热电联产机组碳排放关联影响因素及经济性分析

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2025-0383

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对燃煤型热电联产机组碳排放关联影响因素，以某企业440t/h循环流化床锅炉配套50MW抽凝汽轮发电机组为研究对象，系统分析了锅炉燃料结构、锅炉热效率以及机组综合热效率的变化，对机组碳排放的关联影响和机组单位运行成本的变化情况。研究结果表明，机组碳排放实际量与锅炉石油焦掺烧量成正比、与瓦斯气掺烧量成反比；随着锅炉热效率或机组综合热效率提升，机组碳排放配额缺口逐步减少直至盈余；随着碳排放配额交易价格上涨，锅炉燃料结构优化、锅炉热效率和机组综合热效率提升对降低机组单位运行成本的作用显著增强。在不同机组综合热效率与运行负荷下，调整对外供热量与发电量对机组单位运行成本的影响具有分界特性，超过机组运行平衡工况，增加发电量更具成本优势，且该平衡工况随着碳排放配额交易价格上涨向机组低效率区间偏移。上述研究为企业优化机组运行、动态开展碳减排、提高机组运行的经济性提供了参考。

关键词: 热电联产, 燃料结构, 碳排放, 热效率, 碳交易

Abstract:

This study investigated factors influencing carbon emissions of coal-fired combined heat and power (CHP) units, taking as the research object a 50MW condensing-extraction steam turbine generator set equipped with a 440t/h circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler at a certain enterprise. A systematic analysis was conducted on the effects of variations in boiler fuel composition, boiler thermal efficiency, and overall unit thermal efficiency on carbon emissions and on changes in the unit's specific operating costs. The results indicated that actual unit carbon emissions were directly proportional to the proportion of petroleum coke blended in the boiler and inversely proportional to the proportion of gas blended; as boiler thermal efficiency or overall unit thermal efficiency increased, the deficit in the unit's carbon emission allowances gradually diminished until a surplus was achieved; and with rising carbon allowance trading prices, the impact of optimizing boiler fuel composition and enhancing both boiler and overall unit thermal efficiencies on reducing the unit's specific operating costs became significantly stronger. Under varying overall unit thermal efficiencies and operating loads, the influence of adjusting external heat supply versus power generation on the unit's specific operating costs exhibited a threshold characteristic: increasing power generation beyond the unit's operational equilibrium condition yielded greater cost advantages, and this equilibrium point shifted toward lower efficiency regions as carbon allowance trading prices rise. This research provided a reference for enterprises to optimize unit operations, dynamically implement carbon reduction measures, and enhance the economic performance of unit operation.

Key words: combined heat and power, fuel structure, carbon emission, thermal efficiency, carbon trading

中图分类号:

陈佳明, 许珈玮, 田秀君. 热电联产机组碳排放关联影响因素及经济性分析[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(S1): 92-101.

CHEN Jiaming, XU Jiawei, TIAN Xiujun. Impact analysis of carbon emissions and economic performance in combined heat and power units[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(S1): 92-101.

图/表 19

参考文献 19

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燃料种类	名称	基础值	来源
燃料煤	低位发热量/GJ·t^-1	21.977	实测
	收到基元素碳含量/t C·t^-1	0.5669	实测
	碳氧化率/%	99.00	[5]
石油焦	低位发热量/GJ·t^-1	31.998	实测
	收到基元素碳含量/t C·t^-1	0.8799	实测
	碳氧化率/%	98.00	[5]
柴油	低位发热量/GJ·t^-1	42.652	[5]
	收到基元素碳含量/t C·t^-1	0.8616	实测
	碳氧化率/%	98.00	[5]
瓦斯气	低位发热量/GJ·t^-1	45.998	[5]
	收到基元素碳含量/t C·t^-1	0.8372	实测
	碳氧化率/%	98.00	[5]
电	电网排放因子/t CO₂·MWh^-1	0.5703	[10]

燃料种类	名称	基础值	来源
燃料煤	低位发热量/GJ·t^-1	21.977	实测
	收到基元素碳含量/t C·t^-1	0.5669	实测
	碳氧化率/%	99.00	[5]
石油焦	低位发热量/GJ·t^-1	31.998	实测
	收到基元素碳含量/t C·t^-1	0.8799	实测
	碳氧化率/%	98.00	[5]
柴油	低位发热量/GJ·t^-1	42.652	[5]
	收到基元素碳含量/t C·t^-1	0.8616	实测
	碳氧化率/%	98.00	[5]
瓦斯气	低位发热量/GJ·t^-1	45.998	[5]
	收到基元素碳含量/t C·t^-1	0.8372	实测
	碳氧化率/%	98.00	[5]
电	电网排放因子/t CO₂·MWh^-1	0.5703	[10]

项目		名称	基础值
燃料种类
	燃料煤	消耗量/t·h^-1	48.01
		燃煤热量/GJ·h^-1	1055.05
		燃煤二氧化碳排放量/t CO₂·h^-1	98.79
	柴油	消耗量/t·h^-1	0.01
		柴油热量/GJ·h^-1	0.42
		柴油二氧化碳排放量/t CO₂·h^-1	0.03
外购电		外购电量/MWh	0.72
外购电		外购电碳排放量/t CO₂·h^-1	0.41
机组		锅炉高压蒸汽产量/t·h^-1	279.35
		机组供热量/GJ·h^-1	573.91
		机组发电量/MWh	44.27
		机组碳排放实际量/t CO₂·h^-1	99.23
		机组碳排放配额量/t CO₂·h^-1	94.92

项目		名称	基础值
燃料种类
	燃料煤	消耗量/t·h^-1	48.01
		燃煤热量/GJ·h^-1	1055.05
		燃煤二氧化碳排放量/t CO₂·h^-1	98.79
	柴油	消耗量/t·h^-1	0.01
		柴油热量/GJ·h^-1	0.42
		柴油二氧化碳排放量/t CO₂·h^-1	0.03
外购电		外购电量/MWh	0.72
外购电		外购电碳排放量/t CO₂·h^-1	0.41
机组		锅炉高压蒸汽产量/t·h^-1	279.35
		机组供热量/GJ·h^-1	573.91
		机组发电量/MWh	44.27
		机组碳排放实际量/t CO₂·h^-1	99.23
		机组碳排放配额量/t CO₂·h^-1	94.92

项目	石油焦热量占锅炉总热量比例
项目	0	5%	10%	15%	20%	25%
燃料总热量
燃煤热量/GJ·h^-1	1055.05	1002.28	949.50	896.73	843.96	791.18
石油焦热量/GJ·h^-1	0.00	52.77	105.55	158.32	211.09	263.87
柴油热量/GJ·h^-1	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42
机组碳排放实际量/t CO₂·h^-1	99.23	99.50	99.77	100.05	100.32	100.59
机组碳排放配额量/t CO₂·h^-1	94.92	94.92	94.92	94.92	94.92	94.92
（碳排放实际量-碳排放配额量)/t CO₂·h^-1	4.31	4.58	4.85	5.13	5.40	5.67