应用静电纺丝技术的电催化剂及载体材料制备研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-0630

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

与机械拉伸等传统的纤维制备方法相比，静电纺丝技术具有操作便利、成本低、生产效率高等优点，是一种更简单、经济的纤维成型技术，被广泛应用于燃料电池、金属-空气电池、水电解装置等领域的电催化过程中。本文首先介绍了静电纺丝的工作原理、工艺影响因素及电纺技术的发展现状；之后主要介绍了静电纺丝在制备催化剂及催化载体材料上的研究进展，包括：①在碱性的电化学反应中，通过静电纺丝制备的过渡金属氧化物及金属-碳复合纤维显示出优异的电催化性能和可观的经济效益；②在水分解反应中，电纺Ir基催化剂具有均匀的一维纳米结构、极高的比表面积和良好的分散性，表现出了优异的催化活性；③在酸性的氧还原和析氧反应中，电纺氧化锡锑（ATO）载体具有优异的导电性，不仅可为催化剂提供良好的电子转移结构及催化活性位点，还能起到一定的结构保护作用，提高了催化活性和稳定性。本文总结了以静电纺丝方法制备催化剂或催化载体材料的优缺点，并发现电纺一维纳米催化剂具有出色的纤维形貌、理想的比表面积及较低的传质阻力，可有效弥补传统金属催化剂颗粒易团聚、活性低等缺点。最后，为进一步提高电纺催化剂的析氧催化性能以及实现电纺纤维排列结构的可控性，对静电纺丝技术的发展提出了几点建议和展望。

关键词: 静电纺丝技术, 催化剂, 催化剂载体, 纳米结构, 电解

Abstract:

Compared with traditional fiber preparation methods such as mechanical drawing, electrospinning is simpler and more economical and therefore has a wide range of applications in the areas of fuel cell, metal-air battery, water electrolysis device, etc. This article first introduced the working principle, influencing factors and development status of the electrospinning technology. Then, the research progress of electrospinning in the preparation of electrocatalysts and carrier material was summarized, including: ①For alkaline solutions, transition metal derivatives and metal-carbon nanofibers prepared by electrospinning have shown excellent electrocatalytic performance and considerable economic benefits under various electrochemical reactions; ②In water electrolysis reactions, the iridium-based catalysts prepared by electrospinning can exhibit a uniform one-dimensional nanostructure, which has higher specific surface area and better dispersibility and thus could provide excellent catalytic activity; ③In the acidic oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions, the electrospun tin antimony oxide (ATO) carrier has shown good electrical conductivity, which not only provides a better electron transfer structure and catalytic active site for the catalyst, but also plays a role in structural protection. Thus, it can improve the catalytic activity and stability. Then, this article summarized the advantages and limitations of preparing catalysts or their carriers by electrospinning. It was found that the one-dimensional nano-catalyst has excellent fiber morphology compared to traditional ones, which could provide larger specific surface area and lower mass transfer resistance. Thus, it can effectively solve the problems of traditional metal catalyst particles, such as the low dispersion and low activity. Finally, in order to further improve the oxygen evolution catalytic performance of electrospinning catalysts and achieve the controllability of electrospinning fiber arrangement structures, some suggestions and prospects were proposed for the future development of electrospinning technology.

Key words: electrospinning techniques, catalyst, catalyst carrier, nanostructure, electrolysis

中图分类号:

TB34

崔卓安, 綦戎辉. 应用静电纺丝技术的电催化剂及载体材料制备研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(3): 1395-1412.

CUI Zhuoan, QI Ronghui. Research progress in the application of electrospinning technology in the preparation of electrocatalysts and the carrier materials[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(3): 1395-1412.

图/表 19

图1 静电纺丝装置[9]

图2 常见多针头装置示例[19]

图3 无针头静电纺丝装置[19]

图4 RM-FIT和RM-TIT的扫描电镜图（SEM）、透射电镜图（TEM）及能量色散光谱映射图（EDX）[27]

图5 在恒定的10mA/cm2阳极电流密度下SNCF-NRs和IrO2的计时电位曲线[32]

图6 SFCNFs/Co1-x S@CoN的透射电镜图[36]

图7 不同电流密度下Fe-CoO/C-800和RuO2的超电势值比较[42]

图8 静电纺丝制备RuNi-NCNFs电催化剂的工艺及各催化剂的扫描电镜和透射电镜图像[45]

图9 不同煅烧温度下Ir/IrO2NFs的低倍和高倍扫描电镜图像[60]

图10 Ir0.80Ru0.20(111)、Ir0.80Ru0.20O2(110)、Pt(111)、Ir(111)和Ru(111)在平衡电位下HER的自由能[61]

图11 常温下各种IrxCo1-xOy(0≤x≤1)电化学性能测试[64]

图12 改进的静电纺丝系统（平行双滚筒接收器）[65]

图13 改良的静电纺丝装置示意（采用H型铝箔收集器）和复合SrTiO3/PAN纳米纤维电镜图[66]

图14 在单一IrO2纳米纤维上生长RuO2纳米线的晶体结构[67]

图15 电纺ATO纳米纤维的TEM和HRTEM图像[71]

图16 IrO2/Sb-SnO2 NPs和IrO2/Sb-SnO2NWs合成路线示意[75]

图17 纯SnO2纤维和Fe3+掺杂SnO2纤维的SEM图像和能量色散光谱映射分析[77]

图18 电荷输运和锂离子在CNFs/ATO/C中扩散的原理图[78]

图19 同轴静电纺丝装置示意[79]

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