基于LCA的轮胎制造过程碳足迹分析

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1426

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

轮胎制造过程碳排放是汽车产业链主要碳排放源之一，对其进行碳排放建模与碳足迹分析是当务之急。基于此，以6.50R16LT型子午线轮胎作为研究对象，构建基于全生命周期评价（LCA）的子午线轮胎碳足迹模型，精准核算轮胎制造过程碳排放；提出一种基于OAT与e-FAST结合的轮胎制造过程碳足迹敏感性分析方法，解析轮胎制造过程不同阶段不同工序碳排放规律。结果表明：在轮胎生命周期阶段中使用阶段碳足迹贡献最大，占比78.50%，其次为原材料阶段占比11.60%；制造过程中密炼工序对轮胎碳足迹贡献量最高，占比42.16%，其次硫化工序的碳足迹贡献较高，占比19.02%；全局敏感性分析中电能对轮胎碳排放敏感度最高为0.425，其次为骨架材料>天然胶>炭黑。本文研究以期将为轮胎行业精准实施节能降碳提供决策依据。

关键词: 子午线轮胎, 全生命周期评价, 碳足迹分析, 全局敏感性分析, 碳排放

Abstract:

The carbon emissions from the tire manufacturing process are one of the main sources of carbon emissions in the automotive industry chain, and it is urgent to conduct carbon emission modeling and carbon footprint analysis on it. Based on this, taking 6.50R16LT radial tire as the research object, a life cycle assessment (LCA) based radial tire carbon footprint model was constructed to accurately calculate the carbon emissions during the tire manufacturing process. A sensitivity analysis method for carbon footprint in tire manufacturing process based on the combination of OAT and e-FAST was propose, and the carbon emission patterns of different stages and processes in tire manufacturing process were analyzed. The results indicated that the use stage contributed the most to the carbon footprint during the tire lifecycle, accounting for 78.50%, followed by the raw material stage, which accounted for 11.60%. The compounding process had the highest contribution to the carbon footprint of tires during the manufacturing process accounting for 42.16%, followed by the vulcanization process, which had a higher carbon footprint contribution accounting for 19.02%. In the global sensitivity analysis, the highest sensitivity of electric energy to tire carbon emissions was 0.425, followed by skeleton materials>natural rubber>carbon black. This study would provide decision-making basis for the precise implementation of energy conservation and carbon reduction in the tire industry.

Key words: radial tires, life cycle assessment (LCA), carbon footprint analysis, global sensitivity analysis, carbon emission

中图分类号:

TH16

沙泓宇, 姜兴宇, 王子生, 刘丹, 张飞, 葛邵聪, 杨国哲. 基于LCA的轮胎制造过程碳足迹分析[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(10): 6062-6072.

SHA Hongyu, JIANG Xingyu, WANG Zisheng, LIU Dan, ZHANG Fei, GE Shaocong, YANG Guozhe. Carbon footprint analysis of tire manufacturing process based on LCA[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(10): 6062-6072.

图/表 19

图1 子午线轮胎结构

表1 工序能耗统计情况

工序	电能消耗量/kW·h	能耗占比/%
密炼工序	2.66	42.16
压延工序	1.11	17.59
成型工序	0.80	12.68
硫化工序	1.20	19.02
检验工序	0.54	8.55

表2 能源物料消耗统计表

序号	能源物料种类	占比/%	胎身/%	胎面/%	轮毂/%	整胎能源物料消耗量
1	天然胶	37.91	33.97	59.14	18.86	21.799kg
2	顺丁胶	3.56	27.79	2.04	35.02	2.046kg
3	溴化丁基橡胶	2.33	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.339kg
4	塑解剂	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.06	0.013kg
5	炭黑	21.80	27.79	29.16	37.72	12.534kg
6	白炭黑	1.17	0.00	1.63	0.00	0.672kg
7	不溶性硫黄	0.81	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.466kg
8	氧化锌	2.50	2.16	2.45	1.62	1.437kg
9	其他粉料	2.12	1.84	2.40	2.16	1.220kg
10	硫黄	0.26	0.77	0.70	0.81	0.152kg
11	防焦剂	0.08	0.00	0.13	0.18	0.043kg
12	防老剂	1.32	3.83	1.94	2.69	0.762kg
13	黏合剂及树脂	1.44	1.85	0.00	0.00	0.829kg
14	增塑剂	0.12	0.00	0.41	0.00	0.069kg
15	油	0.46	0.00	0.00	0.89	0.266kg
16	骨架材料	24.03	0.00	0.00	0.00	13.818kg
17	汽油	0.06	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.034kg
18	电能	—	—	—	—	74.378kW·h
19	水	—	—	—	—	858kg
20	水蒸气	—	—	—	—	80kg

图2 子午线轮胎系统边界图

表3 轮胎使用条件的设定

项目名称	表示符号	备注
轮胎寿命	L	按实际情况取值
车辆耗油量	F_U	按实际情况取值
轮胎的燃料贡献率	$δ$	按车辆型号取值
轮胎安装条数	N	按实际情况取值
轮胎的滚动阻力修正系数	$γ$	按轮胎种类取值
车辆燃油的GHG排放系数	C_E	按所用燃料取值

表3 轮胎使用条件的设定

项目名称	表示符号	备注
轮胎寿命	L	按实际情况取值
车辆耗油量	F_U	按实际情况取值
轮胎的燃料贡献率	$δ$	按车辆型号取值
轮胎安装条数	N	按实际情况取值
轮胎的滚动阻力修正系数	$γ$	按轮胎种类取值
车辆燃油的GHG排放系数	C_E	按所用燃料取值

图3 子午线轮胎生命周期碳足迹清单模型

表4 原材料阶段物料消耗统计表

消耗原材料种类	占比/%	整胎原材料消耗量/kg
天然胶	37.91	21.799
顺丁胶	3.56	2.046
溴化丁基橡胶	2.33	1.339
塑解剂	0.02	0.013
炭黑	21.80	12.534
白炭黑	1.17	0.672
不溶性硫黄	0.81	0.466
氧化锌	2.50	1.437
其他粉料	2.12	1.220
硫黄	0.26	0.152
防焦剂	0.08	0.043
防老剂	1.32	0.762
黏合剂及树脂	1.44	0.829
增塑剂	0.12	0.069
油	0.46	0.266
骨架材料	24.03	13.818
汽油	0.07	0.034

表5 制造阶段能源消耗清单统计表

工序	设备	设备功率/kW	耗电量/kW·h
密炼工序	切胶机	6	0.03
	密炼机	2240	1.24
	挤出压片机	450	0.23
	胶片冷却线	30	0.30
	小粉料装置	55	0.86
压延工序	开炼机	540	0.26
	钢丝压延机	300	0.05
	内衬层生产线	1600	0.26
	双复合挤出生产线	1550	0.24
	三复合挤出生产线	1350	0.14
	三角胶条热帖	1000	0.12
	钢丝圈缠绕生产线	40	0.04
成型工序	90°裁断生产线	57	0.14
	小角度裁断机	70	0.35
	三鼓成型机	55	0.20
	两鼓成型机	45	0.11
硫化工序	硫化机	50	1.20
硫化工序	X光机	20	0.10
检查工序	均匀性	37	0.09
	动平衡	60	0.30
	运输线	20	0.05

表6 包装阶段能源消耗统计表

子午线轮胎包装	材料	用量/kg
包装纸	EPE	0.0084

表7 运输阶段能源消耗统计表

过程	运输方式	运输距离/kg	燃油材料	单位产品燃油量/L
生产商到总经销商	汽运	1250	柴油	0.87

图4 蒙特卡洛模拟

表8 子午线轮胎生命周碳排放统计表

周期阶段	碳排放量/kg CO₂
原材料阶段	35.742
制造阶段	20.856
包装运输阶段	9.898
使用阶段	242.564
总排放量	309.06

图5 子午线轮胎生命周期各阶段碳排放统计情况

表9 子午线轮胎制造过程LCA能耗物耗主要输入变量±10%和±20%浮动结果

参数名称	浮动后的质量参数值碳排放量/kg CO₂					敏感度系数
参数名称	-20%	-10%	0	10%	20%	敏感度系数
天然胶	17.439	19.619	21.799	23.979	26.159	0.07053
天然胶	304.700	306.880	309.060	311.240	313.420	0.07053
顺丁胶	1.637	1.841	2.046	2.251	2.455	0.00662
顺丁胶	308.651	308.855	309.060	309.265	309.469	0.00662
溴化丁基橡胶	1.071	1.205	1.339	1.473	1.607	0.00433
溴化丁基橡胶	308.792	308.926	309.060	309.194	309.328	0.00433
炭黑	10.027	11.281	12.534	13.787	15.041	0.04056
炭黑	306.553	307.807	309.060	310.313	311.567	0.04056
白炭黑	0.538	0.605	0.672	0.739	0.806	0.00217
白炭黑	308.926	308.993	309.060	309.127	309.194	0.00217
不溶性硫黄	0.373	0.419	0.466	0.513	0.559	0.00151
不溶性硫黄	308.967	309.0134	309.060	309.107	309.153	0.00151
氧化锌	1.150	1.293	1.437	1.581	1.724	0.00465
氧化锌	308.773	308.916	309.060	309.203	309.347	0.00465
黏合剂及树脂	0.663	0.746	0.829	0.912	0.995	0.00268
黏合剂及树脂	308.894	308.977	309.060	309.143	309.226	0.00268
骨架材料	11.054	12.436	13.818	15.200	16.581	0.04471
骨架材料	306.2964	307.6782	309.06	310.4418	311.8236	0.04471
汽油	0.213	0.239	0.266	0.293	0.319	0.00086
汽油	309.007	309.033	309.060	309.087	309.113	0.00086
电能消耗	5.048	5.679	6.310	6.941	7.572	0.02042
电能消耗	307.798	308.429	309.060	309.691	310.322	0.02042
包装运输	0.696	0.783	0.870	0.957	1.044	0.00281
包装运输	308.886	308.973	309.060	309.147	309.234	0.00281

图6 各材料能耗物耗在相同变化幅度下碳排放贡献量变化

表10 不确定性分析相关数据

参数名称	消耗量	不确定度
电能消耗	6.310kW·h	±5%
骨架材料	13.818kg	±10%
天然胶	21.799kg	±10%
炭黑	12.534kg	±10%

图7 局部敏感性分析中不确定分析结果

图8 制造阶段主要输入参数敏感性指数

图9 不确定性分累计分布函数

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