分子管理在炼油领域分离技术中的应用和发展趋势

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1667

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

先进的分离技术对于提升生产效率、制备高端产品、节能减排有着重要的意义。本文总结了炼油领域中蒸馏、吸附、膜分离、萃取、结晶等常用分离技术的进料相态、基本原理、应用场景、优势及存在的问题。由于对原油本质组成的认识不清晰，使得分离过程耗能低效。针对现状，提出对原油及二次加工原料进行分子层面的认知，发挥先进分离技术的作用及开发新的分离工艺技术有着重要的意义。基于此，阐述了分子管理理念的提出、目前的发展及应用，重点分析了分子管理在分离领域的应用。文中并总结了一些最新分离技术包括分子蒸馏、分子印迹、膜蒸馏、摸萃取、双水相萃取、熔融结晶等。最后，提出了未来基于分子管理的分离技术发展趋势将逐步智能化、集成化、绿色化。

关键词: 分离, 分子管理, 炼油领域

Abstract:

The development of advanced separation technology is of great significance for improving production efficiency, preparing high-end products, and reducing carbon emission. This paper summarizes the feed phase state, basic principles, application scenarios, advantages and existing problems of common separation technologies in the refining field, such as distillation, adsorption, membrane separation, extraction, and crystallization. Due to unclear understanding of the essential composition of crude oil, the separation process consumes energy and is inefficient. In response to the current situation, it is of great significance to propose a molecular level understanding of crude oil and secondary processing raw materials, leverage the role of advanced separation technologies, and develop new separation process technologies. Based on this, the development and application of molecular management concepts are described, focusing on the application of molecular management in the separation technology. The article also summarizes some of the latest separation technologies, including molecular distillation, molecular imprinting, membrane distillation, touch extraction, aqueous two-phase extraction, melt crystallization, etc. The development trend of separation technology based on the molecular management will be intelligent, green and integrated in the future.

Key words: separation, molecular management, refining field

中图分类号:

贺美晋. 分子管理在炼油领域分离技术中的应用和发展趋势[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 260-266.

HE Meijin. Application and development trend of molecular management in separation technology in petrochemical field[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(S1): 260-266.

图/表 3

参考文献 44

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分类	进料相态	分离原理	应用场景	优点
蒸馏	液体	利用分子的沸点差	炼油常减压蒸馏、乙烯深冷分离	不需引入新的溶剂，杂质少
吸附分离	气体或液体	利用分子与吸附剂间结合力的强弱	提纯氢气、对二甲苯吸附分离、C5/C6正构烷烃吸附分离	分离度高、产品纯度高、收率高的优点
膜分离	气体或液体	利用分子动力学直径差异	乙烷/乙烯、二甲苯异构体	耗能低、对环境污染小、操作简单、效率高、无相变
萃取分离	液体	利用分子的极性差	芳烃分离、溶剂脱沥青、糠醛精制、催化裂化汽油脱硫、裂解汽油回收和苯乙烯提纯	适用于各种不同规模、生产周期短、便于连续操作
结晶分离	液体	利用分子在同一溶剂中的溶解度差异	对二甲苯结晶分离	产品纯度高、对原料组成要求低、工艺简捷易控、能耗低、安全性高、项目用地少

分类	进料相态	分离原理	应用场景	优点
蒸馏	液体	利用分子的沸点差	炼油常减压蒸馏、乙烯深冷分离	不需引入新的溶剂，杂质少
吸附分离	气体或液体	利用分子与吸附剂间结合力的强弱	提纯氢气、对二甲苯吸附分离、C5/C6正构烷烃吸附分离	分离度高、产品纯度高、收率高的优点
膜分离	气体或液体	利用分子动力学直径差异	乙烷/乙烯、二甲苯异构体	耗能低、对环境污染小、操作简单、效率高、无相变
萃取分离	液体	利用分子的极性差	芳烃分离、溶剂脱沥青、糠醛精制、催化裂化汽油脱硫、裂解汽油回收和苯乙烯提纯	适用于各种不同规模、生产周期短、便于连续操作
结晶分离	液体	利用分子在同一溶剂中的溶解度差异	对二甲苯结晶分离	产品纯度高、对原料组成要求低、工艺简捷易控、能耗低、安全性高、项目用地少

分类	缺点	新型分离技术
蒸馏	温度高、能耗大、高投资、占地大、易使原料中的热敏性物质失活及降解	恒沸精馏、萃取精馏、反应精馏和分子蒸馏
吸附分离	所用的设备结构复杂	分子印迹、生物吸附、泡沫吸附
膜分离	连续、致密、无缺陷的膜难以大面积生产	膜蒸馏、膜萃取、分子印迹膜
萃取分离	易引入新的溶剂，且萃取剂需二次分离，萃取操作效果较差	双水相萃取、凝胶萃取、微波萃取、固相萃取
结晶分离	对装备和过程的稳定性要求高	高压结晶法、熔融结晶法、汽提结晶法、溶液结晶法

分类	缺点	新型分离技术
蒸馏	温度高、能耗大、高投资、占地大、易使原料中的热敏性物质失活及降解	恒沸精馏、萃取精馏、反应精馏和分子蒸馏
吸附分离	所用的设备结构复杂	分子印迹、生物吸附、泡沫吸附
膜分离	连续、致密、无缺陷的膜难以大面积生产	膜蒸馏、膜萃取、分子印迹膜
萃取分离	易引入新的溶剂，且萃取剂需二次分离，萃取操作效果较差	双水相萃取、凝胶萃取、微波萃取、固相萃取
结晶分离	对装备和过程的稳定性要求高	高压结晶法、熔融结晶法、汽提结晶法、溶液结晶法

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