生物油组分分离与化学品提取的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-2539

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物质在高温无氧条件下热解可以生成富含高附加值化学品和燃油成分的生物油。有效分离技术和高效提取手段的发展是生物油质量提升的关键。基于此，本文在介绍生物油性质与生物质快速热解工艺的同时，对目前国内外的生物油分离技术如蒸馏、液-液萃取、柱色谱、超临界萃取、膜分离等进行了较为详细的分析和评述。常规蒸馏和溶剂萃取等技术，工艺成熟、操作简单，但存在生物油的热敏性差、萃取剂回收难度大和污染严重等问题；分子蒸馏技术分离过程安全环保，但工艺复杂，设备成本高；超临界萃取和膜分离等技术安全环保，技术成熟，具有较大的潜力。文章还综述了目前生物油中具有高附加值的组分和单一化学品的分离提取研究进展，为生物油的有效分离和高效利用提供了理论参考，也为未来生物油分离技术的发展提供了研发方向。

关键词: 生物油, 生物质, 分离, 酚类, 热解

Abstract:

Fast pyrolysis at high temperature and oxygen-free conditions generates bio-oil rich in high value-added chemicals and fuel components. Effective separation and extraction technologies play a vital role in bio-oil upgrading. In this paper, the properties of bio-oil and fast pyrolysis technologies are introduced, and much more attention are focused on various separation technologies such as distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, column chromatography, supercritical fluid extraction, membrane separation and so on, which are discussed in details. Traditional distillation and liquid-liquid extraction are technically mature and easy to be operated, but there are some problems such as poor thermal sensitivity of bio-oil, low solvent recovery and serious environmental pollution. Molecular distillation is safe and green, but its technical process is complicated and its equipment investment is high. Supercritical extraction and membrane separation are safe, environmentally friendly and technically mature, showing great potential in application. At the same time, research progress on the separation and extraction of multi-chemicals and single-chemical with high additional value is reviewed, which provides theoretical guidance for the effective separation and efficient utilization of bio-oil and points the way for the future development of bio-oil separation.

Key words: bio-oil, biomass, separation, phenols, pyrolysis

中图分类号:

TQ028

耿风华, 张睿, 刘海燕, 孟祥海. 生物油组分分离与化学品提取的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(12): 6640-6655.

GENG Fenghua, ZHANG Rui, LIU Haiyan, MENG Xianghai. Progress in the separation of components and extraction of chemicals from bio-oils[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(12): 6640-6655.

图/表 16

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热解方式	热解条件	质量分数/%
热解方式	热解条件	液体	固体	气体
快速热解	温度500℃，气体停留时间<2s	75	12	13
中间方式	温度400℃，气体停留时间5～20s	40（两相）	40	20
慢速热解（碳化）	温度400℃，气体停留时间几小时	30（两相）	35	35
气化（有氧）	温度750～900℃，气体停留时间5s	0	2	98
干燥（慢）	温度250～300℃，固体停留时间30min	5～15	70～80	15

热解方式	热解条件	质量分数/%
热解方式	热解条件	液体	固体	气体
快速热解	温度500℃，气体停留时间<2s	75	12	13
中间方式	温度400℃，气体停留时间5～20s	40（两相）	40	20
慢速热解（碳化）	温度400℃，气体停留时间几小时	30（两相）	35	35
气化（有氧）	温度750～900℃，气体停留时间5s	0	2	98
干燥（慢）	温度250～300℃，固体停留时间30min	5～15	70～80	15

技术工艺	研发单位	生产规模/t·d^-1
涡旋反应器热解	美国国家可再生能源实验室（NREL）	0.48
烧蚀热解	美国国家可再生能源实验室（NREL）	0.48
旋转锥式反应热解	荷兰Twente大学	50
沸腾流化床热解	加拿大Waterloo大学	100
循环流化床热解	加拿大Ensyn工程协会	70
热循环真空热解	加拿大Institute Pyrovac Inc	1.2
携带床反应器热解	美国Georgia工程学院	1.08
奥格窑热解	加拿大WWTC	1.01
旋风热解	加拿大Jacques	1.32

技术工艺	研发单位	生产规模/t·d^-1
涡旋反应器热解	美国国家可再生能源实验室（NREL）	0.48
烧蚀热解	美国国家可再生能源实验室（NREL）	0.48
旋转锥式反应热解	荷兰Twente大学	50
沸腾流化床热解	加拿大Waterloo大学	100
循环流化床热解	加拿大Ensyn工程协会	70
热循环真空热解	加拿大Institute Pyrovac Inc	1.2
携带床反应器热解	美国Georgia工程学院	1.08
奥格窑热解	加拿大WWTC	1.01
旋风热解	加拿大Jacques	1.32

物理性质	生物油	重质油
水含量/%	15～30	0.1
pH	2.5	—
相对密度	1.2	0.94
元素组成/%
C	54～58	85
H	5.5～7.0	11
O	35～40	1.0
N	0～0.2	0.3
灰分	0～0.2	0.1
热值/MJ·kg^-1	16～19	40
黏度/（50℃）cP	40～100	180
固体含量/%	0.2～1	1