Research progress of low-temperature gathering and transportation of high water cut crude oil

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1624

Abstract

Abstract:

In some oil fields in China, the water content of produced liquid is more than 90%, which causes a large amount of heat loss in surface gathering and transportation system. Under the national "dual-carbon target", low-temperature gathering and transportation technology will become the main means of energy saving and consumption reduction in oil fields. This paper summarizes the research status of hydraulic and thermal calculation of crude oil low-temperature gathering pipeline, and focuses on the influence of crude oil composition, water phase composition and flow conditions on low-temperature wall sticking phenomenon. The low-temperature gathering and transportation wall sticking prediction models widely used at the present stage are analyzed, and the research methods and experimental devices of the boundary conditions of low-temperature gathering and transportation are combed. The feasibility of low-temperature gathering and transportation is fully verified by the field low-temperature transportation test of single well and gathering trunk line, which accumulates valuable engineering case experience for the field low-temperature gathering and transportation work. Finally, the future research direction of wall sticking phenomenon in low-temperature gathering and transportation is prospected, and it is considered that the establishment of theoretical prediction model should be strengthened.

Key words: crude oil with high water cut, low-temperature gathering and transport, wall sticking phenomenon, safety, multiphase flow, kinetics, thermodynamics

摘要：

中国部分油田采出液含水率高达90%以上，造成地面集输系统的大量热能损耗。在国家“双碳”目标下，低温集输工艺将成为油田节能降耗的主要手段。本文总结了原油低温集输管道水力热力计算研究现状，重点阐述了原油组成、水相组成及流动条件对低温黏壁现象的影响。对现阶段应用较为广泛的低温集输黏壁预测模型作了总结和分析，梳理了低温集输边界条件的研究方法与实验装置。通过开展单井和集输干线现场低温输送试验充分验证了低温集输的可行性，为现场开展低温集输工作积累了宝贵的工程案例经验。最后，就低温集输黏壁现象未来的研究方向提出了展望，认为应加强理论预测模型的建立。

关键词: 高含水原油, 低温集输, 黏壁现象, 安全, 多相流, 动力学, 热力学

CLC Number:

TE832

LIU Wenchen, HUANG Qiyu, XIE Yan, LYU Yang, WANG Yijie, XU Zhenkang, HAN Jipu. Research progress of low-temperature gathering and transportation of high water cut crude oil[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(10): 5427-5440.

刘文臣, 黄启玉, 谢雁, 吕杨, 王毅杰, 徐榛康, 韩吉普. 高含水原油低温集输研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(10): 5427-5440.

Figures/Tables 9

References 60

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研究方法	研究者	时间/年	判别方法	优点	存在的不足
现场试验	刘晓燕^[19] 王志华^[29]	2005 2014	井口回压迅速上升超过管输安全运行压力	油样未老化，基础物性保持良好，贴近实际集输工况，试验现象更加直观可靠；更侧重于解决工程实际问题	为便于观察流型，现场试验所用管材多为透明玻璃管，其界面性质和保温性能较实际输送钢管存在差异
转轮流动模拟器	吴迪等^[55] 刘保君^[56]	1999 2005	凝油黏附到转轮内壁产生偏心扭矩，10%峰值扭矩与平均扭矩差距开始突增的温度点	控温精度高，方便操作	装置受外界因素干扰严重，且不能模拟实际集输管路流动情况
凝滞点测试法	宋承毅^[57]	2014	随着温度降低，下层游离水的剪切作用无法破坏上层胶凝态油包水乳状液结构，凝点管中油相停止流动	实验装置简单，便于操作	文献中的管流剪切驱动力来自重力，与真实管内流动特性不相符
石蜡沉积杯法	丁振军^[58]	2013	测试不同温度下黏壁质量直至黏壁质量发生突增，发生突增的温度视为黏壁温度	设备结构简单，造价成本低廉，便于现场人员确定集输温度下限	实验结果受主观因素影响较大，实验数据不稳定；缺少独立控温装置，无法进行带压条件下集输温度界限的确定
改进冷指实验	贾治渊^[40] 韩善鹏等^[59]	2017 2018	将冷指壁面上黏壁厚度发生突增的温度视为黏壁温度	能够模拟实际管流剪切率，且能实现油样的可持续更新	冷指内油水混合物的流动形态与现场不一致；仅能反映局部管道的黏壁情况，无法预测实际管道的黏壁情况
环道实验	郑海敏等^[39]	2015	测试段压差数值急剧上升的温度视为黏壁温度	能够模拟实际管道流场，实时监测管道内压力的波动情况	难以取样和测试黏壁厚度，仅能利用压力数据计算平均黏壁厚度；过泵剪切乳化和油品老化严重；温度场分布与实际管道差异较大
控温搅拌模拟罐系统	张燕等^[54] 崔悦等^[60]	2020	将黏壁质量突增的温度视为黏壁发生温度	是现阶段处理凝油黏壁温度最简单、快捷和有效的研究方法之一，并可进行带压模拟实验	重复性实验黏壁量存在一定偏差，人为操作误差较大，需要多次测量求其平均值
黏壁测试装置	李昂^[50]	2021	低温条件下黏壁厚度显著增加的温度即黏壁温度	装置简单，仅需在搅拌釜中形成低温环境即可，实验结果较为直观	恒温槽不密闭，温度场易受外界环境影响；测试样片与现场管道存在差异

研究方法	研究者	时间/年	判别方法	优点	存在的不足
现场试验	刘晓燕^[19] 王志华^[29]	2005 2014	井口回压迅速上升超过管输安全运行压力	油样未老化，基础物性保持良好，贴近实际集输工况，试验现象更加直观可靠；更侧重于解决工程实际问题	为便于观察流型，现场试验所用管材多为透明玻璃管，其界面性质和保温性能较实际输送钢管存在差异
转轮流动模拟器	吴迪等^[55] 刘保君^[56]	1999 2005	凝油黏附到转轮内壁产生偏心扭矩，10%峰值扭矩与平均扭矩差距开始突增的温度点	控温精度高，方便操作	装置受外界因素干扰严重，且不能模拟实际集输管路流动情况
凝滞点测试法	宋承毅^[57]	2014	随着温度降低，下层游离水的剪切作用无法破坏上层胶凝态油包水乳状液结构，凝点管中油相停止流动	实验装置简单，便于操作	文献中的管流剪切驱动力来自重力，与真实管内流动特性不相符
石蜡沉积杯法	丁振军^[58]	2013	测试不同温度下黏壁质量直至黏壁质量发生突增，发生突增的温度视为黏壁温度	设备结构简单，造价成本低廉，便于现场人员确定集输温度下限	实验结果受主观因素影响较大，实验数据不稳定；缺少独立控温装置，无法进行带压条件下集输温度界限的确定
改进冷指实验	贾治渊^[40] 韩善鹏等^[59]	2017 2018	将冷指壁面上黏壁厚度发生突增的温度视为黏壁温度	能够模拟实际管流剪切率，且能实现油样的可持续更新	冷指内油水混合物的流动形态与现场不一致；仅能反映局部管道的黏壁情况，无法预测实际管道的黏壁情况
环道实验	郑海敏等^[39]	2015	测试段压差数值急剧上升的温度视为黏壁温度	能够模拟实际管道流场，实时监测管道内压力的波动情况	难以取样和测试黏壁厚度，仅能利用压力数据计算平均黏壁厚度；过泵剪切乳化和油品老化严重；温度场分布与实际管道差异较大
控温搅拌模拟罐系统	张燕等^[54] 崔悦等^[60]	2020	将黏壁质量突增的温度视为黏壁发生温度	是现阶段处理凝油黏壁温度最简单、快捷和有效的研究方法之一，并可进行带压模拟实验	重复性实验黏壁量存在一定偏差，人为操作误差较大，需要多次测量求其平均值
黏壁测试装置	李昂^[50]	2021	低温条件下黏壁厚度显著增加的温度即黏壁温度	装置简单，仅需在搅拌釜中形成低温环境即可，实验结果较为直观	恒温槽不密闭，温度场易受外界环境影响；测试样片与现场管道存在差异

序号	油田	油井井号	试验期间液量含水率/%	试验期间产液量/m³∙d^-1	井口压力/MPa	进间温度/℃	黏壁温度/℃
1	吉林油田	致密区块让70-12-14	73.0	38.77	1.50	27	27
2	华北油田	西47-18X	—	—	0.60	26~28	30
3	大庆油田	X4-2-F17	96.1	47.20	0.65	20	22
4	胜利油田	—	94.2	22.20	1.10	17	29

序号	油田	油井井号	试验期间液量含水率/%	试验期间产液量/m³∙d^-1	井口压力/MPa	进间温度/℃	黏壁温度/℃
1	吉林油田	致密区块让70-12-14	73.0	38.77	1.50	27	27
2	华北油田	西47-18X	—	—	0.60	26~28	30
3	大庆油田	X4-2-F17	96.1	47.20	0.65	20	22
4	胜利油田	—	94.2	22.20	1.10	17	29

序号	油田	集输干线	试验期间液量含水率/%	试验期间产液量/t∙d^-1	集输干线压力/MPa	外输温度/℃	节约费用/CNY·d^-1
1	江苏油田	韦5-韦8	83	1000~1100	1.24增至1.31	55降至39	1932
2	江苏油田	韦8-韦2	90	900~950	0.90增至1.00	45降至40	518
3	江苏油田	陈2-陈3	90	820~860	1.30增至1.35	50降至43	941.73