Droplets exist widely in plasma storage, aerospace and other technical fields. The research on the mechanism of droplets mainly focuses on the freezing stage, and the research on melting stage is relatively rare. Through the droplet visualization experiment, the dynamic surface and interface evolution modes of the melting process of frozen droplets on different material surfaces were studied and summarized under different substrate temperatures. Furthermore, the changing rules between the morphological evolution parameters, such as surface diffusion coefficient, height coefficient, phase interface deviation, and the phase transition time were summarized. The experimental results showed that there were three different surface and interface evolution modes for frozen droplets. In the middle and later stages of melting, the ice phase area of frozen droplets on the surface of metal material (pure aluminium, galvanized sheet) melted in a particle group distribution state. The hardness of its inner ice crystals was very weak. While the ice phase area of the frozen droplets on the surface of polymer materials (PMMA and PVC) melted in a massive distribution state, and it had a high ice crystal binding degree. The phase transition rate of the frozen droplets on the metal surface was faster than that of the polymer surface. The phase transition time of metal surface was less than 100s, while the phase transition time of the frozen droplets on the polymer surface was less than 300s. The maximum diffusion coefficient distribution range of the metal surface was 0.950—1.021, and the maximum diffusion coefficient distribution range of the polymer surface was 1.000—1.076. As the temperature increased, the movement of the microscopic precursor films and the surface wetting process of droplets on the surface of various materials was hindered. The height coefficient of the frozen droplet on the metal surface and the change rate of the ice phase height were affected by the change of ice phase region, while the polymer surface was mainly affected by the temperature. The increase of temperature would make the heat transfer process unstable and exacerbate the fluctuation of the deflection displacement of frozen droplets on the polymer surface.

Serial measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP) and N₂ adsorption desorption were applied to investigate the deposition and composition at different positions of the coal syngas purification and dust removal unit. The reasons for the rapid rise of pressure drop caused by the coal syngas purification and dust removal unit were determined. The analysis results confirmed that the pressure drop in the dust collector was caused by the unreasonable design of the internal components and the sorbent gradation scheme. FRIPP installed built-in crud blue in the dust collector and optimized the adsorbent loading scheme, the pressure drop increase rate of the dust collector is 0.45kPa/day, far lower than 3.86kPa/day in the previous cycle. The industrial application results showed that the special built-in crud basket developed by FRIPP had good interception effect on dust and massive scale in syngas, appropriate adsorbent grading scheme, small pressure drop of dust collector and slow pressure drop increase rate, which was far higher than the average level of similar domestic devices.

To improve the efficiency and rate of absorption process of thermal power plant for CO₂ removal using ethanolamine (MEA), the high-gravity intensification technology was applied and coupled with 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol and piperazine (AMP-PZ) to absorb CO₂ in waste gas. The results of orthogonal test showed that the significance of different operating parameters on the CO₂ removal efficiency was in order from high to low as follows: high-gravity factor, gas-liquid ratio, absorbent mass concentration, main absorbent content and temperature. The optimal operating parameters were obtained with the high-gravity factor of 60, gas-liquid ratio of 15, absorbent mass concentration of 25%, and main absorbent content of 60%, under which the CO₂ removal efficiency could reach 97.16%. Compared with the results of conventional absorption tower process with ethanolamine (MEA), the CO₂ removal efficiency increased by 7.16%. The reaction rate constant for CO₂ removal was two times that of aeration reaction equipment. A kinetic model of CO₂ absorption by a blend of AMP-PZ was established in high gravity field.

Based on the experimental result of esterification between chlorophosphate and N-butyl alcohol in the microchannel reactor, the parameters of finite-rate kinetics (e.g. pre-exponential factor and activation energy) were determined in this paper, and the influence of microchannel geometry and inlet velocity on the reaction system was investigated by numerical simulation. The results indicated that with the decrease of diameter, the conversion rate of outlet rose with the same residence time and reached to 73%. The uniformity and consistency of material distribution was improved. Under the consistent condition of constant flow rate at the inlet of the reactor, the conversion rate at the outlet of the product increased up to 64% with the development of the reactor's length, but the conversion rate of reactant at the outlet did not reach the peak value with the residence time of experimental conditions. There was a hysteresis that peak position and export position were about 0.89m apart. In addition, reducing the inlet flow rate of reactants would increase the axial conversion rate, but the mass flow rate of product was reduced simultaneously.

In the construction of digital factories in petrochemical enterprises, the digital intelligent construction of the unit is a key step. According to the need of a shift unit intelligent construction in a petrochemical enterprise, combined with the characteristics of the unit, a set of real-time data filtering rules was created based on maximum information coefficients (MIC), and the product quality prediction model was constructed based on the BP neural network. Results showed that own-developed real-time data filtering rules were used to analyze the actual operating data of a total of 1041 sets collected for 44 days. After the number of variables had been reduced from 161 to 23, it was found that the screening rules could effectively reduce the dimensionality of the data, with a data simplification rate of 85.63%. Furthermore, this model with the best product quality prediction was constructed by the Levenberg-Marquardt method and a network structure with three hidden layers. Comparing the CO molar content value of the shift gas at the outlet of the unit obtained by simulation with the actual production value, it was found that the simulated value deviated very little from the actual value (average deviation 1.193%), which showed that the model built in this paper could predict the product composition of unit very well, and it was proved to be reliable. This model is not only useful for optimizing shift unit production, but also integrated into the factory cyber-physical system (CPS) to facilitate unit digitization and intelligent construction. In addition, the method can be used as modeling reference of other similar units.

The steam power system of the units in the refinery is usually designed and operated independently, which ignores the connection with the steam power system of the thermal power plant. Steam power system in thermal power plant is often optimized under fixed steam and power demand, ignoring the connection to the steam power system of the units. To achieve the overall optimization of the steam power system of the refinery, this paper proposed a method for synchronous optimization of steam power system for processing units and the thermal power plant operation. Firstly, the equipment model coefficients were obtained by using the design and operation data of the turbines and boilers of the thermal power plant, and steam power system constraints for the thermal power plant were established according to the existing structure. Then, based on design and operational flexibility of steam power system for units, the units were divided into three categories. The first category of units cannot adjust the steam and power demand, the second category of devices can adjust the steam demand by temperature and pressure reduction, and the third category of units cannot only adjust the steam demand by temperature and pressure reduction, but also adjust the steam and power demand through drive selections. The model parameters for turbines in units used the literature values, then established the steam power system constraints of the units by collecting data of steam and power demand of units. Finally, a coupling model is established through connection of steam and power between the thermal power plant and the units. The coupling model takes the annual cost as the objective function, which includes the operating cost of the thermal power plant and the annual investment cost of turbines and motors for units. Equipment load distribution plan of the thermal power plant and steam power system design plan of units is obtained through optimization. The feasibility of the synchronous optimization method is demonstrated through a calculation example. Compared with the independent optimization, the synchronous optimization reduces annual expenses by USD 4.51 million.

At present, nitriding treatment is usually used for valve hardening in China. Nitriding process has the advantages of enhancing the service life of valve and improving the wear resistance of valve shaft sleeve. However, there are few studies on the application of the valve after pickling and passivation treatment in the production of hydrogen peroxide by anthraquinone method after nitriding process. In order to increase the research in this direction, this paper introduced several methods of nitriding the surface of valve rod and shaft sleeve, such as plasma nitriding, radio frequency nitriding, microwave nitriding, ion implantation and ion annihilation implantation, so as to increase the service life and wear resistance of valve rod and shaft sleeve. Through the overall pickling of the stem shaft sleeve of austenitic stainless steel three eccentric reducing butterfly valve after nitriding treatment, disassembly and inspection after pickling and soaking with hydrogen peroxide, the concentration, stability and iron ions of hydrogen peroxide with different soaking time were measured. According to the experimental results, it was concluded that the surface of the valve treated by nitriding process would contain a large amount of iron ions after pickling, and the existence of these iron ions would lead to the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, reducing the concentration and stability of hydrogen peroxide, and thus it was not suitable for the production of hydrogen peroxide by anthraquinone method. Only pickling passivation treatment of the valve was more suitable since hydrogen peroxide had little impact on the application of anthraquinone process in hydrogen peroxide production.

The corrosion of oil and gas pipelines is random, and the corrosion acoustic emission source signal will have some attenuation and distortion in the propagation process, and thus it is quite difficult to extract and identify the characteristics of the corrosion acoustic emission signal of pipelines. The corrosion acoustic emission monitoring experiment systems of X90 steel were constructed to collect in-situ and attenuated corrosion acoustic emission signals, and conducted comparative analysis. The signal was further analyzed by time-frequency analysis, wavelet decomposition and reconstruction and blind deconvolution restoration. The results showed that the blind deconvolution algorithm was very effective for the restoration of corrosion acoustic emission after wavelet transform processing. The signal frequency was mainly concentrated in 130—170kHz, and part of the high frequency peak was in 200kHz and 250kHz. The attenuated high frequency signal can be recovered well so that the detection signal was closer to the characteristics of the corrosion source signal of X90 steel. Signal recovery had important guiding significance for acoustic emission detection and evaluation of oil and gas pipeline corrosion.

In order to improve the particle mixing performance of crushing and mixing structure in an integrated soil remediation machine of the company, the crushing knife roller device was improved and optimized based on the principle of mixing dynamics and the discrete element method (DEM). The interaction between the discrete particles and the mixing components, the particle distribution, the number of collisions and the power of the crushing knife roller in the mixing system were investigated. The mixing efficiency was quantitatively analyzed using the mixing uniformity and the mixing quality evaluation indexes. The simulation results showed that the second generation equipment was very effective in increasing the number of colliding particles. The optimal spindle speed of the claw machine and the up/middle/down roller devices were 150r/min, 300r/min, 600r/min, 600r/min, respectively, and the total running power was 13.45kW, which was 22.4% of the rated total power of 60kW. The study provided technical guidance for improving the performance of soil remediation all-in-one machine.

Extensive research on the liquid-solid two-phase erosion in round tubes and jet flow conditions has been conducted, but the liquid-solid two-phase erosion investigation in narrow rectangular channels, such as in plate heat exchanger, is rarely reported. The technique for computational fluid dynamics-discrete phase method-erosion model was developed in the framework of secondary development of Fluent software. The characteristics of liquid-solid two-phase flow and wall erosion in a narrow rectangular channel with cylinder were studied, and the interaction mechanism between the wall and solid particles was explored. Simulation results showed that the presence of cylinder significantly changed the erosion rate of the wall. The erosion rate increased with the increase of liquid-solid velocity and wall roughness, and low inlet flow rates and wall roughness were critical to extend equipment life. The erosion rate increased first and then decreased with the increase of particle size, and reached the maximum value at about 60μm. Shape factor of non-spherical particles had little effect on wall erosion behavior. By means of a dimensionless particle size, the reason that the particles were trapped within the liquid viscous sublayer was explained. Compared with the smooth wall condition, the particles impacted the rough wall with higher energy and high frequency, resulting in faster erosion of the wall. The liquid-solid two-phase impinged on the wall at a lower angle and velocity, and the wall material removal mechanism was mainly micro-cutting.

Thermal safety parameters obtained by heat flow chemical reaction calorimetry test such as target reaction heat(ΔH), specific heat capacity of reaction system(c_p ) and maximum heat accumulation(X_ac) etc. are indispensable key parameters in safety risk assessment of fine chemical reactions. The accuracy(precision and trueness) of the test results affects the process risk classification of chemical reactions directly. At present, there is no report on accuracy and effectiveness of thermal safety parameters of chemical reactions. In order to solve this problem, the acetic anhydride and the water were proposed as reference materials. The“coefficient of variation(CV) method”and“Grubbs test method”were used to verify the repeatability and reproducibility deviation of parameters such as ΔH, c_p, and X_ac, which was obtained by the hydrolysis reaction of acetic anhydride measured by the heat flow reaction calorimetry. The“t verification method”was used to evaluate the accuracy of the specific heat capacity of water measured by the heat flow reaction calorimetry. The results showed that the repeatability standard deviation of parameters such as ΔH, c_p, and X_ac in the same laboratory and the reproducibility standard deviation compared with the other four laboratories met the requirements, which was obtained from the reaction rate of acetic anhydride hydrolysis measured by heat flow chemical reaction calorimetry test. There was no substantial bias between the specific heat capacity data of 25℃ water obtained by heat flow calorimetry and the standard specific heat capacity value t. Therefore,both the precision and the trueness of heat flow calorimetry were validated satisfied.

Liquid hydrocarbon fuel has the characteristics of high energy density, large volume hydrogen content and convenient storage and transportation. It is of practical significance for civil equipment and national defense weapons to use it as raw material to produce hydrogen by reforming and applying it to mobile fuel cells/hydrogen refueling stations. Starting from the steam reforming mechanism of liquid hydrocarbon fuel, this review defines the main problems faced by the current catalysts, such as carbon deposition, so as to guide the design and development of high-performance catalyst.The development of catalysts for steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbon fuels (gasoline, kerosene, diesel, tar and sulfur containing hydrocarbon fuel etc.) is summarized. Several enhancement technologies for steam reforming process are described, including plasma reforming, chemical looping reforming, adsorption enhanced reforming and reaction separation coupling reforming technology. The advantages and disadvantages of various enhancement technologies are explained. It is pointed out that the high-efficiency conversion of liquid hydrocarbon fuel is expected to be realized through the coupling of the construction of high-efficiency catalysts with enhancement technology of steam reforming. It is hoped that this review can provide relevant guidance for the further study of hydrogen production from liquid hydrocarbon fuel reforming.

Hydrogen energy is an important development direction of the global energy technology revolution. In the development process of the hydrogen energy industry, the development of efficient, safe and low-cost hydrogen energy storage technology is the necessary guarantee and key to the realization of large-scale hydrogen consumption. This paper reviews four current mainstream hydrogen energy storage technologies——high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage, low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage, liquid organic hydrogen storage, and solid material hydrogen storage, analyzes and sorts out the advantages and disadvantages of these hydrogen storage technologies, discusses the latest research status and key challenges of various hydrogen storage methods, and prospects the optimization and development trend of hydrogen storage technology in the future. It can be found that in order to improve hydrogen storage, researchers focus on developing cost-effective, energy-dense hydrogen storage technologies. It is suggested that high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage should focus on the development of low-cost, high-performance carbon fiber composite materials to reduce the cost of type Ⅳ bottles; low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage should focus on reducing hydraulic costs and seeking cheap and readily available thermal insulation materials; for liquid organic hydrogen storage, seeking high-efficiency catalysts can greatly improve its hydrogen storage capacity; and solid material hydrogen storage should develop high-efficiency catalysts and seek ways to improve the interaction between hydrogen and materials. The government, enterprises and scientific research institutes should vigorously promote the research on hydrogen storage technology, accelerate the development of the hydrogen energy industry, and realize the goal of carbon neutrality as soon as possible.

Hydrogen energy is an important supplement to the energy needed for human survival and development. The development and utilization of hydrogen energy industry, especially hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, has attracted extensive attention all over the world. However, one of the key factors determining the rapid development of the industry is a clean source of hydrogen, which makes the hydrogen energy industry more economical and environmentally competitive. Using renewable energy to generate hydrogen by water electrolysis and storing energy in the form of chemical energy, not only can renewable energy be used to produce hydrogen with high caloric value, but also clean renewable energy can be used from the source of hydrogen production to reduce carbon emission. This paper analyzes and discusses the coupling of renewable energy power generation such as wind, light and water with water electrolysis hydrogen production technology, describes the current research progress of green hydrogen energy production projects utilizing renewable energy power generation at home and abroad, and introduces some typical clean hydrogen production cases. The paper points out that wind power and solar hydrogen production are relatively mature technologies at present, but their economic competitiveness still needs to be improved. However, the uneven distribution of hydropower resources hindered its large-scale development. Therefore, the government, enterprises and research institutes need to vigorously promote the research on hydrogen production from renewable energy power generation, effectively solve the problem of energy consumption and accelerate the development of hydrogen energy industry.

Refuse derived fuel refers to a kind of solid fuel made from dry combustible solid waste separated from urban domestic waste through complex processes such as drying, crushing, sorting and molding. Due to its characteristics of convenient transportation and storage, low pollutant emission, slag discharge and ignition point, sufficient and stable combustion, RDF has become one of the best substitutes to replace fossil fuels with the support of the national "double carbon" background. However, in the process of large-scale market-oriented application, there are some problems, such as high production costs, dominated by investment interests, and the challenge of the maturity and localization of direct combustion incineration technology. This paper introduces the preparation process and thermal conversion characteristics of RDF, analyzes the reasons hindering the large-scale market-oriented application of RDF, and finally puts forward three measures to promote the application of RDF in the future: Simplifying the production process of RDF to reduce the production cost, establishing a perfect subsidy system for RDF application industry, and establishing a reward mechanism for“carbon reduction”, in order to provide guidance for the large-scale market-oriented application of RDF.

At present, different formation promoters are added to capture CO₂ in hydrate processes. However, the influence of these accelerators on the transport and storage conditions of CO₂ hydrates is unknown. Therefore, the stability of CO₂ hydrate in pure ice powder system, single accelerator system and compound system was studied in this paper. The accelerators were 0.24g/L sodium dodecylate (SDS), 0.288g/L tetrabylammonium bromide (TBAB), 5g/L nano graphite (GN) and 0.33g/L NaCl. The decomposition kinetics of CO₂ hydrate in different systems were studied at 274.65K and atmospheric pressure by using the decomposition method of temperature rising at constant pressure. The results show that the order of stability of CO₂ hydrate in single accelerator system from strong to weak is SDS>TBAB>GN≈pure ice powder>NaCl. SDS can prolong the decomposition time of CO₂ hydrate, and the average decomposition rate was reduced by 29.6%, 15.8% and 18.5%, respectively, compared with the pure ice powder system. Among the compound accelerator systems, TBAB+NaCl has the strongest stability and TBAB plays a dominant role, while NaCl+GN has the weakest stability and NaCl plays a dominant role. In addition, the mechanism of enhancing the stability of CO₂ hydrate in accelerator system was also analyzed, which is mainly related to the properties of accelerator itself. The experimental data are expected to be applied to CO₂ hydrate storage and transportation technology and enhance the commercial application of CO₂ hydrate.

In order to realize the resource utilization of waste plastics, this paper adopted microwave co-pyrolysis method, selected waste polypropylene (PP) as pyrolysis raw material and the granular activated carbon as the absorbing material to produce combustible pyrolysis gas and light pyrolysis oil. The effects of microwave power on pyrolysis gas, pyrolysis oil and solid carbon residue obtained from pyrolysis without adding catalyst and with addition of different kinds of metal oxides as auxiliary catalysts were studied. In addition, the effects of power and the additions of MgO and ZnO on the products were also investigated in detail. The results showed that the yield of pyrolysis gas without adding catalyst was more than 40% in which H₂ and CH₄ accounted for about 40% of the total gas volume, while the yield of pyrolysis oil was about 40% and the yield of solid carbon was about 15%. The total content of alkanes, olefins and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrolysis oil can reach more than 90%, and the proportion of pyrolysis oil was between 0.7 and 0.8, which belonged to light pyrolysis oil. After adding different metal oxides, some metal oxides can deepen the pyrolysis degree of PP. Among them, MgO can significantly increase the content of CH₄, and ZnO can significantly increase the content of H₂. The metal oxides can further increase the content of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis oil. According to the response surface analysis, the optimal pyrolysis conditions for PP were as follows. After adding MgO, the power range was 660—720W with amount of catalyst of 0.6—1g. After adding ZnO, the power range was 680—740W with amount of catalyst of 0.4—1g.

Pre-separation of different macerals in coal based on the physical properties and then quality-based utilization are effective process to realize clean and efficient use of coal. According to the density difference of different macerals in coal, a sub-bituminous coal was separated by gravity separation method into maceral concentrates that was enriched in vitrinite, inertinite and mineral, respectively. Compared with the raw coal, the vitrinite increased from 48.25% to 76.02% in the vitrinite-rich sample, the inertinite increased from 43.96% to 63.98% in the inertinite-rich sample, and the minerals content increased from 10.47% to 61.99% in the mineral-rich sample. By thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry analysis, the pyrolysis behavior and the gas evolution of different maceral concentrates were investigated, and the combustion and gasification reaction characteristics were also discussed. The results show that the amount of volatiles from pyrolysis of vitrinite-rich sample is significantly higher than that of raw coal and inertinite-rich sample, indicating that the separation processes successfully separate and enrich some of the functional groups of the coal. Moreover, the pyrolysis characteristic temperatures of the maceral concentrates are basically the same, indicating that the main reaction components of the vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich sample are similar, but the contents are different. Combustion experiments show that the overall trend of combustion curves of the vitrinite-rich, inertinite-rich sample and raw coal are similar, reflecting little difference in combustion activity. CO₂ gasification experiments show that the gasification reactivity of vitrinite-rich sample is the lowest, and the gasification reactivity of inertinite-rich sample is close to that of the raw coal gasification. Comparing the calculated reaction curve of raw coal with the experimental curve, it is found that the coal separation process and the separation of vitrinite, inertinite and minerals have little effect on the volatile liberation in the pyrolysis process, while decreasing the combustion and gasification reaction activity.

This paper studied the intelligent control system of district heating based on the fixed structure phase change heat storage module, and described the fixed structure phase change heat storage module and heating system. Combined with the change rule of load coefficient of winter heating with outdoor environment temperature, the intelligent control system of district heating and its connotation were proposed. Combined with the demonstration project of urban district heating, the intelligent heating system was compared with the traditional two operation modes, and the operation cost of heating equipment was reduced by 24% and 32% respectively. Based on the fixed structure phase change heat storage module heating system, the operation cost was reduced significantly after using intelligent control system because of the use of low valley power or renewable energy. Compared with the traditional two operation modes, the intelligent heating system reduced the operation cost of heating equipment by 70% and 73.3%, respectively. Therefore, based on the fixed structure phase change heat storage module district heating, the use of intelligent heating system was of great significance to reduce operating costs.

Catalytic conversion of CO₂ to propylene carbonate (PC) is a typical reaction of CO₂ resource recycling. PC is an important polar solvent and polymer monomer in key areas such as lithium-ion batteries and high-performance polymers. With the increasing demand, it has attracted the attention of the scientific community and industry. In this paper, we introduce the existing reaction pathways for the catalytic conversion of CO₂ to PC. Furthermore, the most widely used CO₂-propylene oxide (PO) carboxylation reaction systems are introduced in detail, including both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. And the catalyst design, structure-activity relationship and reaction mechanism of CO₂-PO carboxylation are reviewed in detail. Then we propose the issues concerning the sustainable development of the synthesis of PC by CO₂-PO carboxylation. Meanwhile, the relevant solutions and future development directions are given. The outcome of this work could offer new insights into the development of PC technology for efficient conversion of CO₂ into green chemicals.

The hydrotalcite-like compounds are a special type of two-dimensional anionic clay, which are characterized by tunable composition, memory effect and structural ordering, and thus they are considered to be safe and environment-friendly photocatalysts. We summarize the structural characteristics, properties, and photocatalytic application of hydrotalcite-like compounds in this review, and their catalytic performance in the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide was compared. Secondly, we review the mechanism of photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ and the challenge in its development. In the end, we introduce the current development of hydrotalcite-based photocatalysts from three aspects, i.e. light absorption, separation of charge carriers and surface reaction, according to the basic mechanism of the CO₂ reduction. Although some progress has been achieved in the study of hydrotalcite-based photocatalysts, it is necessary to further explore their photocatalytic mechanism, synergistic mechanism of various components and interfacial reaction mechanism in order to achieve their rational structural design and precise regulation of the active sites.

Activated carbon (AC) has been demonstrated as a catalyst or catalyst support in catalytic pyrolysis of biomass and plastics due to its developed porosity and functional groups. However, the catalytic activity of AC catalyst is low, which needs to be improved by modification. The catalytic co-pyrolysis of corn straw and high-density polyethylene over boron doped activated carbon (BAC) catalyst was investigated in a fixed bed reactor. The effects of boron doping amount, catalyst to feedstock mass ratio and co-pyrolysis temperature on product yields and distributions were studied. The specific surface area, pore volume, surface functional groups and acidity of AC and BAC catalysts were measured by BET, FTIR and NH₃-TPD. XRD and XPS were used to characterize the crystal structure and presence morphology of boron in fresh and spent BAC catalysts. The results showed that the specific surface area and pore size of BAC catalyst decreased gradually with the increasing of boron doping, the surface functional groups did not change significantly, but the amount of strong and weak acids increased significantly. In the used BAC catalyst, boron mainly exists in the form of B-O bond, BC₃ diffraction peak disappears and B-C weak diffraction peak appears. With the increase of boron doping from 0.5%(mass) increased to 3.0%, the content of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons first increased and then decreased, while the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exhibited an opposite trend with monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. With the boron doping amount of 1.0%, the co-pyrolysis temperature of 600℃ and the BAC catalyst to raw material mass ratio of 1.25, the content of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons reached the maximum value of 44.18%, and the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was 19.75%. In addition, the presence of boron can effectively inhibit the deposition of coke and improve the lifetime of the BAC catalyst.

A series of modified alumina supports with different SiO₂ contents were prepared by neutralization method. NiMo/Al₂O₃ catalysts were obtained by impregnating the modified Al₂O₃ into nickel-molybdenum precursor solution. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, NH₃-TPD, Py-IR, H₂-TPR, HRTEM and XPS. The results showed that the introduction of silicon weakened the metal-support interaction, changed the porous structure and surface acidity of the catalysts. It also improved the active phase dispersion and metal sulfidation, thereby promoted the formation of more Type II NiMoS active phases. With DBT as a model compound, the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) performance of the catalysts were evaluated on a fixed-bed reactor. The reaction activity evaluation results indicated that the introduction of silicon reduced the reaction activation energy of DBT and increased the reaction rate constant, resulting in the increase of the hydrodesulfurization catalysis activity. The comparison of the desulfurization products distribution at DBT conversion of 50% showed that the introduction of silicon significantly affected the reaction selectivity, and the DDS selectivity increased from 83.69% to 92.89%. The characterization conclusions of the catalysts were confirmed by the evaluation results.

A series of in-situ modified ZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis method through adding Mg or/and polyethylene glycol. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS-Mapping, BET and NH₃-TPD. The results showed that the modified ZSM-5 catalysts had improved pore size, pore volume, acid content and acid strength. The modified catalysts were further used for catalytic cracking of bagasse. The catalytic cracking had significantly improved the selectivity of 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran product as compared with direct pyrolysis of bagasse, and the introduction of metal Mg, acid type, and the pore size and volume are the main factors affecting the formation of 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran. At the same time, there was a synergistic effect between Mg and polyethylene glycol. The selectivity of furans in bio-oil from bagasse pyrolysis was 40.12%, and the selectivity of 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans was 23.16%.

A series of FCC light gasoline isomerization/aromatization catalysts with different ZSM-5/γ-Al₂O₃ mass ratio were prepared by the incipient wetness method. The physico-chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption desorption, SEM, NH₃-TPD, IR and pyridine FTIR. The isomerization/aromatization properties of the catalysts were evaluated using etherified C₅ light gasoline in Urumqi Petrochemical Company with LPG as feedstocks. The results showed that the acidity and pore structure of the catalysts can be changed by adjusting the ZSM-5/γ-Al₂O₃ mass ratio. Under the ZnLa/ZSM-5/γ-Al₂O₃-1 catalyst at the reaction temperature 380℃, reaction pressure 1.0MPa, the space velocity 1.0h^-1, hydrogen/oil volume ratio 100 and LPG feed rate 4.4g/h by comparing the isomerization/aromatization products with feedstocks, the volume fraction of olefins decreased by 27.49%, the volume fraction of isoalkanes increased by 15.87%, the volume fraction of aromatics increased by 3.97%, the octane number reduced by 3.38 and the yield of the product was up to 89.90%. The goal of greatly reducing olefins with maintaining octane number by isomerization/aromatization was achieved.

In order to investigate the phase change of fused iron catalyst during the reduction process and its effect on the performance in high temperature Fischer-Tropsch reaction, the catalyst was characterized by SEM, EDS, BET and in-situ XRD. The performance of Fischer-Tropsch reaction was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor under 340℃, 2.4MPa, and H₂/CO=3.8, similar to industrial conditions. The effects of different heating processes, hydrogen partial pressure, reduction space velocity and reduction time on the phase structure, crystal size and reduction degree of the fused iron catalysts were analyzed. The results showed that the initial heating rate was quite significant. When the initial heating rate was over 2.4℃/min, reduction rate was too fast, and the α-Fe grains grown and agglomerated rapidly. The influence of hydrogen partial pressure on the reduction degree was not monotonical, and the change trend of reduction degree is the same when it is >70%.α-Fe was more stable at low hydrogen partial pressure, which, under 40%H₂/Ar, increased only by 1nm within 40h. The high reduction space velocity of 10000h^-1 made the catalyst surface pore distribution and pore size more uniform, and the reduction efficiency and limit reduction degree higher. The low reduction space velocity 1000—2000h^-1 gave the reduction catalyst stable surface/bulk structure, more stable crystal size and higher reaction activity. After reduced at 420℃ to the limiting reduction degree, the α-Fe continued to grow slowly with the increase of reduction time. The suitable reduction conditions were obtained as: reduction heating rate in between 0.4℃/min(200—350℃)—0.8℃/min(<200℃), space speed of 5000h^-1, and reduction time less than 30h.

Compared with the traditional alkylation reaction of methanol and benzene, the one-step process of syngas and benzene to toluene/xylene has the advantages of high benzene conversion, good catalyst stability, and high economic efficiency. In this study, a series of Zn-based metal oxides were coupled with H-ZSM-5 zeolite to form bifunctional catalysts for the efficient conversion of syngas and benzene into toluene and xylene, and the optimal bifunctional catalyst was ZnAlCrO _x &H-ZSM-5. In-situ FT-IR analysis showed that the conversion of syngas alone on the catalyst was weak, but after the addition of benzene, the alkylation reaction of benzene with methoxy species can effectively prompt the conversion of syngas, indicating the synergy between the metal components and zeolite components in bifunctional catalyst. The modifying of H-ZSM-5 zeolite with Zn, Mg, Ga elements to reduce the ratio of B acid to L acid in zeolite was found to contribute to the conversion of benzene. Among them, the ratio of B acid to L acid was the lowest after Zn modification, and the conversion of benzene was also the highest. The degree of benzene alkylation can be controlled by adjusting the reaction temperature, the space velocity of raw materials, and the H₂/CO ratio of in syngas, and the product selectivity can be adjusted. Under the reaction conditions of pressure 3MPa and temperature 400℃, ZnAlCrO _x &H-ZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst gives both high benzene conversion (90.6%) and toluene/xylene selectivity (74.3%), and the effective utilization rate of CO is 33.7%.

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) is a key component to ensure the safety and efficiency of PEM fuel cells. To date, Nafion and some Nafion derivatives PEMs have been commercialized and widely used in fuel cells, hydrogen production, sensing, detection, flow batteries and other fields. However, they still have problems such as high manufacturing cost and narrow temperature range (-20—80℃). In recent years, some metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as potential proton conductors, have been used to modify and improve the existing polymer proton exchange membranes, or even be directly used as the main proton conducting medium to form PEMs due to their crystallinity, designability and high specific surface area. A series of important progress has been achieved. This paper introduced five common types of proton conduction in MOFs and reviewed the representative high-performance proton conducting MOFs in recent years. Meanwhile, three common application methods of proton-conducting MOFs in PEMs were summarized, which showed that MOFs had great development potential in improving PEM proton conductivity, reducing PEM cost and broadening the efficient working range of PEM. In the conclusion part, it was pointed out that the application of existing MOFs in PEMs still had problems in stability, durability, the escape of harmful substances, etc. It was hoped that this paper can provide references and ideas for the development of next-generation MOFs proton exchange membranes.

With the trend of miniaturization, integration and functionalization of electronic products, the lifetime and reliability of electronic devices have affected by the huge heat dissipation and temperature-elevated challenge accompanied by sharp increase in the power density and heat flux density, which puts more stringent requirements on how to effectively implement heat dissipate during device operation. The development and use of high-performance thermally conductive composite materials (thermal interface materials, TIM) to reduce contact thermal resistance is one of the effective ways to solve the heat dissipation problem of electronic equipment. The innovation and optimization of thermal interface materials have attracted much attention. On the basis of the heat conduction mechanism, this article expounded the latest developments in polymer-based thermal interface material structure and heat conduction enhancement of polymer-based thermal interface material, such as the influence of thermally conductive fillers and polymer matrix on the properties of composite materials etc.. It was focused on major topics such as the thermal enhancement (synergistic) effect of micro-nano structures, the construction of a 3D high thermal conductivity microstructure, the interface microstructure between the thermally conductive filler and the matrix, and the thermal conductivity interpenetrating network structure etc. with aims to offer consultation for preparation and innovation of novel high-performance TIM by superior thermally conductive structures fabrication.

Visual identification system plays a key role in the emergency evacuation of large-scale stadiums. Persistence luminescent materials that can emit light without external energy supply are considered as ideal candidates for emergency signage. Most of the persistent luminescence materials are synthesized into powder particles, and they need to be further fabricated into different application forms to meet the various scenarios of large-scale stadiums. In this paper, the application forms of persistent luminescence materials were summarized. The applications of persistent luminescence materials in different forms were described from the aspects of phosphor-glass composite, phosphor-silica gel/polymer composite, surface coating of phosphor particles and nano-sized phosphors. The key was isolation of persistence luminescent materials from the external environment with the help of coating medium. Meanwhile, the possible chemical reaction between persistence luminescent materials and the coating medium needed to be suspended. The coating medium had to meet the requirements of fire prevention, waterproofing and low cost. In the future, besides extending the current application forms, such as performing surface modifications, integrating the powder particles into coatings, cement slurry, polymer and glass composites, more researches were expected in the fields of chemical reaction mechanism between persistence luminescent materials and coating medium, mechanical properties of the composite and new kinds of coating medium.

Polyvinyl alcohol is recognized as a green degradable material because of its good performance and environmental friendliness. However, the molecular structure of polyvinyl alcohol is highly regular, and there are strong hydrogen bonds within and between molecules, resulting in its similar melting point and thermal decomposition temperature, narrow thermal processing window, difficult to thermoplastic processing and molding, and limited application field. This paper focused on the two stages before and after the finished product of polyvinyl alcohol, and systematically introduced the method of thermoplastic modification of polyvinyl alcohol in recent years. Among them, the pre-modification of polyvinyl alcohol products was copolymerization modification (modified monomers are vinyl monomers, acrylic monomers and other monomers). The pre-modification also included regulating the degree of polymerization and alcoholysis. The post-modification of polyvinyl alcohol products was divided into plasticization modification (including water and water compound plasticization system, polyol plasticization system, ionic substance plasticization system and polyphenol plasticization system) and post-reaction modification. The principle of thermoplastic modification was expounded, including the changes of steric hindrance and steric regularity of polyvinyl alcohol in the pre-modification of finished products, the interaction of subvalent bond forces between molecular chains in plasticization modification, and the formation of polyvinyl alcohol network structure in post-reaction modification. In addition, the article compared and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of different thermoplastic modification routes. The relationship between different modified substances and thermal processing properties was introduced in detail, which provided a certain reference for choosing a suitable method to prepare thermoplastic polyvinyl alcohol. Based on the existing thermoplastic modification methods and effects of polyvinyl alcohol, it was proposed that copolymerization modification and post-reaction modification would be the main directions of the future development of polyvinyl alcohol to give it more stable thermal processing properties and broaden its application field.

With awareness and highlights of environmental protection challenges, it is the trend for some non-biodegradable plastic to be gradually replaced by biodegradable ones. At present, polymer named as polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT), one of the most commercially promising biodegradable plastic with super ductility and flexibility compared favourably with low-density polyethylene, is considered to be one of the most attractive sustainable candidates for contemporary green material manufacturer. However, PBAT faces limitation of application cases, arising from its deficiencies in mechanical properties, thermal properties, barrier properties and production cost, etc.. This paper aimed to systematically review the development on preparation methods of PBAT-based composites in recent years and the work done by domestic and international researchers for improvement of the mechanical and barrier properties of PBAT, as well as the degradation principles and environmental risks associated with the PBAT degradation. Innovative research relevant to PBAT-based composites should be emphasized and further carried forward on topics such as excellent degradability, bacterial inhibition, durability and cost reduction.

The development of anion exchange membranes (AEMs), which are the core components of fuel cells, has received widespread attention. However, the disordered and directly connected structure of polymer skeleton and cationic groups in AEMs leads to the problems of low ionic conductivity, poor alkali stability and insufficient mechanical property in the application process of the membrane. Thus, it is necessary to design the molecular structure connecting the polymer skeleton and cationic groups and develop AEMs with excellent comprehensive performance. The basic mechanism of the selective permeation of AEMs was introduced, and the research progress of AEMs with different molecular structures, such as block structure, graft structure, cross-linked structure, partial high density structure and composite structure composed of partial high density structure and the other three kinds of structures, was reviewed. The performance improvement of AEMs was summarized from the aspects of ionic conductivity, alkali stability, mechanical property and water absorption, and the trade-off between ionic conductivity and water absorption of AEMs was focused on. Finally, the future development direction of fuel cell AEMs from the aspects of molecular structure and its combination was prospected.

Extreme pressure and anti-wear agents are a kind of important lubricant additives, and are also indispensable main agents for gear oil. Compared with traditional extreme pressure and anti-wear agents, ionic liquids have attracted extensive attention in the field of tribology due to their structural designability, active elements contained in their molecules, excellent chemical stability and higher thermal decomposition temperature. The polarity of base oil will affect the solubility of ionic liquids. Based on this, this paper summarized the research progress on the influence of molecular configuration of ionic liquids on the solubility of ionic liquids in base oils of different polarities. The tribological properties and action mechanism of ionic liquids in different polar base oils were discussed. The effects of compounding ionic liquids with other additives were summarized. The paper pointed out that most ionic liquids had good solubility in polar oils, and both cationic and anionic structures in non-polar oils had an effect on their solubility. In both polar and non-polar oils, ionic liquids with excellent tribological properties contained active elements. The compounding of ionic liquids with other additives would affect its performance. Finally, combined with the shortcomings of the current work, suggestions were provided for the future development direction of ionic liquids as extreme pressure and anti-wear agents.

Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) extinguishing agent performs well in terms of high temperature resistance and fire resistance because of Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). However, PFOS substances have been controlled successively internationally due to its difficult biodegradability, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Control behaviors and substitutes researches of PFOS in foam extinguishing agents are briefly summered and analyzed in this paper. The results showed that control behaviors are gradually from restriction to elimination, and it is extremely urgent to research and develop new substitutes of PFOS in foam extinguishing agent. There are two research directions of new PFOS substitutes, one of which is the research of short fluorocarbon-chain surfactants in foam extinguishing agent and the verification of its fire extinguishing effect, but there may be long-term environmental durability problem. The another is the research of fluorine-free surfactants, such as silicone surfactant, betaine surfactant and purified saponin surfactant, in foam extinguishing agent, however, the surface activity, fire extinguishing capability and the fire extinguishing efficiency of foam extinguishing agent with these fluorine-free surfactants may be affected. Thus, it is a tough challenge to research and develop new PFOS substitutes in foam extinguishing agent in future.

High modulus asphalt mixture has become a favorable material for constructing long-life road with heavy traffic because of its outstanding rutting resistance and fatigue resistance. However, insufficient low temperature performance is the most important factor restricting its application and development. In recent years, how to improve the low temperature performance of high modulus asphalt and mixture has become a research focus in the field of pavement. This paper reviewed the four improving main technics of adding thermoplastic elastomers, oil-based modifiers, inorganic powder materials to the binder and fibers to the mixture. The relationship between the amount of modified material, modification process parameters and modification effect of these four improving technics was emphatically expounded, and the modification mechanism was summarized. Finally, the future research emphases and development trend of high modulus asphalt and mixture in low temperature performance were discussed, aiming to overcome the limitation of application scope of high modulus asphalt mixture and promote the application of high modulus asphalt mixture in long-life road with heavy traffic.

This study used the dissipative molecular dynamics simulation method (DPD) to study the self-assembly behaviors of the amino-modified polymer surfactant polyimethylsiloxane and the carboxy-modified silica nanoparticle on a silicone oil-water interface, and explored the internal mechanisms in self-assembly behaviors for a wide range of surfactant mass fraction. The effects of surfactant and nanoparticle mass fractions (ω_S, ω_N) were investigated by examining the interface properties (interface thickness and interface tension) and structural properties (rotation radius). The results showed that nanoparticles and surfactants spontaneously assembled into nanoparticle surfactants at the oil-water interface. When ω_S=0.005—0.2, it can effectively reduce the interfacial tension. While ω_S=0.2—0.5, this assembly behavior caused the interfacial tension to increase with increasing ω_S. For ω_S of 0.2, the radius of gyration of surfactant was the largest and the fluctuation with time was the smallest, and the interfacial tension of the system was the lowest, indicating that the stretching effect of surfactant molecules was more obvious. The interface tension increased with increasing surfactant chain, showing that the proportion of end amino groups in surfactants played a dominant action on interface behaviors. For the surfactant chain of 8, the feature of the lowest interfacial tension and the largest thickness was highlighted. The interfacial tension decreased as the nanoparticle diameter increased from 2.44Å to 12.21Å, and increased as ω_N raised from 0.0165625 to 0.1325. When the interaction parameter between the surfactant and nanoparticle was raised from 9 to 21, the variation in interaction parameter had no influence on the interface properties.

The encapsulation strategies are efficient in preventing evaporation of fragrance volatile. Appropriate wall material is important for the mechanical properties and packaging behavior of the capsule. In this research, carrageenan and konjac gum were selected as main encapsulation wall materials and the optimal formula was determined. The synergy of carrageenan and konjac gum caused a thermally reversible elastic gel under neutral and acidic conditions, which can be applied in encapsulating fragrance. The synergistic mechanism was elaborated and the coagulation process of the composite colloid was characterized at the same time. In addition, the compatibility of composite colloid based on the best formula with different production instruments and individual core materials were investigated, and its potential for large-scale production was evaluated.

A crosslinked teroctyl phenolic resin with brominated phenol hydroxyl group was obtained by modifying the crosslinked teroctyl phenolic resin. The structure of the resin was characterized by FTIR and NMR. The results showed that bromine was successfully substituted on the phenol hydroxyl group. The residual bromine content was determined by Mohr titration reaction. The bromination rate on the benzene ring was calculated to be 84.7%. GPC was used to characterize the phenolic resin before and after modification. The results indicated that the number average molecular weight and weight average molecular weight of the brominated phenolic resin decreased, and the molecular weight distribution narrowed. According to the crosslinking mechanism of crosslinked teoctyl phenolic resin, the vulcanization process and physical and mechanical properties of rubber coordination systems of crosslinked teoctyl phenolic resin, crosslinked chain end brominated teoctyl phenolic resin and crosslinked phenolic hydroxyl meta brominated teoctyl phenolic resin were tested respectively. The results showed that the vulcanization degree, vulcanization speed and physical and mechanical properties of the modified phenolic hydroxyl meta brominated teoctyl phenolic resin were significantly improved.

A LiCl-composite curdlan ion gel was prepared and used in the study of air-water harvesting. The water vapor adsorption characteristics of composite adsorbents were studied in open environments with different conditions. The effect of the impregnating salt concentration on the composite adsorbent adsorption performance was investigated. According to the target operating conditions, the optimal ratio of the composite adsorbent components was completed. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm characteristics of the optimized ion gels were studied. The results showed that the composite of 15% LiCl solution had the best comprehensive performance. At the conditions of 35℃and 75%RH, the adsorption capacity of the composite adsorbent was as high as 3.30g/g, which was 6.6 times of the traditional silica gel composite sorbent. Meanwhile, the desorption performance was 3 times of the silica composite adsorbent at the condition of 55℃ and 40%RH. In addition, At the condition of 25℃ and 75%RH, the adsorption kinetics rate of the composite gel sorbent K was as high as 3.48×10^-3 s^-1. This study of ion-gel composite sorbent can provide a basis for the air-water harvesting technology.

A series of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) were synthesized with menthol as hydrogen bond acceptor and different kinds of carboxylic acids as hydrogen bond donor. The physicochemical properties of HDES system such as density and viscosity under different temperatures were investigated. The excess molar volume, viscosity deviation and interaction force parameters were calculated by using the excess molar property and the Glenberg-Nissan interaction force formula, and the interaction between components of HDES was analyzed. The hydrogen bonding between HDES components was determined by FTIR characterization. Solvent extraction of Cu²⁺ from aqueous phase was studied by the prepared HDES. The effects of pH, intercomponent interactions (carbon chain length of hydrogen bond donor, donor/acceptor molar ratio) on the extraction performance of copper were investigated. The results showed that the extraction efficiency of Cu²⁺ could be enhanced by the system with stronger hydrogen bond interaction among Men/Carboxylics-HDES, due to easier dissociation of hydrogen in carboxylic group. In addition, the extraction mechanism for copper was discussed through the relationship between the structure and properties of Men/Carboxylics-HDES system and the hydrogen bond interaction between components. The present work may provide a theoretical basis for revealing the structure-activity relationship of HDES and for further design of high-performance eutectic solvent.

The waste residue of red mud produced by aluminum smelting industry is disposed in an unreasonable way, resulting in serious environmental pollution and waste of resources. The iron element rich in red mud exists in the form of Fe₂O₃, which is not conducive to the recovery of iron resources. Magnetic materials can be prepared by reduction for the removal of heavy metal ions. Based on this, a composite adsorption material was prepared by coupling red mud and lignin by carbothermal reduction method. The effects of reduction temperature, reduction time and amount of reducing agent on reduction effect were systematically explored and lead ion adsorption experiment was also carried out. The results showed that the optimum technological parameters of lignin reduction red mud were as follows: reduction temperature 625℃, reduction time 30 min and lignin to red mud mass ratio 1∶1. The analysis of co-pyrolysis gas products by GC indicated that the introduction of red mud can improved the output of hydrogen. The liquid produced by co-pyrolysis was analyzed by GC-MS. It was found that lignin/red mud co-pyrolysis could improved the yield of aromatic compounds. The adsorption experiment showed that the prepared composite can effectively remove lead ions from aqueous solution. The preparation of composite adsorption materials by coupling red mud and lignin residue can respond to the national environmental protection policies and have potential economic, energy and environmental benefits.

As a gas that often appears in the process of coal mining, H₂S has an adverse impact on the generation safety of coal mines in China, and thus it must be removed. However, there may also be gases of other components in the coal mine, which may affect the removal of H₂S to a certain extent. In this paper, activated carbon fiber was selected to load sodium hydroxide and copper oxide, respectively, and the best load of the two materials was selected. Then, the actual conditions of coal mine were simulated to explore the desulfurization performance of composite desulfurizer under the actual mine atmosphere. The results showed that the coal produced multi-component mixed gases when heated, which had a great impact on the performance of the desulfurizer. When the temperature of the coal increased, the CO, CO₂ and other gases increased exponentially, and a small amount of CH₄, C₂H₆, C₂H₄, C₂H₂ and other gases were produced. With the increase of the amount of these gases, the desulfurization performance of the desulfurizer began to decline. Moreover, under the condition of mine gas atmosphere, the generation of SO₂ gas was restrained, especially when the gas component content was high, SO₂ gas even appeared later than H₂S gas. In addition, by measuring the surface pH value after deactivation of the desulfurizer, it was found that even if the desulfurization time of the desulfurizer was shorter in some gas atmospheres, the surface pH value of the desulfurized products was very similar, indicating that the acid gases CO and CO₂ produced by coal may also be adsorbed to the surface of the desulfurizer to form acidic substances.

The carbon material itself has limited purification effect on H₂S. Loading the activated catalyst on the activated carbon can make up for the lack of H₂S removal capacity of the carbon material. In this paper, three kinds of carbon materials with typical pore structure: microporous activated carbon fiber, mesoporous activated carbon and single-walled carbon nanotubes with larger pores were impregnated with different concentrations of sodium carbonate solution in equal volume to make desulfurizer loaded with active materials. The desulfurization performance of desulfurizer prepared under different loads was evaluated by fixed bed reaction experiment, and the materials were characterized and tested. After comparison, the activated carbon fiber material with developed microporous structure had the best desulfurization performance as a whole, and the larger the load of active substances, the better. Under the experimental conditions, SO₂ and H₂S were gradually detected at the outlet. SO₂ gas appeared earlier. When this gas appeared, it indicated that the desulfurizer would be inactivated. The surface pH of various carbon materials loaded and before and after desulfurization were measured. It was found that the pH of the material surface increased greatly after loading Na₂CO₃, while the pH of the material surface decreased in varying degrees after desulfurization.

The massive combustion of fossil fuels increases the emission of the greenhouse gas CO₂, which has a bad impact on the environment. The capture and conversion of CO₂ into high value-added chemicals is a win-win strategy to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction and turn waste into treasure. Enzyme-catalyzed CO₂ capture and conversion has such advantages as high efficiency, high selectivity, mild reaction conditions, and environmental friendliness. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) can greatly accelerate CO₂ hydration reaction, while formate dehydrogenase (FDH) can catalyze the reduction of CO₂ to formate, and the synergy of CA and FDH can enhance CO₂ reduction kinetics. However, in the industrial application of enzymatic reactions, factors such as temperature, pH, and the type and concentration of other ions may lead to the inactivation of the enzyme. Therefore, the study on the enzyme stability is vital. In this review, the research progress of the stability of CA and FDH and the effect of immobilization on the stability of enzymes are reviewed from the perspectives of thermal stability, acid-base stability and ionic stability. Strategies for improving the enzyme stability include the use of extremophiles, the rational design and modification of enzyme molecules, in which the effect of the immobilization method on the stability of enzyme is elaborated, providing reference for future industrial applications.

Cancer biomarkers, as specific measurable indicators in the body, can monitor cancer health through their own changes, and are of great significance for cancer prevention, early diagnosis and precise treatment. Therefore, rapid detection and precise analysis of typical disease markers have become a hot field of scientific research and clinical diagnosis. Molecular imprinting-based bio-sensing technology is expected to become a new method for rapid detection of disease markers due to its high sensitivity, fast response, strong specificity and low cost, and has been widely studied in the field of cancer clinical analysis. This review introduces the molecularly imprinted polymer synthetic methods and strategies, the sensor technology and means through the combination of molecular imprinting with electrochemical, surface plasma resonance and optical analysis, and the application of molecularly imprinted sensor in prostate cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer and other cancers biomarkers. Finally, this review summarizes the application status of molecularly imprinted sensors in the analysis and detection of cancer biomarkers at home and abroad, and puts forward the prospect of its development in the future.

The industrial production of cyclosporine A involves fungal fermentation, extraction, concentration, crystallization, silica gel column chromatography, decolorization, secondary crystallization and other steps, among which silica gel column chromatography produces a large amount of waste silica gel, which is under great pressure of environmental protection treatment and high cost for enterprises. Based on this, the silica gel regeneration process of cyclosporine A column chromatography was studied in this paper, and the regeneration conditions were optimized by response surface methodology: four column volumes were backwashed with ethanol containing 0.26% polysorbitol, and 2.1 column volumes were forward washed with deionized water containing 0.15% hydrogen peroxide at a flow rate of 5mL/min. The recycled silica gel was pressed out with compressed air and dried until the moisture content was 6%. The yield of the regenerated silica gel can reach more than 75% when used according to the original process, and the yield of the third regenerated silica gel can still reach 75%. This study established a set of feasible cyclosporine purified silica gel regeneration process, which can effectively save factory production cost and reduce environmental pressure.

In view of the problems of the current fluopyram intermediate (2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethanamine(5)) synthesis route, complicated operation, low product yield and high industrial production cost, the research and development of the green synthetic process of (5) was systematically carried out. In particular, using 2,3-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine(1) as raw material, the two-step reaction of nucleophilic substitution and decarboxylation was conducted via one-pot method to prepare 2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]acetonitrile(3). Afterwards, catalytic hydrogenation reduction and hydrolysis were carried out to obtain fluopyram intermediate (5) hydrochloride. Based on the analysis of the reaction mechanism, the effects of solvent, alkali, pH and other important factors on the yield were investigated in one-pot method. The preferred solvent was DMF, the base was anhydrous potassium carbonate, the pH was 0.5—1, the yield of product (3) reached 88.1%, and the purity was 98.5%. In the hydrogenation reduction and hydrolysis reactions, the effects of catalyst types, hydrogenation reaction time and temperature were explored. The results show that the yield of product (5) reaches 78.8% and the purity is 96.2% by using 5% Pd/C catalyst (type R5K1). The optimal reaction conditions are as follows: the hydrogenation reaction temperature is 15℃, the reaction time is 12h, and the amount of 38% concentrated hydrochloric acid is n_(HCl)∶n₍₃₎ =5.5. At the same time, the efficient reuse of recovered solvent and the Pd/C catalyst in each step is realized, which provides a new technology support for the clean industrial production of the intermediate.

A bio-based epoxy resin (DGEVA) was synthesized from renewable vanilla alcohol. A novel bio-based epoxy resin system (DGEVA/MeHHPA) was prepared by using methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (MeHHPA) as the curing agent. The non-isothermal curing kinetics, thermal properties, thermomechanical properties, mechanical properties and microstructure of DGEVA/MeHHPA were systematically studied, and were compared with the petroleum-based epoxy resin system (DGEBA/MeHHPA) composed of commercial petroleum-based bisphenol-A epoxy resin. The results showed that DGEVA/MeHHPA and DGEBA/MeHHPA had similar curing activity. DGEVA/MeHHPA has better comprehensive performance comparable to DGEBA/MeHHPA. Specifically, the glass transition temperature of DGEVA/MeHHPA was 82.2℃. The tensile strength and tensile modulus of DGEVA/ MeHHPA were (66.7±6)MPa and (2.8±0.1)GPa, respectively. The T_d5%, T_d10% and T_dmax of DGEVA/MeHHPA were 242.4℃, 284.9℃ and 392.4℃, respectively. In addition, DGEVA/ MeHHPA exhibited plastic deformation during deformation and absorbed more fracture energy. The excellent comprehensive performance of DGEBA/MeHHPA lay in the unique molecular structure of DGEVA, which had great application potential in the practical application of DGEVA.

The green and efficient recovery of lithium-ion batteries at mild temperature is very important. This review introduces DESs and ILs for recycling cathode materials, aluminum foil and copper foil from spent lithium-ion batteries and provide the prospects for the future. The difference in recycling lithium-ion batteries cathode materials by ILs and DESs are analyzed. The effect of chemical structure, acidity, temperature, time and mass ratio is particularly discussed. The thermodynamic and kinetic laws and dissolution mechanism of recycling waste lithium-ion batteries with green solvents are summarized. It also pointes out some problems existing in the recycling of waste lithium-ion batteries with ILs and DESs and put forward possible countermeasures.

In recent years, the model established by artificial intelligence can accurately regulate and control the industrial process, and the application of artificial intelligence in electrochemical water treatment technology has received extensive attention. In the process of electrochemical water treatment, artificial intelligence model can reduce the energy consumption of electrochemical process and obtain the optimal energy efficiency ratio. In this paper, the application of artificial intelligence in electrochemical water treatment is summarized, classified and summarized, and its application methods are introduced. The characteristics, advantages and limitations of artificial intelligence in electrochemical water treatment process are summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence modeling, response surface model, regression model and empirical dynamic model used in electrochemical water treatment are compared. Furthermore, this paper puts forward the improvement ideas of artificial intelligence in engineering application, which provides a reference for related research.

With the urban development and people's pursuit of delicious food, the annual output of food waste is increasing year by year, and its resource utilization has attracted more and more attention. Food waste has large output and complex components, and has the dual attributes of "resource" and "harmfulness". This paper sorts out the yield characteristics of food waste, expounds the research status and progress of thermochemical treatment technology and biological treatment technology of food waste in recent years, analyzes the effects of reaction parameters and catalyst types in the thermochemical treatment process on the pyrolysis performance and pyrolysis product distribution of food waste, and summarizes the advantages of food waste in the biological treatment process. Based on this, it provides directions for the future research on thermal-chemical transformation and biological treatment of food waste.

The research status of coal gasification fine slag combustion technology including basic combustion characteristics, combustion kinetics and combustion application are described. The basic combustion characteristics of coal gasification fine slag are poor, so it is difficult to stably burn alone, and blending with other fuels can improve its combustion performance. The particle size, mixing ratio and type of coal gasification fine slag have a great influence on its combustion performance, which should be studied emphatically. The combustion kinetics of coal gasification fine slag is mostly studied by the Coats-Redfern integral method, the solution process of which is simple, but the accuracy is relatively low. The multiple scan rate method can improve the accuracy of combustion kinetics and has research value, but there are few reports about it. Blending combustion is the main method of coal gasification fine slag combustion application and has certain economic and environmental benefits, but mostly it causes some side effects. Separate combustion is another way of coal gasification fine slag combustion application, which has the advantage of high combustion efficiency, but requires targeted design and development of combustion equipment. Finally, the future research direction of coal gasification fine slag combustion technology is put forward, in order to provide reference for scientific researchers in related fields.

To address the global issue of excessive CO₂ emissions, China has set the goals of peaking carbon emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060. Developing the efficient CO₂ chemical conversion technologies is the key to achieve the target of carbon neutrality. By these technologies, one can convert the useless greenhouse gas into the chemical product with high value. However, only a few of technologies can be applied industrially for now. In this review, the mechanisms of CO₂ utilization technologies (including CO₂ hydrogenation, CO₂ methane reforming, CO₂ esterification reaction and CO₂ mineralization utilization) were explained,the latest research progresses in recent years were summarized, and the challenges of the research and application were pointed out. Finally, the directions of various CO₂ chemical utilization technologies were prospected and some suggestions for these technologies were proposed.

As to its high selectivity, high adsorption capacity, fast adsorption kinetics, good regeneration performance and cycling stability, amine-functionalized mesoporous has received much attention and has excellent prospects for application in CO₂ capture technology. In this paper, the adsorption capacity of mesoporous silica M41S, SBA-n, FDU-n, KIT-n, MCF, MSN and HMS was compared, and the structural characteristics of MCM-41 and SBA-15 are summarized. The principles of physical impregnation, covalent tethering via silane linkage and direct covalent tethering via in-situ polymerization for amine loading are presented. The effects of differences in silica source, internal material properties, other gases and additives on the adsorption capacity are analyzed. In conclusion, the future development goals of adsorbents were clarified and an outlook on the research direction of amine-functionalized mesoporous silica materials is provided. It is noted that future attention can be paid to the effect of mesoporous silica microstructure and temperature on the interaction between amine and CO₂ to enhance the stability of amine-functionalized mesoporous silica to promote its application in practical environments.

Catalytic ozonation technology showed the advantages of simple operation, high oxidation efficiency and little secondary pollution in the removal of phenolic compounds. This review focused on the treatment of phenolic compounds by catalytic ozonation. The advances in homogeneous (ferrous ion) and heterogeneous (metal catalyst, silicon-based loaded catalyst, carbon-based loaded catalyst, aluminum-based loaded catalyst) catalytic ozonation of phenolic compounds in solutions of different concentrations were presented. Then, the catalytic ozonation mechanism was described according to the results of probe tests, catalyst characterizations and the transformation rules of organic matters in the pollutants oxidation process. Finally, the treatment of phenolic compounds by catalytic ozonation was prospected from the aspects of catalyst redevelopment, broad-spectrum catalytic ozonation of phenolic compounds, and further study on the catalytic ozonation mechanism.

Ozonation can effectively remove organic pollutants, and thus has been widely used because of its environmental protection and simple process. Ozonation model can effectively predict the pollutant emission reduction, which is of great significance to the engineering application of ozonation in wastewater treatment. This article introduced the basic principle of ozonation, and emphatically reviewed the latest research progress of the kinetics model and reactor modeling of ozonation. The mass transfer and reaction of ozone are the two most important factors in the establishment of ozone oxidation model. The article first introduced the mass transfer process of ozone between gas and liquid phase and expounded the associated models. Then, according to the reaction mechanism, the kinetics models of common ozonation, homogeneous catalytic ozonation, and heterogeneous catalytic ozonation were summarized respectively for liquid-liquid or liquid-solid systems without considering ozone mass transfer. Subsequently, the models were applied to model specific reactors, and the basic assumptions of the models were summarized. Finally, the article pointed out some problems in the existing models and gave some relevant suggestions. It is suggested that the construction of ozonation model should always aim at optimizing the industrial reactors and realizing its engineering applications.

Halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) are frequently detected in water with 45% detection frequency. These contaminants have attracted world-wide attention due to their high toxicity, strong persistence and easy accumulation. Visible-light photocatalysis shows advantages in HOCs contaminated wastewater treatment due to the high efficiency and selectivity, low cost and processing condition restrictions. Therefore, visible-light photocatalysis technology as practicable approach for refractory wastewater treatment have been studied extensively. We firstly introduce the primary mechanisms of visible photocatalytic degradation of HOCs in water, including oxidative dehalogenation, reductive dehalogenation and hydrolytic dehalogenation, then summarize the dehalogenation contribution of the three mainstream catalysts on the basis of their dehalogenation mechanisms, namely metal-based photocatalysts, carbon-based photocatalysts and other new photocatalytic materials. Based on the application case analysis, the main influencing factors for the photocatalytic reaction are discussed, such as solution pH, catalyst dosage and reaction temperature. The high degradation efficiency is the primary advantage of this technology, but the high cost and poor selectivity of the catalysts prevent its large-scale application. In the future, the design of visible photocatalytic materials shall be improved in the direction of low cost and precise matching of pollutants to achieve high selectivity.

Waste vanadium-titanium-based deNO _x catalysts belong to HW50 hazardous wastes. They are rich in V, W/Mo and Ti strategic metal resources, and have dual characteristics of pollution and resources, and thus their recycling has important economic value and environmental benefits. Alkali recovery is the current mainstream recovery process. This paper mainly summarized the research progress of alkali leaching and alkali calcination recovery of waste vanadium-titanium-based deNO _x catalysts. The process parameters of leaching with alkaline solutions such as NaOH, NH₄OH and (NH₄)₂CO₃, calcination and extraction with alkaline compounds such as NaOH, Na₂CO₃ and CaO, and the recovery effect of valuable metal elements are analyzed. In view of the corresponding problems such as large alkali consumption, high energy consumption, large amount of waste liquid and serious pollution in the current alkali process, it is proposed that further attention should be focused on the clarification of the synergistic effect between various alkaline substances that is through the coupling reaction of mixed alkalis to improv the recovery effect. This paper have good guiding significance for reducing the energy consumption of waste vanadium-titanium-based deNO _x catalyst recovery and improving the utilization rate of basic compounds and the quality of recovered products.

Sulfur oxides emitted by coal combustion have caused environmental pollution problems and attracted increasing attention. Based on one-stage and two-stage horizontal furnaces, the effects of temperature, coal type and CaO on the release of SO₂ were explored under traditional combustion and decoupling combustion. The results show that there are differences in the SO₂ release for different coals. Under both of combustion modes, when the temperature rises, the amount of SO₂ released from the combustion of different coals increases continuously, and the SO₂ release curve changes from a single-peak distribution to a double-peak distribution. In traditional combustion, after the addition of CaO, the desulfurization efficiencies of bituminous coal, anthracite and lignite can reach more than 70%, while the efficiency of high-chlorine coal is only 12.09% to 20.45%; with the increase of temperature, the desulfurization efficiencies of bituminous coal, lignite and high-chlorine coal slightly decrease at first, then increase and decrease, while the efficiency of bituminous coal gradually decreases. In decoupling combustion, after the addition of CaO, the desulfurization efficiencies of bituminous coal and anthracite coal are 42.35%—76.23%, it is 21.35%—52.63% for lignite, and the efficiency of high-chlorine coal is still low, ranging from 8.93% to 10.57%; with the increase of temperature, the desulfurization efficiencies of bituminous coal, lignite and high-chlorine coal increase at first and then decrease,while the desulfurization efficiency of bituminous coal gradually decrease. In decoupling combustion, the total release of SO₂ from different coals is more than that in traditional combustion, and the desulfurization efficiency with the addition of CaO is lower than that in the traditional combustion.

In order to solve the problems of ammonia escape and safety hazards in the current denitrification technology, a new selective non-amino reduction(SNAR) acid denitrification process technology was proposed. Firstly, the technical principle and process of the SNAR were explained in detail. Then, based on the industrial test of the 7^# pulverized coal furnace of the Tianjin petrochemical thermal power department, the denitrification effect of the process technology and whether there was ammonia escape were verified. Finally, through the benchmark analysis of SCR and SCNR process technology, the advantages and application prospects of SNAR process technology were summarized. The research results showed that the NO _x removal rate of SNAR process technology was 50%—60%, and no ammonia escape will occur. When combined with SCR technology, the denitrification efficiency can reach 80%—90%, and it can effectively reduce ammonia escapes of SCR technology. SNAR technology can effectively avoid the secondary pollution caused by ammonia escape, solve the problems of corrosion, fouling and safety, and bring great economic and environmental benefits.

Porous carbons were prepared by different activation strategies from waste hazelnut shells. The effects of activation strategy and activation temperature on the VOCs adsorption performance of porous carbon, and the structure-activity relationships between the structure of porous carbon and the adsorption performance of VOCs were investigated. The results showed that the porous carbon prepared by H₃PO₄ activation was dominated by mesopores, and the carbon matrix possessed few defects and adsorption sites. The porous carbon prepared by KOH activation obtained a larger micropores content and the pore size was mainly distributed at 0.5—0.7nm, which was not conducive to the effective utilization of adsorption sites for VOCs molecules. The porous carbon with high specific surface area, wide micro-mesopore size distribution concentrated in 0.5—1nm, and highly disordered carbon matrix with abundant defect sites was prepared by H₃PO₄-KOH activation at 850 ℃, and these structure characteristics provided sufficient adsorption sites for the VOCs adsorption and improved the utilization of adsorption sites, resulting in the increase of saturation adsorption capacity of VOCs compared with the porous carbon prepared by the H₃PO₄ and KOH activation. In addition, the porous carbon prepared by H₃PO₄-KOH activation was less polar because of its lower content of functional groups on the surface, so the absorption capacity for non-polar VOCs was much greater than that of polar VOCs. Therefore, the H₃PO₄-KOH activation strategy is the optimal method for the preparation of porous carbon with a high specific surface area and excellent VOCs adsorption performance.

The theoretical and experimental studies on aniline adsorption performance over plasma-modified activated carbon fibers were carried out. The optimal modification conditions were explored by adjusting the plasma modification power and modification time. The physical and chemical properties of activated carbon fibers before and after modification were characterized by BET specific surface area, XPS, FTIR and TG tests. The results showed that the best modification conditions were achieved at the plasma modification power of 22W and the time of 3min. The aniline removal efficiency in aqueous solution by the modified activated carbon fibers could reach 79.3% and increased by 8% compared to the activated carbon fibers. Microscopically, the plasma modification increased the amount of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the activated carbon fibers, enhancing the adsorption performance of aniline in solution. The adsorption experiment results revealed that the optimal adsorption efficiency of aniline on activated carbon fibers before and after modification was achieved at the solution pH of 6, however, the modified activated carbon fibers were faster and had a bigger equilibrium adsorption capacity when the same removal efficiency was achieved. The pseudo-first-order kinetic and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were used to describe the adsorption process, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was fitting better for both before and after modification, which indicated that the unique structure of the activated carbon fiber contributed to the dominated chemisorption of aniline. The plasma modification of the activated carbon fibers increased the adsorption efficiency and capacity of aniline in aqueous solution, enhancing the removal performance and reducing the environmental hazard of aniline.

The regeneration of activated carbon saturated with VOCs (volatile organic compounds) can not only prolong the life of activated carbon, but also reduce the solid waste treatment capacity. Supercritical CO₂ desorption method can overcome the inherent defects of traditional heat treatment and is considered to be a promising method at present, but the desorption mechanism is still unclear. In this paper, the diffusion of supercritical CO₂, the interaction between CO₂ and toluene, and the diffusion of toluene in the nanopores of activated carbon were studied using molecular dynamics simulation. The research results at the molecular level revealed that the strong diffusion of supercritical CO₂, the interaction energy between CO₂ and toluene, and CO₂ greatly improving the fluidity of toluene played a decisive role in the micro desorption mechanism.

In the process of producing alumina from fly ash by Shenhua Group self-developed "one step acid solution", lithium and other metal elements (K, Na, Mg, Ca) are enriched for a long time in the evaporative crystallization process, and the lithium content reached 429mg/L in the mother liquor after separated aluminum chloride crystalline. In order to extract lithium from evaporating mother liquor, the spray roasting technology and pure water leaching technology were selected to separate aluminum and lithium elements in high acidity and saturated aluminum chloride solution. The experimental results showed that the extraction rate of lithium reached 93.67% when the calcined temperature was 390℃, the concentration was 200g/L and the flow rate was 60g/L. Meanwhile, the results of XRD analysis confirmed that the major phase of alumina was amorphous and the existed sodium alunite phase was advantage to the extraction of lithium. This fact was attributed to the amount of sodium ions in sodium alunite as well as the effect of sodium ions size. This technology effectively solved the current situation of difficult extraction of lithium from evaporation mother liquor, which was of great significance.

In order to realize clean energy heating for coal mining enterprises, aiming at the waste heat of exhaust air discharged from coal mining production mines, the current international advanced direct cooling deep enthalpy heat extraction exhaust air heat pump system heating technology is adopted to replace the traditional boiler heating, so as to solve the heating demand of air inlet wellhead with antifreeze requirements for coal mining enterprises in North China in winter. Taking the project of exhaust air and waste heat heating system in xiaobaodang coal mine as an example, this paper expounds the inter wall (indirect exchange) exhaust air heat exchange of direct cooling deep enthalpy heat extraction exhaust air heat pump system, the dust collection and frosting principle of exhaust air heat extraction unit; the solutions of cleaning and dust removal and anti frosting and defrosting of exhaust air heat extraction unit are adopted, and compared with two heating schemes of natural gas boiler and electric boiler. The project investment and system operation cost of the three schemes are analyzed and calculated, and the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme are discussed. Thes analyses show that it is technically feasible for coal mining enterprises to use mine exhaust air waste heat resources and direct cooling deep enthalpy exhaust air heat pump heating system to replace traditional boiler heating, and has better economic benefits and application effects.

In order to promote the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry, Zhejiang Province is vigorously implementing the formulation and certification of Zhejiang manufacturing brand group standards. In recent years, the styrene production capacity and downstream industrial application in Zhejiang have developed rapidly and have become an important styrene production base in China. At the same time, as an important basic organic chemical product in the downstream of ethylene industry, the national quality standard of styrene products still lags behind the industry level in the international market. Based on the rapid development of styrene production capacity and market competition situation, this paper optimized the quality standard of styrene products from the aspects of basic requirements such as process route, innovation ability, technical equipment and quality commitment, as well as technical requirements such as product purity and impurity content, downstream application demand and safety attributes according to the overall framework requirements of the brand standard of “made in Zhejiang”. The quality index scheme of styrene products to establish Zhejiang manufacturing brand was discussed, which was used to guide the production and market promotion of enterprises, and form the quality standard of high-quality styrene products with the brand status of “Made in Zhejiang”.