工业富碳气体发酵制备燃料乙醇技术现状与挑战

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2025-0014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在全球化石能源危机和“双碳”战略背景下，工业富碳气体发酵制备燃料乙醇技术受到了广泛关注。该技术以工业一碳气体如CO、CO₂等为原料，利用食气微生物的固碳和代谢作用转化为燃料乙醇，可显著降低对传统化石资源的依赖，同时减少温室气体排放，为工业绿色低碳转型提供了新的解决方案。本文介绍了食气微生物的代谢转化机制，菌种改造手段，以及工业富碳气体发酵制备燃料乙醇技术中工艺流程、反应装置和控制技术的研究进展，总结了近年来富碳气体发酵制备燃料乙醇技术的工业化应用案例，指出了规模化商业化推广应用中面临的主要挑战和可能的解决方案，分析了工业富碳气体发酵制备燃料乙醇的经济性和可持续性，并结合目前法规和政策探讨展望了工业富碳气体制备燃料乙醇技术的市场前景。

关键词: 工业富碳气体, 一氧化碳, 发酵, 燃料乙醇, 生物能源

Abstract:

In the context of global fossil energy crisis and “Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals”, industrial carbon-rich gas fermentation for ethanol synthesis has received widespread attention. This technology utilizes industrial one-carbon gases such as CO and CO₂ as raw materials, converting them into fuel ethanol through the carbon fixation and metabolic processes of gas-utilizing microorganisms. This process not only reduces the dependence on traditional fossil resources but also reduces greenhouse gas emissions, providing a new solution for the green and low-carbon transformation of industries. This paper introduces the research progress in metabolic conversion mechanisms of gas-utilizing microorganisms, techniques for strain modification, optimization of process flows, reactor designs, and control techniques within the carbon-rich gas fermentation technology. It summarizes the recent industrial applications of this fermentation process, highlighting the major challenges faced in large-scale commercialization, as well as potential solutions. Furthermore, it analyzes the economic and sustainable aspects of industrial carbon-rich gas fermentation for fuel ethanol production and discusses the market prospects of this technology considering the current regulations and policies.

Key words: industrial carbon-rich gas, carbon monoxide, fermentation, fuel ethanol, bioenergy

中图分类号:

Q819

魏志强, 孙丽丽. 工业富碳气体发酵制备燃料乙醇技术现状与挑战[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(5): 2563-2576.

WEI Zhiqiang, SUN Lili. Current status and challenges of ethanol production technology from industrial carbon-rich gas fermentation[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(5): 2563-2576.

图/表 9

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微生物	气体底物	产物	适宜温度/℃	适宜pH	参考文献
Acetobacterium woodii	CO₂/H₂、CO/CO₂/H₂	乙酸	30	7.0	[10]
Butyribacteriaum methylotrophic	CO、CO₂/H₂	乙酸、乙醇、丁酸、丁醇	37	7.5	[11]
Clostridium autoethanogenum	CO、CO₂/H₂	乙酸、乙醇、2,3-丁二醇	37	6.0	[12]
Clostridium carboxidivorans	CO、CO₂/H₂	乙酸、乙醇、丁酸、丁醇、己酸、己醇	38	5.0~7.0	[13]
Clostridium ljungdahlii	CO、CO₂/H₂	乙酸、乙醇、2,3-丁二醇	37	6.0	[14]
Clostridium ragsdalei	CO、CO₂/H₂	乙酸、乙醇、2,3-丁二醇	37	6.3	[15]
Moorella thermoacetica	CO、CO₂/H₂	乙酸	55~60	6.5~6.8	[16]

微生物	气体底物	产物	适宜温度/℃	适宜pH	参考文献
Acetobacterium woodii	CO₂/H₂、CO/CO₂/H₂	乙酸	30	7.0	[10]
Butyribacteriaum methylotrophic	CO、CO₂/H₂	乙酸、乙醇、丁酸、丁醇	37	7.5	[11]
Clostridium autoethanogenum	CO、CO₂/H₂	乙酸、乙醇、2,3-丁二醇	37	6.0	[12]
Clostridium carboxidivorans	CO、CO₂/H₂	乙酸、乙醇、丁酸、丁醇、己酸、己醇	38	5.0~7.0	[13]
Clostridium ljungdahlii	CO、CO₂/H₂	乙酸、乙醇、2,3-丁二醇	37	6.0	[14]
Clostridium ragsdalei	CO、CO₂/H₂	乙酸、乙醇、2,3-丁二醇	37	6.3	[15]
Moorella thermoacetica	CO、CO₂/H₂	乙酸	55~60	6.5~6.8	[16]

反应器类型	气源组成（质量比）	反应条件	菌种	乙醇浓度	乙醇合成速率	参考文献
MBR^①	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶N₂= 20∶5∶15∶60	37℃	C.carboxidivorans P7	4.89g/L	2.35g/(L·d)	[42]
BCR^②	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶N₂= 20∶5∶15∶60	37℃	C. carboxidivorans P7	3.20g/L	1.54g/(L·d)	[42]
STR^③	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶N₂= 20∶5∶15∶60	37℃ 150r/min	C. ragsdalei P11	25.26g/L (59天)	—	[43]
CSTR-BCR	CO∶H₂∶CO₂= 60∶35∶5	200r/min (BCR)	C. ljungdahlii ERI-2	450mmol/L (2.1%)	0.37g/(L·h)	[44]
CSTR^④	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶Ar= 55∶20∶10∶15	33℃, 300~500r/min	C. ljungdahlii	48g/L(560h)	—	[21]
CSTR	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶Ar= 55∶20∶10∶15	37℃ 500r/min	C. ljungdahlii	6.5g/L (3周)	—	[45]
HFMBR^⑤	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶Ar= 20∶5∶15∶60	37℃	C. carboxidivorans P7	23.93g/L	3.34g/(L·d)	[46]
TBR^⑥	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶N₂= 38∶28.5∶28.5∶5	37℃	Clostridium ragsdalei	5.7g/L (1662h)	0.80mmol/(L·h)	[47]
CSTR	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶N₂= 15∶5∶15∶60	37℃ 150r/min	Clostridium strain P11	9.6g/L (360h)	0.58mmol/(L·h)	[48]
TBR	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶N₂= 38∶28.5∶28.5∶5	37℃	Clostridium ragsdalei	4.3g/L (909h)	3.43mmol/(L·h)	[49]

反应器类型	气源组成（质量比）	反应条件	菌种	乙醇浓度	乙醇合成速率	参考文献
MBR^①	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶N₂= 20∶5∶15∶60	37℃	C.carboxidivorans P7	4.89g/L	2.35g/(L·d)	[42]
BCR^②	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶N₂= 20∶5∶15∶60	37℃	C. carboxidivorans P7	3.20g/L	1.54g/(L·d)	[42]
STR^③	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶N₂= 20∶5∶15∶60	37℃ 150r/min	C. ragsdalei P11	25.26g/L (59天)	—	[43]
CSTR-BCR	CO∶H₂∶CO₂= 60∶35∶5	200r/min (BCR)	C. ljungdahlii ERI-2	450mmol/L (2.1%)	0.37g/(L·h)	[44]
CSTR^④	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶Ar= 55∶20∶10∶15	33℃, 300~500r/min	C. ljungdahlii	48g/L(560h)	—	[21]
CSTR	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶Ar= 55∶20∶10∶15	37℃ 500r/min	C. ljungdahlii	6.5g/L (3周)	—	[45]
HFMBR^⑤	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶Ar= 20∶5∶15∶60	37℃	C. carboxidivorans P7	23.93g/L	3.34g/(L·d)	[46]
TBR^⑥	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶N₂= 38∶28.5∶28.5∶5	37℃	Clostridium ragsdalei	5.7g/L (1662h)	0.80mmol/(L·h)	[47]
CSTR	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶N₂= 15∶5∶15∶60	37℃ 150r/min	Clostridium strain P11	9.6g/L (360h)	0.58mmol/(L·h)	[48]
TBR	CO∶H₂∶CO₂∶N₂= 38∶28.5∶28.5∶5	37℃	Clostridium ragsdalei	4.3g/L (909h)	3.43mmol/(L·h)	[49]

类型	CO/%	CO₂/%	H₂/%	N₂/%	参考文献
高炉煤气	20~35	20~30	2~4	50~60	[72]
转炉煤气	50~70	10~20	1~2	15~30	[72]
铁合金尾气	65~75	0~5	5~10	5~10	[73]
电石尾气	74~85	2~10	5~10	1~8	[74]
黄磷尾气	87~92	1~4	1~8	2~5	[75]
生物质气化合成气	31~34	3~10	37~43	10~20	[73]