Ionothermal synthesis is a method that uses either ionic liquid (IL) or deep eutectic solvent (DES) as reaction medium to synthesize zeolitic molecular sieves. The reaction environment of ionothermal synthesis is ionic and extremely low volatile. This is due to the inherent characteristics of IL/DES, as well as their isolation-deactivation effect on molecular reactants via hydrogen bonds. Compared with hydro/solvothermal routes, the most significant property of ionothermal synthesis is that it can take place at ambient pressure with few safety risks. This property brings convenience to in situ studies, and benefits the application of microwave heating to the synthesis of molecular sieves. Moreover, great flexibility is shown in ionothermal synthesis. By alternating reaction medium, reactant composition and crystallization condition, zeolitic products with various compositions and structures can be ionothermally synthesized. In the past decade, fruitful results have been obtained with respect to both the synthesis of zeolitic materials and the study of formation mechanisms of molecular sieves. Ionothermal synthesis has been proven as a promising method to prepare zeolitic phosphates. More than 20 zeolite framework types of zeolitic phosphates have been ionothermally synthesized until now. Some of these zeolitic phosphates, such as CoAPO-SIV and AlPO-CLO, have never been obtained from traditional systems. Under ionothermal conditions, a variety of zeolite films and membranes, such as AlPO, SAPO and metal-organic framework, have been prepared via the in situ method or the substrate surface conversion method. The substrate surface conversion method can be applied to preparing AlPO membranes on porous Al₂O₃, which is used as both substrate and aluminium source. This method inhibits the crystallization of molecular sieves in the liquid phase, avoids the influence of species diffusion on membrane formation, and benefits the formation of membranes with high quality. Under ionothermal conditions, various species, such as the cations of IL/DES, the additive amines/ammonium cations and the metal cations, have potential structure directing ability. The complex cations, which are formed by amine molecules and IL/DES cations via hydrogen bonds, can also play the role of structure directing agent. Compared with molecular solvents, IL and DES have little disturbance to the structure directing process during the formation of molecular sieves. Considering its fascinating features, ionothermal synthesis would be a rational choice for the industrial preparation of zeolite-based devices.

As one of important bio-based platform chemicals, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) could be produced by dehydration of renewable biomass carbohydrates. HMF could catalyze synthesis of a series of important organic chemical intermediates, and has become a research hot topic. Research progress of preparations from 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and 1,6-hexanediol (HDO), as three important HMF derivatives is reviewed, especially the catalytic system for HMF selective oxidation of preparing DFF and FDCA. Related application of the three important organic chemical intermediates is introduced, and problems and difficulties in the preparation process are analyzed to provide advices for further research. HMF is not large-scale produced so it is very expensive, which restricts the development of downstream products. The research using 5-hydroxymethyl furfural to catalyze synthesis of organic chemical products from biomass materials will have broad prospect.

Fischer Tropsch synthesis(F-T) technology can convert carbon resources such as coal, natural gas and biomass indirectly into liquid fuels, which has important significance to alleviate the shortage of oil resources in China. This paper summarized the research progress of micro-reactor for F-T synthesis by introducing the principles of F-T synthesis technology and the advantages of micro-reactors. In F-T micro-reactors, the fixed-type and wall-coated-type micro-reactors were introduced. Compared with the wall-coated-type micro-reactors, fixed-type has a larger pressure drop, relatively less heat transfer efficiencies, and the coating catalyst layer method can be used to improve the performances of the integral micro-reactor. In the numerical analysis section, it was pointed out that the simulation method of F-T synthesis is mainly operated by establishing the reaction kinetics model, and analyzed the reactors’ temperature field and products distribution, which can be used as guiding parameters in the design of reactor future research focuses, including the design and optimization of micro-reactor plates and cooling system structure, the assembling of reaction units, the catalyst wall loading technique, and the transmission phenomenon in micro-reactors.

Presently, the enzyme concentrating method as the critical procedure in production of enzyme has many disadvantages, including complex process and high energy consumption. The common methods, including evaporation, ultrafiltration, adsorption, freezing are compared with the latest methods, including ionic liquid, hydrate, and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. Evaporation technology is mature but consumes excessive energy and keeps less enzyme activity. Ultrafiltration and adsorption consume less energy but have high material costs and are difficult to regenerate. The disadvantage of freezing concentration is the limit of concentration, though it can keep more activity. Concentrating by the ionic liquid method is easy to scale up and has the advantage of continuous operation, but the technology is not mature enough. The hydrate method is still in the laboratory. So developing a method of simple process, reliable performance, low energy consumption and low cost will be a research direction in the future.

The modified Siemens method is the mainstream process of polysilicon production, of which silicon tetrachloride hydrogenation technology is the critical improvement. Traditional thermal hydrogenation and low-temperature hydrogenation suffer from the shortcomings of high energy consumption and low conversion rate. This review gives a general introduction of the preparation of trichlorosilane by plasma hydrogenation of silicon tetrachloride, which can be classified into thermal and cold plasma hydrogenation methods. Thermal plasma hydrogenation methods are presented, mainly including DC discharge plasma, high pressure RF plasma, low pressure RF plasma, and microwave plasma method. The cold plasma hydrogenation methods are also discussed, with a further introduction and experimental exploration of the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma method. Through comprehensive classification and discussion, key challenges in industrialization of plasma hydrogenation are brought forward, and the advantages and disadvantages of the methods are summarized, and the application foreground is expected.

This paper investigated the heat transfer between a new type of heat exchanger and the flowing calcined petroleum coke(CPC). The experimental system of waste heat utilization exchanger was installed in the tank calcined furnace. The effects of various CPC equivalent mass flow rate, heat exchange pipe type and water equivalent mass flow rate on the heat transfer efficiencies were experimentally investigated. The results showed that the waste heat exchanger could effectively use the waste heat generated by CPC with an average reutilization ratio of 78.9%. The CPC could be cooled evenly with a non-uniformity temperature coefficient of 0.0757. As CPC equivalent mass flow rate increased, the heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger increased, and the utilization ratio of waste heat increased first and then decreased. Compared with light-tube heat exchanger tube, fin-tube heat exchanger had better heat transfer performances, with 7.4% higher waste heat utilization ratio and 32.6% less non-uniformity temperature coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient increased with the increase of water equivalent mass flow rate.

On the basis of the analysis of the wax deposition process, based on certain assumptions, the models of wax deposit thickness changes with time were established. By extracting the data of curve of wax deposition thickness with time, the given constants of the models were fitted, and coincidence degree of model calculation value and the experimental value was analyzed. The logarithmic model, exponential model and dynamic balance model could reflect the change trend of wax deposition thickness with time, the coincidence degree of logarithmic model and the experimental results was the best. For exponential model and dynamic balance model, the coincidence degree of model calculation value and the experimental value were much the same, in the initial stage of deposition, the coincidence degree of the exponential model was higher than the dynamic balance model, but when deposition time was closer to the experimental set time, the coincidence degree of the dynamic balance model was higher than the exponential model. The models were simple and practical, and they could also reflect the growth rate trend of wax deposition thickness change with time, the accuracy of each model should be further verified when the models were used for different experimental data, so that the selected models could be truthful and reliable.

This research investigated the performances of Roots blower in mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) process by using Fluent software. The three-dimensional unsteady compressible flow field and fluctuation performance of outlet flow, pressure and temperature for involute type three-lobe Roots blowers with air cooling and counter-current cooling and the fluctuation performance of counter-current cooling Roots blowers under different pressure and rotational speed in the MVR system were numerically investigated. The results showed that counter-current cooling Roots blower could avoid the backflow and reduce gas dynamic noise. The flow field uniformity and fluctuation performance of outlet flow, pressure and temperature of counter-current cooling were better than that of air cooling. The outlet temperature and pressure met the design demand of MVR system. In the range of 6.4—19.2kPa, the adiabatic efficiency of counter-current cooling Roots blower was 1.2%—1.7%, higher than air cooling and the comprehensive performances. In addition, counter-current cooling Roots blower was more stable under different pressures and rotational speeds. The outlet flow and temperature could be adjusted to meet operation needs. The flow was adjusted by changing the frequencies of conversion motor speed. The outlet steam temperature was adjusted by changing the pre-inlet steam temperature. The numerical simulation results of outlet temperature for Roots blower with counter-current cooling agreed well with the experimental results.

Little research has been done on mixed convection in the existence of natural convection and periodic vibration transversely around microtubes. In order to investigate this situation and develop a new-type heat exchanger, this research established horizontally parallelized hot and cold microtube array immersed in an adiabatic cylindrical enclosure, and investigated the heat transfer mechanism of mixed convection with transverse micro-vibration full of third fluid. The natural convection surrounding the hot and cold microtubes in the cylindrical enclosure was measured at various inlet temperatures and mass flowrates. In addition, experiment system, methods and data-processing were described in detail. The relationship of Nusselt number with Ra number and Re_v number was obtained. These parameters disclosed the heat transfer law of heat-transfer characteristics at temperature differences between hot and cold tubes, vibration frequencies and microtube amplitudes. The results showed that the enhanced heat transfer was more remarkable at small temperature differences under vibrating conditions. The comparison between experimental data and Lemlich’s single tube vibration data showed heat transfer due to vibration with four microtubes was more distinct.

Distillation is the most important and commonly used separation method in the process industry, and is the operation unit with maximal energy consumption. For a column, heat is generally supplied from a reboiler, and rejected from a condenser. Using the condensing heat of one column to heat another column’s reboiler, and combining energy saving measures of a single column with process integration, namely heat integration of columns, is an effective way to reduce utilities consumption. In this paper, by analyzing the distillation system in a styrene plant, with the relative position of T-H diagram for each column, three measures of heat integration schemes were proposed for the columns system, including direct heat integration, heat integration with pressure adjustment and coupling double-effect distillation with indirect integration. For the last two measures, Aspen Plus was used to simulate the operation changes and verify the feasibility of the schemes. The consumption of high quality steams and related cost could be significantly reduced.

The degassing technology is a necessary part of industrial production. Degassing hydrocyclone can carry on degassing online and quickly. But development of this technology is at an early stage. All-round researches on the factors of performance are lacking. Column-diameter ratio has significant influence on separation performance of degassing hydrocyclone. In this work, the hydrocyclones with different column-diameter ratios were simulated with computational fluid dynamics. A biphasic system consisting of CO₂ and H₂O was used to evaluate separation performance. Calculation was made with the Fluent software, based on the Reynolds stress model and the Mixture model. The influence of bubble size and inlet velocity was also studied. Under the typical operational conditions, overall degassing efficiency was greatly enhanced with the increase of column-diameter ratio. However, efficiency dramatically decreased when column-diameter ratio exceeded a specific limit. This phenomenon could be explained from the aspect of bubble transfer. Transfer and separation of bubbles with small size were greatly enhanced in hydrocyclones with larger column-diameter ratio. With increasing inlet velocity, performance of separation increased until a maximum was reached. After that performance decreased with further increasing inlet velocity.

The change of hydrate saturation in the process of natural gas hydrate exploitation will cause the corresponding change of reservoir permeability. And it will affect the process of natural gas hydrate exploitation. To study the effect of natural gas hydrate on porous media seepage characteristics, the pore network model is applied to study the change of seepage characteristics of porous media. Hydrate forms in two ways, which are wall surface and pore center, compared with relevant models. It is found that the absolute permeability of hydrate formation the pore center is less than that generated on wall surface. When the hydrate saturation is the same, the radius of porous media is larger, then the permeability is bigger. The isotonic point of two phase relative permeability of hydrate formation in pore center is less than that generated on wall surface. When hydrate saturation changes, two phase relative permeability is almost constant. It also gives the corresponding relationship between reservoir permeability and hydrate saturation.

Because of its special structure, rotating twisted tape can rotate under the action of fluid in tube. This paper studied the rotation characteristics and heat transfer enhancement characteristics of self-rotating twisted tape. The theoretical and experimental research of rotation characteristics showed that with decreasing twist ratio, the fluid velocity tape needed to overcome resistance and starting rotation reduced;the relationship between rotating velocity and the fluid velocity was linear, and the linear ratio remained constant when the pitch of tape was unchanged. The experiment research of heat transfer and pressure drop demonstrated that Nusselt number in the tube with self-rotating twisted tape was higher than that in plain tube, and increased with the decreasing of twist ratio; when Reynolds number was in the range of 4×10³—4×10⁴, and twist ratio was at 3—8, the Nusselt number increased 10%—37% and Darcy friction factor was 1.7—3.5 times higher compared to plain tube. The comprehensive evaluation was based on evaluation indicator η, and twisted ratio of 7 was determined to be the best comprehensive performance. The relationship of the friction factor, Nusselt number and Reynolds number with the twist ratio was also obtained.

By constructing a multiphysics coupled numerical model, which includes momentum, energy, and mass balance equations, as well as chemical reaction equations, and using porous medium model to characterize catalyst layer, the methane steam reforming (MSR) process in an industrial tube reactor was analyzed in detail in this work. The velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions of the reactant and products in the tube were obtained, which were used to analyze the characteristics of the MSR process, and to illustrate the impacts of tube wall temperature, steam-methane-ratio and inlet velocity on the conversion rate of methane. The results show that the reaction velocity of MSR is very fast at inlet area, and decreases gradually along gas flow direction because of the decreased concentration of reactant gases, which also induces mixture gas flow velocity and temperature become steady. The conversion rate of methane increases with increasing steam-methane-ratio and tube wall temperature, and decreasing reactant gas inlet velocity. The results will be helpful for optimizing the reaction condition of an actual MSR process.

A numerical simulation of natural convection with a pair of hot and cold cylinders at different horizontal positions vertically aligned in square enclosure was obtained using finite volume method. The main affecting factors natural convective flow and heat transfer, including the Rayleigh number Ra and hot-cold cylinders spacing δ were analyzed. The Rayleigh number ranged from 10³ to 10⁶ and the hot-cold cylinders spacing δ varied from 0.3 to 0.6. In order to investigate the interaction between the two cylinders and the interaction between the inner cylinders and the cold enclosure, two different cases were considered, including the case of the hot cylinder upper section and the cold cylinder lower section and the case of the hot cylinder lower section and the cold cylinder upper section. The results showed that the intensity of natural convection had a significant impact on distribution of temperature and vortex structure in the enclosure. The situation of the hot cylinder lower section and the cold cylinder upper section was more favorable to natural convection. Heat capacity of hot cylinder and square enclosure increased and that of cold cylinder decreased when cylinder spacing δ increased. The results provided a theoretical basis for the performance of nuclear power plant containment passive residual heat removal system.

Mechanical vapor recompression(MVR) evaporation system is a new energy efficient evaporation technology. This paper established a set of MVR evaporator device using water as raw material, falling-film evaporator as evaporating body, and roots compressor as steam compressors. This paper investigated the effects of feed temperature, evaporation pressure and compressor frequency on the evaporation of the total amount of water and specific moisture extraction rate(SMER), which is considered performance indicator of MVR. The results showed that the optimum temperature of the feed was the saturated liquid temperature at the evaporator pressure;the optimum evaporation pressure was closely related to evaporation capacity and compressor efficiency in specific systems;lower the evaporator pressure was beneficial to energy saving when maintaining a high level of efficiency of the compressor;frequency of the compressor directly affected evaporation of the total amount of water and compressor power; SMER increased with the increase of the frequency of the compressor within the allowable range.

Water-sparged aerocyclone(WSA) is a new type of gas-liquid mass transfer equipment with a coupling field of liquid jet with gas cyclone, which could be widely used in wastewater treatment process. To further optimize the structure design of the water-sparged aerocyclone, this paper comparatively studied the mass transfer performance in two kinds of WSA with a conical and a cylindrical separation space configuration, by air stripping of ammonia from wastewater. The results indicated that the separation space configuration of a water-sparged aerocyclone had effects on its mass transfer performances. Under the same conditions, the WSA with a conical structure exhibited better mass transfer performances and higher gas pressure drop, and the mass transfer coefficient of ammonia stripping in the WSA with a conical structure was increased by 8%, which was probably caused by a comprehensive effects of the better jet atomization and centrifugal high gee intensification in its coupling field, forming larger interfacial area between gas and liquid phase. The results could be used as a guide for the design of WSA with good mass transfer performance.

Production and application of chlorine dioxide has become a hot spot for chemical engineering and environmental protection. This research prepared a slow-release solid chlorine dioxide with superabsorbent resin as slow-release substrate and agar as cross-linking agent, and the influencing factors were discussed. The results showed that all the factors, including the type and amount of acid activator used, dosage of high water absorbent resin of bagasse pulp fiber matrix, temperature and the concentration of stable chlorine dioxide solution, would influence solid chlorine dioxide flux. Citric acid was found to be the best release activator. Solid ClO₂ and its products should be stored at low temperature and the concentration of stable chlorine dioxide solution should be less than l%. The research results indicated that the new solid chlorine dioxide was cost effective, safe and effective and easy to produce, and different average flux and effective release time of solid chlorine dioxide products could be designed by changing the concentration of stable dioxide chloride solution, the number of slow-release substrate and the type and amount of acid activator.

Propylene is one of the major raw materials used in basic organic chemical industry, and its market demand increases rapidly. In addition to steam cracking, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is another important way to produce propylene. This paper mainly discusses a series of catalytic cracking processes for propylene production in both academia and industry. This paper introduces the characteristics, product distribution and industrial applications of these processes in detail, and also analyzes influencing factors for maximizing propylene production in terms of catalysts, operating conditions and reactors. The results showed that the propylene yield of modified technologies increased significantly compared with conventional FCC process. Meanwhile, the technical modification of FCC is an important route for most propylene production.

The pyrolysis experiment of rice husk was conducted in a self-built fix bed heater. Two chromatographic columns, RTX-5MS and RTX-WAX, were used for the collection of mixture of pyrolytic oil and dichloromethane solution, which were later analyzed by GC-MS. Results showed that the compositions of pyrolytic oils at different final temperatures changed little. As the pyrolysis temperature rose, pyrolytic oil yield first increased and then decreased. The water phase of dichloromethane and pyrolytic oil solution contained relatively few compounds, mainly formic acid, acetic acid, and 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, while the oil phase contained complicated compounds, including furfural, furfuryl alcohol, phenols and ketones. The analysis of dichloromethane in oil phase and pyrolytic oil solution at 600℃ showed that through column RTX-5MS analysis, the first five compounds were furfural, 2-butanone, acetic acid, phenol and 2-methoxy phenol, and that through RTX-WAX column analysis, the first five compounds were phenol, 2-methoxy phenol, 4-ethyl phenol, acetic acid and 3-methyl phenol.

With the depleting supplies of fossil fuels, microalgae have attracted an increasing attention as a feedstock for biodiesel in recent years. However, a bottleneck issue with algal biodiesel manufacturing is the lack of efficient and highly selective extraction methods. According to literature, six organic solvents with different boiling points, polarity and oil-water partition coefficients were applied for lipid extraction from microalgae. The biomass structure and extractive compound were analyzed by FT-IR and GC-MS. The results showed that acetonitrile and n-heptane had the highest extraction yield with the value of 22.10% and 18.71%, respectively. The extraction yield was positively correlated to temperature. And the composition and structure of extraction products were the main factors that may influence extraction yield, while polarity and oil-water partition coefficient of the solvent did not affect extraction yield directly. The analysis of microalgae biomass structure and extraction product composition indicated that different solvents presented highly selectivity for the extraction of different compounds, like hydrocarbon, alcohol, and ester. Dichloromethane and acetone had the highest extraction yield on hydrocarbon, with up to 72.74% and 69.50%, n-heptane had the highest extraction yield on ester(80.46%), acetonitrile had the highest extraction yield on amine(58.52%), and ethyl acetate had the highest extraction on alcohol(24.65%).

The Longping anthracite was pyrolyzed in the temperature range of 600—1000℃ under N₂ atmosphere for the preparation of char. The evolution of microstructure of anthracite char was characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The de-NO_x reactivity of anthracite char was investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) under programmed temperature conditions. The present work is focused on the impact of pyrolysis temperature on anthracite char microstructure and de-NO_x reactivity. The char microstructure was affected significantly by heat treatment temperature. The difference between G and D1 band position and all Raman band areas were found to decrease with increasing pyrolysis temperature. In addition, band area ratio, I_D1/I_G and I_D3/I_G, were shown to initially increase and then decrease with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, while with which I_G/I_All varied oppositely. As a result, the Longping anthracite was subjected to carbonization and subsequent preliminary graphitization during pyrolysis. It was found that the de-NO_x reactivity of anthracite char decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, largely due to the reduction of active structure and the increase of structural order, also leading to the gradual increase of reaction activation energy.

There is a great variety of coal whose ash composition is greatly different in China. The behavior of coal ash at high temperature is so complicated that it is difficult to understand definitely minerals transformation. In order to explore the feasibility of the factitious ash instead of coal ash for studying transformation mechanism, the factitious ash was prepared from FeS₂ mineral and analytically pure reagents such as Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, and Al₂O₃ based on the composition of ZX coal ash. The ash fusion temperatures of samples were tested. Mass change and gaseous product compositions of the factitious ash were analyzed by thermogravimetry combining with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) in the nitrogen atmosphere during temperature increase, in order to compare with ZX coal ash. The flow temperature (FT) of the factitious ash was approximate to that of ZX coal ash, and the maximum difference was 49℃. The TG results showed that the mass loss tendency of both the factitious ash containing FeS₂ and ZX coal ash was similar at the temperature above 770℃. It was observed that the gaseous products of the two ash samples were the same in species from the FTIR spectra. SO₂ was released at the temperature of 1080℃, which might be derived from FeS_x, partial oxidation of pyrite. The variation of the factitious ash containing FeS₂ at high temperature was more similar to that of ZX coal ash.

Phosphorous-containing W/Al₂O₃ hydrotreating catalysts were prepared via microwave hydrothermal (MWH) method, in which phosphoric acid (PA), triethyl phosphate (TEP) and 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) were used as phosphorus sources, respectively. The effects of phosphorus sources, catalyst preparation methods and phosphorus contents on the physicochemical properties and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) activity of catalysts were studied. The results show that the introduction of HEDP can weaken tungsten-alumina interaction and keep highly dispersed tungsten species by forming H-bonding between the hydroxyl groups of HEDP and H₂WO₄ to prevent tungsten species from aggregation. The MWH method, characterized by rapid and uniform heating, can greatly inhibit the excess growth of H₂WO₄ colloids and help to disperse tungsten oxide on alumina uniformly and quickly. When the HEDP is used as phosphorus resource, catalyst prepared via MWH method shows much higher WO₃ dispersion and HDN activity than that with the same phosphorus and metal contents prepared by impregnation method. The catalyst prepared via MWH method with 3% phosphorus combines high WO₃ dispersion with weak tungsten-alumina interaction, leading to the highest HDN activity.

Manganese and cerium oxide catalysts were prepared by sol-gel method and used for the low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃. The catalysts were characterized by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The influence of loading sequence on the structure of Mn-Ce/TiO₂ catalysts was investigated. The results showed that the phase structure of catalysts was anatase. Mn and Ce distributed in amorphous form. When Mn and Ce were supported on same carrier, the specific surface area of catalyst was the largest, which achieved 97.6m²/g, and active components of Mn and Ce were well distributed. The catalyst activity was also the highest when Mn and Ce were supported on same carrier. The NO removal efficiency was above 90%, when the reaction temperature was 200℃.

The TiO₂-Al₂O₃ complex support was prepared by sol-gel method. A nickel phosphide catalyst, Ni₂P/TiO₂-Al₂O₃ with citric acid (CA) as chelating agent, was prepared by the impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and N₂-adsorption specific surface area measurements (BET). The effects of calcination temperature of support, calcination temperature of catalyst, reduction temperature, reduction pressure and calcination time of catalyst on catalyst activity for dibenzothiophene (DBT) hydrodesulfurization (HDS) were studied. The result showed that increasing the calcination temperature of support favored dispersion of active species on catalyst surface. The optimal calcination temperature of support was 550℃ because of catalyst sintered by excessive temperature. When reduction temperature was in the reange of 500—550℃, the active phase was mixed phases of Ni₁₂P₅ and Ni₂P. The peak intensities of Ni₁₂P₅ increased with the reduction temperature increasing. At reduction temperature of 700℃, the single Ni₂P phase was observed. The Ni₂P/TiO₂-Al₂O₃ catalyst prepared under a support calcination temperature of 550℃, a catalyst calcination temperature of 500℃, a reduction temperature of 700℃ under atmospheric pressure was found to be optimal. At reaction temperature of 360℃, pressure of 3.0MPa, hydrogen/oil ratio of 500 (V/V), and liquid hourly space velocity of 2.0h^-1, the conversion of dibenzothiophene HDS was 99.5% in 4h.

Stimulus-responsive gels based on azobenzene, which can dynamically respond to external stimuli, have attracted considerable attention, since it can provide a broad range of tunable parameters, wavelength, intensity, and duration. The progress in supramolecular gels, which were classified into supramolecular organogel, supramolecular hydrogels, organi-inorganic hybrid supramolecular gel system, was reviewed in recent three years. The review focuses on the molecular size and shape of gelator, analyzes the role of supramolecular self-assembly driving force and the structural form by self-assembly. Finally, the application of gel systems in the field of optical switch, drug release and biological material was prospected.

Polyolefins modification by reactive extrusion with itaconic acid and derivatives can improve the performance of polymers, especially for its compatibility with other polymers. From the point of factors that impact graft reaction of polyolefins i.e. type of polyolefin, initiators and additives, the progress both at home and abroad was summarized. Modification mechanisms and structure of graft products were emphasized. Some problems and feasible research areas in this field, for example, the chain structure of graft products and the effect of screw profile on reactive extrusion, were worth further research.

The composites of supramolecular organic gel and nanomaterials have become a hot topic, since they can give excellent performance of both organic and nanomaterials. Recently, the research and the development of composites based on supramolecular organic gel and nanomaterials have been introduced, including supramolecular organic gel with inorganic nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, together with its template effect and preparation methods. The abundant morphologies of supramolecular assemblies can be successfully transcribed into the structure of nanomaterials. The template effect mainly depends on the unique three-dimensional network structure of supramolecular organic gel, by providing excellent carrier environment for the nucleation, growth, arrangement of nanoparticles, the agglomeration of nanoparticles can be avoided and its stability is also enhanced. These new smart materials will have a good prospect in the areas of catalysis, sensor, biology and medicine.

As a type of adsorbents for extracting lithium from solution, spinel-type lithium manganese oxides are the most promising ones for the industrial application of lithium. However, there still exist several problems in the process of practical research and application. The comparison of preparation methods for three types of lithium manganese oxide ion sieve precursors ( LiMn₂O₄、Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ and Li_1.6Mn_1.6O₄ ) and corresponding ion sieves ( λ-MnO₂、MnO₂·0.31H₂O and MnO₂·0.5H₂O) were introduced in detail. The distinction of crystal structures and characteristics for the precursors and adsorption capabilities for the ion sieves were analyzed emphatically. Moreover, the granule/membrane formation of powder lithium ion sieves and their application were summarized, and the difference of adsorption capacities among three forms of lithium ion sieves was also elaborated. Finally, the difference of adsorption capabilities in theory and practice, selectivity and dissolved loss for lithium ion sieves were summed up in detail, meanwhile, the ion sieve adsorbents for extraction lithium from seawater could realize industrial application with the improvement of molding technology for powder ion sieves and the development of novel and doped lithium ion sieves.

The paper briefly describes the general significance of the synthesis of functional polyolefin graft copolymers. The recent progress in the design and the synthesis of functional polyolefin graft copolymers is reviewed. Three kinds of methods for the synthesis of functional polyolefin graft copolymers are introduced and compared with each other, i.e. I grafting onto, II grafting from:①living anionic polymerization, ②boron oxide mediated free radical polymerization, ③atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP), ④nitrogen oxide mediated free radical polymerization(NMRP), ⑤reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, III grafting through. Then, the applications of polyolefin graft copolymers are briefly introduced. Finally, the prospect in functionalized polyolefin graft copolymers is foreseen, the research in new-pattern, high efficiency, practical methodologies and practical application are deemed to be the main research focuses of functional polyolefin graft copolymers.

Resources shortage and environment deterioration have become increasingly prominent, and hence the development of new sustainable green materials and broadening the application space of plant materials are of great significance. The native characteristics of loofah sponge fibers, such as morphology, density, porosity, fiber diameter, chemical composition, and mechanical properties, were briefly summarized in this paper. The application of loofah sponge fibers in the fields of environmental protection, reinforced composite materials, nanocellulose preparation, cell immobilization carrier and bioreactor were reviewed in details on the basis of recent international research publication. For problems in the current development of new functions and high value-added utilization of loofah sponge fibers in China, ideas on widening and promoting its industrial application were put forward. Moreover, the exploitation and utilization prospects of loofah sponge fibers were discussed.

Two kinds of aminated polystyrene resins, PS-TETA and PS-Acyl-TETA were prepared with triethylenetetramine (TETA) by reacting with chloromethyl polystyrene resin (PS-Cl) and chloroacetylated polystyrene resin (PS-Acyl-TETA), respectively. The structure of resins was charactered with FTIR and BET, and the adsorptions of p-nitrophenol (PNP) were investigated. The static and dynamic adsorption experimental results show that the adsorption processes for the PNP of two resins can be described by pseudo-second order kinetic equation. The main control steps of two kinds of resins adsorption PNP are governed by liquid film diffusion. The adsorption data of PNP on two kinds of resins are fitted into Freundlich isotherms, which belong to multilayer adsorption. The adsorptions are all spontaneous exothermic processes of physical characters. The adsorption capacity toward PNP of PS-TETA and PS-Acyl-TETA reaches 157.87mg/mL and 90.77mg/mL, respectively. The breakthrough volume of resins are 165BV and 80BV, respectively. The desorption efficiency of two resins are 98.4% and 98.9 %, respectively.

The hypercrosslinked resin HH-1 was prepared by Friedel-Crafts post-crosslinking reaction with toluene, chloromethyl methyl ether and benzyl alcohol. HH-2 was synthesized by modifying HH-1 with aniline. The physical properties of the absorbents showed that HH-2 has higher surface area(555.22m²/g)than that of HH-1(67.85m²/g), while the pore radius of HH-2 (1.105nm) is lower than that of HH-1(1.882nm). According to the adsorption experiment in aqueous solution, the adsorption capacity of salicylic acid onto HH-2 was 5 times as much as that of HH-1. Higher surface area of resin HH-2 is the main reason

Pickling was used to improve the purity of nano ceria synthesized by special explosive detonation. Time and temperature of purification, the amount of distilled water, nitrate and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were studied regarding their effects on purity through the design of orthogonal test. Crystal form and impurity content of ceria were analyzed by X ray diffraction and X ray fluorescence spectrometer. The purity of ceria was used as the criterion to determine the optimal purification parameters. The results show that high temperature will lead to reducing the concentration of nitrate, even cause excessive ceria dissolve after long time; adding PEG can ameliorate the agglomeration of nano ceria particles by observing the surface of particles with transmission electron microscopy. The best purification parameters of nano ceria are that temperature is 80℃, time is 24h, the amount of nitrate, distilled water and PEG are 0.333mL, 6.666mL and 16.666mg each gram of detonation ash respectively; The purity can reach 99.59% under the best parameters. Detonation temperature makes Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ change into α-Fe₂O₃ and α-Al₂O₃, 0.12% of Fe₂O₃ and 0.17% of Al₂O₃ are left over.

For application in solar cooling system, the adsorption and desorption characteristics of the allochroic silica gel and ZSM-5 zeolite to water vapor have been investigated experimentally. The result has revealed that the adsorption rate increases with the humidity of the air at a given temperature, but the rate increment gets small gradually as the humidity increases. Ambient temperature impacts the adsorption rate seriously. The material tends to adsorb easily at low temperature and to desorb easily in high temperature. As temperature increases, the equilibrium adsorption concentration of material declines though the adsorption rate increases. In comparison, the adsorption rate of ZSM-5 zeolite is higher but its equilibrium adsorption concentration is lower in contrast to allochroic silica gel. The adsorption isotherm of silica gel is exponential and that of ZSM-5 zeolite shows an S-shape. As to the desorption characteristic, the result showed that ZSM-5 zeolite had desorbed faster than silica gel when temperature is lower than 100℃. In addition, ZSM-5 zeolite can desorb perfectly at a higher temperature while silica gel must desorb at the temperature less than 120℃, because a high temperature will cause silica gel lose its crystal water insides and fail to desorb.

With phenyl as the center, a new D-π-A star-shaped molecule (Y) was designed and synthesized by introducing two electron-donors, (D) unit triphenylamine and electron-accepting (A) unit phenanthroimidazole with Suzuki coupling, and its structure has been characterized by NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis. The third order nonlinear optical properties of the compound Y has been studied systematically through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, the fluorescence quantum yield, theoretical calculation and Z-scan technology. The results showed that the fluorescence quantum yield (ϕ) is up to 0.77, the two-photon absorption cross section (σ₂) is 120GM, and the third order nonlinear refractive index (n₂) is 9.0×10^-7cm²/GW, which provides a new idea for the design of molecular with good nonlinear optical properties.

Using α-C₁₆H₃₂ olefin, SO₃ and xylene as raw materials, the product is synthesized by sulfonation, alkylation and neutralization process. The product is characterized by IR and ESI-MS, and their interfacial activity and foaming properties are also evaluated. The IR and MS results show that the synthesized product is dimethyl phenyl hexadecyl sulfonate. The CMC of the product is 0.006 mol/L. The lowest interficial surface tension between the prepared weak base ternary compound system and the crude oil recovered by the Daqing 4th oil field is 3×10^-5mN/m. And the interficial tension is lower when sulfonate concentration is lower in the system. The ASP prepared by the product has a good performance in interficial tension stability for three months. The foaming properties of the target product are better in 150 mg/L hard water than that in distilled water.

Disodium bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane-2,3-dicarboxylate is synthesized from norbornene dicarboxylic andydride by neutralization hydrolysis and catalytic hydrogenation. By studying the effects of catalyst type, the amount of catalyst, reaction temperature and hydrogen pressure on the yield and purity of disodium bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane-2,3-dicarboxylate, the suitable reaction conditions are obtained. The results show that the expensive catalyst of Pd/C can be replaced by inexpensive Renay Ni . The suitable reaction temperature is 60℃ and the suitable reaction pressure is 5MPa. The results of infrared spectrum analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis are identical with the structural features of disodium bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane-2,3-dicarboxylate.

A novel water retention agent with high salt tolerance was prepared by graft copolymerization Acrylicacid (AA), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and methyl allyl polyethenoxy ether (HPEG-2400) were used as monomers, Ammonium persulphate (APS) together with sodium bisulfite were used as the initiator, while N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA) were used as cross-linking agent. The molecular structure characteristics of the product was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The factors, which can influence the absorbency of water retention agent, were investigated, such as weight ratio of monomers, the amount of cross-linker, the neutralization degree of AA and temperature. The results show that the water retention agent has the water absorbency of 1787g/g, and 201g/g KCl solution when initiator ratio is 1%, the neutralization degree of AA is 60%, the ratio of monomers is AA:AMPS:HPEG-2400=10:3:4, and the amount of cross-linking agent is 0.02% at 60℃.

Catalytic ozonation based on carbon materials labeled as CMs/O₃ was well characterized by superior organics removal, high ozone utilization and without metal leaching; however, most of them were still at the stage of laboratory research, since a stable catalytic property of CMs could not be expected after a long running. In this paper, the main reaction mechanisms in CMs/O₃ system for removing dissolved organics from water, both surface catalytic oxidation and hydroxyl radicals(HO·)oxidation in bulk solution were discussed and the influences of critical factors in heterogeneous reaction pathways and organics removal efficiency were elaborated. It was pointed out that the consumption of basic active sites and the accumulation of acid oxygen-containing groups on the surface were considered to cause a partial deactivation of CMs in cyclic experiments. In addition, using mesoporous catalyst, optimizing pH and normalized ozone dosage, could help in reducing internal mass transfer resistances, thus enhance target organics removal. This paper reviewed the recent advances of CMs/O₃ applied in model organic pollutants removal and industrial wastewater treatment. Multi-walled carbon nanotube(MWCNT)and the innovative loading technology could improve CMs/O₃ performances in deep purification of micro-polluted water body. Coupling mature treatment methods and CMs/O₃ in an efficient and low-cost process was proposed as the important direction of further study.

Microbial lipids are a kind of new oil resource with good prospect, which can be further processed to functional lipid and biodiesel. It has attracted more and more attentions. But the high cost of raw materials limits the industrialization of microbial oil production. The search for cheap, freely available fermentation substrate will promote the industrialization process of microbial oil production, and has significant implications for increasingly serious energy and environmental issues. In this review, recent progress in the utilization of oleaginous microorganism on a variety of waste and the existing problems regarding fermentation process and its economic performance, including food industry wastewater, excess sludge and kitchen garbage, have been discussed. In addition, the characteristics of waste is introduced. The future research on microbial lipids should be focused on the exploitation of value-added products and cheap flocculant in order to reduce cost, the study on degradation toxic substances in residual sludge by special properties microbial, the development of hydrolysis process for kitchen garbage by enzymes associated with acid and alkali.

Increasing industrial wastewater containing acetic acids in has been a concern. Acetic acid ranged from 1%～30% by weight, causing strong acidity in wastewater and high chemical oxidation demand, which makes it infeasible to discharge directly. It is also difficult to separate acetic acid from wastewater. This paper reviewed the wastewater acetic acid recovery technologies, including membrane separation, adsorption, extraction, extractive esterification and distillation. Both advantages and disadvantages of these technologies and current research progresses were also discussed. Research indicated that bipolar membrane electrodialysis and pervaporation are suitable to deal with the wastewater with 1% acetic acid;adsorption and reactive extraction are fit for 10% acetic acid wastewater;wastewater with 30% acetic acid can be handled on the support of reactive distillation;extractive distillation is more used for acetic acid solutions beyond 35%. This paper also analyzed the existing problems in membrane separation and adsorption for the disposal of acetic acid wastewater .

Tetracycline antibiotics have been widely administered to treat and control diseases due to their effective antimicrobial actions and the lack of major side effects. The sewage treatment plants have attracted much attention as one of the main point-sources of pollution with respect to tetracycline antibiotics and tetracycline resistance genes. However, only few studies were focusing on the degradation behavior of tetracycline antibiotics during sewage treatment process and the pressure selection on their corresponding resistance genes. Based on the summary of pollution situati on of tetracycline antibiotics, their removal behavior and relevant influencing factors during sewage treatment process were analyzed. The pollution characteristics of tetracycline resistance genes were investigated. In addition, the effects of tetracycline antibiotics on the induction, evolution and spread of tetracycline resistance genes were discussed. Finally, the future research directions in this area were suggested. The aim of this review is to provide the direction and evidence for the removal of tetracycline antibiotics and tetracycline resistance genes in sewage treatment systems.

Based on the molecular management theory, the rational formulations of mixed solvents for removing organic sulfurs were designed. Using a two-dimensional solubility parameter theory, the solvents, with similar solubility parameters for methyl mercaptan as compared with alkanolamines, were selected as key components of formulated solvents to remove methyl mercaptan. According to the influence of basicity and steric hindrance of amines on the reaction rates of amines with carbonyl sulfide, the heterocyclic amines with less steric hindrance and moderate basicity were used as key components to enhance removal efficiency for carbonyl sulfide. Depending upon the distributions of organic sulfur in feed gases, the selected solvent components were added to N-methyl diethanolamine (MDEA), then two kinds of formulated solvents (UDS-I and UDS-II) were obtained. The results of desulfurization experiments showed that for the natural gas in which carbonyl sulfide accounted for 94% of total organic sulfur, removal efficiency for carbonyl sulfide with UDS-I was approximately 44 percentage points higher than that of MDEA. The purified natural gas well satisfied the requirement of first-grade commercial gas. For the delayed coking LPG in which methyl mercaptan accounted for 79% of total organic sulfur, removal efficiency for methyl mercaptan of UDS-Ⅱ was about 50 percentage points higher than that of MDEA. The purified LPG could be directly used as civil LPG.

The treatment of heavy metal chromium(Ⅵ) ions in wastewater was investigated by static adsorption method using the adsorbent of nanoscale humic acid. Experiments were systematically conducted to study the affecting factors, including amounts of nanoscale humic acid, adsorption temperature, oscillating time, and solution pH value. The specific surface area and pore diameter were characterized by the N₂ adsorption-stripping, and the static equilibrium adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics curves were also obtained respectively. The results showed that adsorption rate and adsorption capacity using nanoscale humic acid could reach 97.5% and 157.52mg/g respectively, under the following conditions:50g/L of nanoscale humic acid, adsorption temperature at 30℃, oscillating time 20min and pH value at 5.0. The specific surface area and pore diameter was 150.6m²/g and 6.5nm respectively. The Langmuir model provided good correlations of the experimental data; the thermodynamics parameters of adsorption system indicated spontaneous, exothermic and entropy increasing process; and kinetic data was well fitted by the pseudo-first order model. After the adsorption material was continuously recycled four times, it still remained a good adsorption performance.

This research designed an experiment using polyaluminium chloride(PAC) and polymeric ferric sulfate(FPS), polyacrylamide(PAM) by beaker coagulation experiment to compare the three types of flocculants in the removal of lead in mine pit water discharge. The removal results from three flocculants were compared, coagulant combinations were screened based on effectiveness and economic, and PFS and PAM were determined to be the coagulant combination. Under the best PAC, PFS dosing conditions combined with PAM, the treatment effects of lead was better than using PAC or PFS alone. The added PAM improved the PAC and PFS for lead removal. The optimum lead removal conditions with PFS and PAM were at pH of 9.5, PFS dose of 200mg/L, and PAM dose of 1mg/L. The order of the experimental steps was:Rapid stirring dosing PFS followed by PAM at the slowing stirring at coagulation reaction time of 14 min and precipitation time of 15min. The removal rate of lead could reach 99.05% and the concentration of lead in effluent water was 0.238mg/L meeting the standard of Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard(GB8978—1996).

In order to realize the recycle of low-concentration butyl acetate(BA)-containing wastewater from pharmaceutical industry, experiments were carried out to find out the extracting effects of the system with different initial biomass concentration, initial BA concentration, equilibration time, temperature and solvent ratio(the volume of extractant to wastewater), and the extracting system using liquid paraffin(LP) as extractant was set up. The results showed that the effect of biomass concentration on BA extraction was not significant. The extraction efficiency of BA was up to 98% in 15min at 25℃ when the initial concentration of BA was 0.7g/100mL. The loading capability of LP was verified to be high and steady by multi-stage extraction, in which the extract phase(LP loaded with BA) was recycled and reused to extract the fresh wastewater. By utilizing multi-stage extraction with suitable solvent ratio, BA can be enriched in LP, significantly reducing the energy consumption of the after treatments. In the extract phase, BA can be effectively recovered from the loaded LP by using vacuum evaporation. After testing, the purity of BA in distillate was about 98%, and the water content was less than 0.1%. This concentrated BA can be reused in the process of extracting in pharmaceutical industry. The LP obtained from the vacuum evaporation was regenerated at the same time with very good reusability.