate was: r=9.83×10¹⁷e^{-(9167.14/RT)}

The structure and morphology of palygorskite/poly(ethylene glycol)/acrylic acid (PGS/PEG/AA) hydrogel produced by glow discharge electrolysis plasma were characterized by FT-IR,XRD and SEM. The adsorption behaviors of hydrogel for cationic dyes,such as methylene blue,crystal violet,Malachite green and Rhodamine B,were investigated. Factors influencing the adsorption of cationic dyes,such as solution pH,contact time,were investigated. In addition,the adsorption mechanism was also discussed. The results showed that PEG and AA had successfully grafted to PGS. The hydrogel possessed a better interface compatibility and exhibited undulant,rough and porous surface. The best parameters for the removal of dyes were pH 6.2 and the equilibrium contact time 3h. The adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The dyes adsorption on PGS/PEG/AA hydrogel was a complex physical-chemical process due to ion-exchange,hydrogen bonding and van der Waals.

3,4,5-trifluoro-2'-nitro-1,1-biphenyl was an important intermediate for the synthesis of Fluxapyroxad. It was obtained with 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl boronic acid and 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene as starting materials,Ms-Pd as the catalyst of coupling reaction. The optimal reaction condition was obtained as reaction temperature of 40℃,and reaction time of 10h,with Ms-Pd as catalyst,DMF as solvent,K₂CO₃ as deacid reagen,1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene and 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl boronic acid as reactants. Under the optimal condition,a yield of 92% was obtained. The product content was 98.3%. Ms-Pd catalyst activity remained after four time recycling.

A new kind of imidazoline corrosion inhibitor was synthesized by amidation,cyclization and quaternization with oleic acid and diethylene triamine,taking calcium oxide as dehydrating agent,benzyl chloride as quaternizing reagent. The key conditions,including ratio of oleic acid and diethylene triamine,temperature and time of cyclization reaction were optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The imidazoline corrosion inhibitor was characterized by IR spectrum and UV-vis spectrophotometry. Adsorption and inhibition performance of the imidazoline corrosion inhibitor was investigated with polarization curve. The experiment was conducted under the conditions of oleic acid 0.05 mol,calcium oxide 0.10 mol,benzyl chloride 0.06 mol,2.5h and 55℃ in quaternary ammonium stage. The optimum conditions for imidazoline were as follows:ratio of oleic acid and diethylene triamine 1:1.18,temperature 162.8℃ and reaction time 5.55h. Inhibition efficiency could reach 94% in 15% hydrochloric acid and 200mg/L imidazoline corrosion inhibitor solution at 50℃. Adsorption behavior of corrosion inhibitor obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was spontaneous and exothermic,and mainly belonged to chemical adsorption. Adsorption equilibrium constant was 1.0277′10⁵L/mol with Gibbs free energy -41.75 kJ/mol,enthalpy of adsorption -54.07kJ/mol and entropy -38.11J/(K·mol). Compared with similar synthesis technology ,the process is noted by a lower temperature of cyclization and the product exhibited excellent properties.

The comprehensive methods of recycling valuable metal resources such as cobalt and nickel from waste slag produced in the nickel smelter were reviewed. Mineralogical characteristics of typical waste slag and research status on the reclamation of valuable metals,cobalt and nickel in particular from the slag were introduced. Advantages and limitations of the main methods were analyzed and discussed. Furthermore,the research direction and trend were predicted. And it was pointed out that although the purpose of enriching cobalt and nickel can be realized economically by ore dressing method,the drawback of narrow raw material application scope is obvious. The defects of gaseous pollutant emission and high energy consumption exist in pyrometallurgical process. While the reaction velocity of bioleaching process is low, the characteristics of simple process,low investment and etc,can make it a promising research direction full of development prospect. High pressure oxidative acid leaching (HPOAL) is considered to be environmentally friendly and suitable for extracting cobalt and nickel from the slag because of high recovery of nickel and cobalt without hazardous materials being produced in the process. The slag is treated by HPOAL after slow-cooling,roasting and or reduction pretreatment,and alternative materials of sulfuric acid like pyrrhotite tailing containing certain quantity of nickel and other metals as leaching agents during this process. This can be the developing trend of HPOAL.

Drying of sludge spray is a process of sludge in countercurrent contact with heat gas produced by solar energy after waste sludge is sprayed by atomization nozzle. This study investigated the drying performance and the changes of phosphate,ammonia nitrogen,zwitterion and heavy mental both in the condensed water and the dry sludge. Results showed that the percentage of moisture reduced gradually when sludge spray decreased. When the flow of sludge was at 12L/h,the percentage of moisture reduced to 25.9%. The concentration of phosphate and ammonia nitrogen increased with of sludge spray reduced. Furthermore,when the moisture was less than 60%,the concentration of phosphate varied between 59.4—61.7mg/L while ammonia nitrogen varied between 156.4—165.3mg/L. When more sludge was sprayed,the concentration of phosphate was stable and ammonia nitrogen decreased in condensation water. Both the concentrations of dissolved anion and cation in dewatered sludge increased when the percentage of moisture increased. The heavy metals in sludge increased slightly after dewatered.

This research investigated degradation of oxytetracycline in wastewaterusing self-made sewage treatment device with multi-frequency ultrasonic. The ultrasonic frequency,power,ultrasonic time and titer four orthogonal factors' influence on oxytetracycline removal rate through the orthogonal experiment were evaluated. The influences of four different combinations of multi-frequency ultrasonic experiment on removal rates of oxytetracycline and COD were also studied. The results showed that the influencing factors were weighted as the following:ultrasonic frequency > ultrasonic time > titer > ultrasonic power. Ultrasonic frequency was very important in the degradation of oxytetracycline. Removal rates of both oxytetracycline and COD were higher under high-frequency combinations of multi-frequency ultrasonic. The degradation reached maximum when the multi-frequency combination was at 20kHz + 100kHz + 200kHz. Under this multi-frequency ultrasonic condition,the removal rate of oxytetracycline was close to 100% within 30 minutes and more than 90% of COD was removed within 60 at the processing volume of 40L.

Theglobe warming caused by elevated CO₂ level in atmosphere is of big concerns. Biological CO₂ mitigation by microalgae is a hot issue. In this paper,Chlorella vulgaris(FACHB-1227) were cultured with SE medium in concentric-tube photobioreactor with aeration pores in inner tube. Cultures in the photobioreactor were aerated intermittently with simulated flue gas which contains different CO₂ concentrations,i.e. 5%,10%,15% and 20%. In this work,cell density and CO₂ fixation rate were used to describe the growth and carbon fixation capacity of Chlorella vulgaris. After 17 days of cultivation,Chlorella vulgaris presented better results for all parameters under simulated flue gas with 10% CO₂,the maximum cell concentration of Chlorella vulgaris was 8.76×10⁶cells/mL,increasing 54.23%,66.86% and 76.97% compared to 5%CO₂,15%CO₂ and 20% CO₂ groups,respectively; the maximum CO₂ fixation rate were 30.18mg/(L·d),increasing 57.27%,70.89% and 81.91% compared to 5% CO₂,15%CO₂ and 20%CO₂ groups,respectively. The results show that Chlorella vulgaris shows a better capacity of CO₂ fixation in simulated flue gas with 10% CO₂.

This research usedorganic wastewater as anode substrate,mixed bacteria in activated sludge as anode microbial inoculation,and copper-contained wastewater as catholyte. Double chamber microbial fuel cells(MFCs)were constructed. The effects of electrode on the electricity generation capacity of MFC and treatment of organic wastewater and heavy-metal wastewater containing copper simultaneously were studied. The results show that the removal rate of COD could reach 79.1% and the removal rate of Cu²⁺ of catholyte could reach 95.6%. The electricity production of MFC which using activated carbon/graphite rod as electrode is optimal and its open circuit voltage could up to 800mV,which was 1.25 times that of MFC using graphite rod as electrode,1.3 times that of MFC using activated carbon/carbon paper as electrode,1.5 times that of MFC using carbon paper as electrode. When the electrode distance of MFC was 2cm,the open circuit voltage could up to 580mV and the internal resistance was 181Ω,the power generation is optimal. When electrode surface area was 75cm²,the open circuit voltage of MFC could up to 470mV,which was 1.1 times that of 50cm² electrode surface area MFC,2.1 times that of 30cm² electrode surface area MFC. The capacity of MFC would reach its optimal performance when A_An/A_cat=0.4,the maximum open circuit voltage was 600mV,the maximum power density was 48.2mW/m².

Chromium pollution in water bodies is one of the most server threats to public health. . This research studied Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption using modified zeolite as adsorbent. The modified zeolite was covered with compound iron and manganese oxides. The adsorption properties of natural zeolite and the modified zeolite were studied. Results indicated that loose impurities on the adsorbent surface were reduced significantly and the porous structure of zeolite was strengthened. The removals of chromium increased quickly in the first 20 to 40 minutes,and the adsorption equilibriums were achieved at 30 and 50 minutes for the natural zeolite[LL1] and the modified zeolite respectively. The modified zeolite had faster adsorption velocity and higher removal rate. Second-order reaction best described the adsorption kinetics. Increasing adsorption dosage could promote chromium removal and water turbidity simultaneously. Considering the effects and feasibility,the most reasonable dosage was 1.0g/L. Higher initial pH could promote chromium removal slightly. When the initial pH[LL2] was below 2.0,the removal efficiency decreased significantly. The adsorption could be influenced by the coexistence of humic acid and the competitive adsorption.

The continuous and intermittent processes of higee distillation separation were used in recycling ethanol in the solvent of pectin precipitation at the same time. With stainless steel wave thread packing,mass transfer of four-stage higee distillation continuous process was studied,under the conditions of atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature,feedstock mass fraction x_f of 55%,reflux ratio R of 4,average high gravity factor β of 63.16—252.67,feedstock flux F of 15—50 L/h. Different operating conditions impacting on the tower top ethanol mass fraction x_d and tower bottom ethanol mass fraction x_w were also studied in the four-stage higee distillation batch process,under the conditions of atmospheric pressure,R of 2.5—7,β of 161.71. Under the operation of continuous process,the number of theoretical plate N_T of four-stage higee distillation equipment increased with increasing β and F; the height equivalent of theoretical plate HETP was 41.12—58.21mm; x_d was 93% and x_w was 35%. Under the operation of batch process,x_d increased first then decreased with increasing R,while x_w decrease with R and t; x_d is 92.5% and x_w is 1.05%. The separation effect of Ethanol recycling is good,and recovery rate was 91.28%. The cost of unit ethanol recovery was 0.644 yuan/L,showing advantage of higee distillation in recycling ethanol in the solvent of pectin precipitation.

This paper simulated optimization method for retrofitting existing heat exchanging networks(HENs). Based on the non-isothermal mixing of splits stage-wise heat exchangers network superstructure,a MINLP model to retrofit heat exchangers network was established. This model simultaneously considered the tradeoffs among the utility costs,the additional heat transfer areas costs,the new heat exchangers costs and the added powers costs. A stage-wise superstructure model for design of new HENs was improved by adding constraining conditions and binary variables. By analyzing an existing heat exchanger network,the GA/SA (genetic algorithm/simulated annealing algorithm) algorithm was applied to retrofit of the HEN with full utilization of the existing heat exchangers and structure. The results showed that the method presented in this paper reduced utility loads much more and the investment costs,resulting a faster investment pay-back period to 0.53 years. Therefore,this method provided a feasible solution to the heat exchanging net work renovation.

Signed digraph(SDG)analysis is quickly gaining popularity as an aiding technique for hazard and operability(HAZOP[LL1] ) analysis. The data from a dynamic process monitoring platform is the closest substitute to online data in process industry since it can reflect the relationship between the process variables. This paper obtained model based dynamic process simulation platform to gain expert experiences,using residue catalytic cracking unit typical in petroleum industry as an example for analysis. The model was used in performing the HAZOP study of an existing plant with SDG tools. The process monitoring platform can also be used to check and select the accident path; therefore,the sequence of accidents generated by SDG tools can be determined. The application of process monitoring platform with SDG tools in HAZOP analysis can reduce analysis time and obtain more comprehensive results.