水环境中抗生素抗性基因研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1023

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes，ARGs）被世界卫生组织确定为目前严重的卫生问题之一，环境中的ARGs污染会导致产生“超级细菌”，对人类和生物的健康造成了巨大威胁。因此本文系统描述了ARGs的危害及其在环境中扩散机制，综述了ARGs在地表水、地下水、土壤中的污染情况及在污水处理中的现状。分析表明，ARGs的传播机制中起关键作用的是水平基因转移；地表水中ARGs污染问题较其他水资源更为严重，且进一步引起了土壤ARGs污染并危害人体健康；就污水处理系统的处理现状进行分析，尽管对ARGs去除效果最好的是高级氧化工艺，但膜生物反应器（membrane bio-reactor, MBR）凭借着其成本较低、经济效应好且处理效果较传统活性污泥工艺好的优点，有更好的应用前景。因此，结合现有工艺构建组合工艺成为了未来污水处理厂提标改造的方向。

关键词: 抗生素抗性基因, 水平基因转移, 环境污染, 污水处理

Abstract:

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the serious health problems, and the contamination of ARGs in the environment can lead to the emergence of“superbugs”, which poses a great threat to the health of human beings and organisms. Therefore, this paper systematically described the hazards of ARGs and their diffusion mechanism in the environment, and summarized the contamination of ARGs in surface water, groundwater, soil and the current situation of wastewater treatment. The analysis showed that horizontal gene transfer played a key role in the spreading mechanism of ARGs. The pollution of ARGs in surface water was more serious than that of other water resources, and further caused the pollution of ARGs in soil and jeopardized the health of human beings. The current status of wastewater treatment system was analyzed, and although the advanced oxidation process is the best process for the removal of ARGs, the membrane bio-reactor (MBR) is more effective for removing the ARGs by virtue of its lower cost and good economic effect. Although the best removal effect of ARGs is the advanced oxidation process, the MBR has a better application prospect by virtue of its lower cost, good economic effect, and better treatment effect than the traditional activated sludge process. Therefore, combining the existing process and constructing a combined process has become the direction of future upgrading of wastewater treatment plants.

Key words: antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), horizontal gene transfer, environmental pollution, sewage treatment

中图分类号:

X703

何子晗, 李文譞, 李彦宇, 王雪超, 杨始蓉, 谢慧娜, 李杰. 水环境中抗生素抗性基因研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(S1): 533-544.

HE Zihan, LI Wenxuan, LI Yanyu, WANG Xuechao, YANG Shirong, XIE Huina, LI Jie. Progress in the study of antibiotic resistance genes in the aquatic environment[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(S1): 533-544.

图/表 6

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类型	地点	情况	参考文献
海洋	厦门市近岸海域	共检测出187种ARGs，绝对丰度为1.29×10¹⁰ copies/L	[61]
	秦皇岛昌黎县水产养殖海域	共检测到5个β-内酰胺类ARGs、4个氨基糖苷类ARGs	[63]
	秦皇岛市五个典型滨海浴场及其邻近河口	共检测出159种不同的ARGs，滨海浴场的水体样本中ARGs的相对丰度在0.094~2.5 copies/16S rRNA gene之间，接近甚至高于邻近河口样本	[64]
	北太平洋环流的塑料	多重耐药类抗性基因和多金属抗性基因是被检出的主要类别，塑料微生物群落中ARGs丰度在7.07×10^-4~1.21×10^-2copies/16S rRNA之间	[65]
	中国黄海四十里湾	高频检出10种ARGs亚型，分别为磺胺类、四环素类、喹诺酮类和大环内酯类。四十里湾ARGs的绝对丰度为10⁰~10⁷copies/mL	[66]
湖泊及水库	武汉湖泊（黄家湖、青菱湖、严西湖和涨渡湖）及西藏湖泊（羊卓雍错、空母错、珍错和错那）	湖泊中共检出21种ARGs和313种ARGs亚型，主要为杆菌肽类、多重耐药类。武汉湖泊中多黏菌素类和磺胺类丰度分别是西藏的3.5倍和6倍，并且沉积物中的ARGs显著高于湖泊水体	[67]
	上海市金泽水库	共检测出283种ARGs，绝对丰度在n.d.-7.97×10⁹ copies/L，其中丰度最高的为多重抗药性，其次是氨基糖苷类，最低的是氯霉素类	[68]
	江苏省淀山湖-澄湖-太浦河-金泽水库	ARGs和移动基因元件（mobile genetic elements， MGEs）相对丰度随季节变化。湖泊、河流及水库中共有54.5%的ARGs亚型	[69]
	中国15个主要湖泊	畜牧业对湖泊中的ARGs的分布影响显著。长江中下游平原湖泊ARGs比青藏高原的更丰富，湖泊沉积物中的四环素类ARGs更丰富	[70]
河流	滏阳河邯郸段	ARGs绝对丰度在0~2.24×10⁵ copies/L（水）和0~3.57×10⁹ copies/kg（沉积物），且出市断面丰度为入市断面的19倍	[43]
	贵州省赤水河流域	共检出9种ARGs，ARGs绝对丰度在1.53×10⁶~1.41×10⁸ copies/L之间（枯水期）和3.62×10⁴~1.26×10⁸ copies/L之间（丰水期）	[71]
	印度亚穆纳河	共检出40种ARGs，亚穆纳河种的微生物群落拥有大量的ARGs，显示出对多种抗生素的耐药性	[72]
	长江（江苏段）	定量分析了5种ARGs，其绝对丰度在2.81×10²~1.31×10¹⁰ copies/mL之间，主要的ARGs为磺酰胺类	[73]
	深圳市茂州河道恢复前后（2018年和2020年）	ARGs和MGEs总丰度为1.41×10⁶copies/L（2018年）和1.41×10⁵ copies/L （2020年）。河道恢复后，ARGs分布更均匀，并且与微生物群落之间的相关性增强	[74]

类型	地点	情况	参考文献
海洋	厦门市近岸海域	共检测出187种ARGs，绝对丰度为1.29×10¹⁰ copies/L	[61]
	秦皇岛昌黎县水产养殖海域	共检测到5个β-内酰胺类ARGs、4个氨基糖苷类ARGs	[63]
	秦皇岛市五个典型滨海浴场及其邻近河口	共检测出159种不同的ARGs，滨海浴场的水体样本中ARGs的相对丰度在0.094~2.5 copies/16S rRNA gene之间，接近甚至高于邻近河口样本	[64]
	北太平洋环流的塑料	多重耐药类抗性基因和多金属抗性基因是被检出的主要类别，塑料微生物群落中ARGs丰度在7.07×10^-4~1.21×10^-2copies/16S rRNA之间	[65]
	中国黄海四十里湾	高频检出10种ARGs亚型，分别为磺胺类、四环素类、喹诺酮类和大环内酯类。四十里湾ARGs的绝对丰度为10⁰~10⁷copies/mL	[66]
湖泊及水库	武汉湖泊（黄家湖、青菱湖、严西湖和涨渡湖）及西藏湖泊（羊卓雍错、空母错、珍错和错那）	湖泊中共检出21种ARGs和313种ARGs亚型，主要为杆菌肽类、多重耐药类。武汉湖泊中多黏菌素类和磺胺类丰度分别是西藏的3.5倍和6倍，并且沉积物中的ARGs显著高于湖泊水体	[67]
	上海市金泽水库	共检测出283种ARGs，绝对丰度在n.d.-7.97×10⁹ copies/L，其中丰度最高的为多重抗药性，其次是氨基糖苷类，最低的是氯霉素类	[68]
	江苏省淀山湖-澄湖-太浦河-金泽水库	ARGs和移动基因元件（mobile genetic elements， MGEs）相对丰度随季节变化。湖泊、河流及水库中共有54.5%的ARGs亚型	[69]
	中国15个主要湖泊	畜牧业对湖泊中的ARGs的分布影响显著。长江中下游平原湖泊ARGs比青藏高原的更丰富，湖泊沉积物中的四环素类ARGs更丰富	[70]
河流	滏阳河邯郸段	ARGs绝对丰度在0~2.24×10⁵ copies/L（水）和0~3.57×10⁹ copies/kg（沉积物），且出市断面丰度为入市断面的19倍	[43]
	贵州省赤水河流域	共检出9种ARGs，ARGs绝对丰度在1.53×10⁶~1.41×10⁸ copies/L之间（枯水期）和3.62×10⁴~1.26×10⁸ copies/L之间（丰水期）	[71]
	印度亚穆纳河	共检出40种ARGs，亚穆纳河种的微生物群落拥有大量的ARGs，显示出对多种抗生素的耐药性	[72]
	长江（江苏段）	定量分析了5种ARGs，其绝对丰度在2.81×10²~1.31×10¹⁰ copies/mL之间，主要的ARGs为磺酰胺类	[73]
	深圳市茂州河道恢复前后（2018年和2020年）	ARGs和MGEs总丰度为1.41×10⁶copies/L（2018年）和1.41×10⁵ copies/L （2020年）。河道恢复后，ARGs分布更均匀，并且与微生物群落之间的相关性增强	[74]

环境	ARGs	亚型
污水处理厂	β-内酰胺类	bla，L1 beta-lactamase，OXA-37，OXA-119，PEDO-1，mecA
	磺胺类	sul，leuO，sul1，sul2，dhfr1
	四环素类	tetA，tetB，tetE，tetG，tetH，tetS，tetT，tetX，
	氨基糖苷类	aadA，aacA4，aadE，strB
	大环内酯类	ermB，ermC，erm43，mphB，ErmS，ereA，mphG，mefC
污水管道及管道壁膜生物反应器	氨基糖苷类	AAC（6’）-Iad，aadA13
	磺胺类	sul1，sul2
	四环素类	tetA，tetG
	万古霉素类	vanA，vanX
	β-内酰胺类	bla，amp
	大环内酯类	erm

环境	ARGs	亚型
污水处理厂	β-内酰胺类	bla，L1 beta-lactamase，OXA-37，OXA-119，PEDO-1，mecA
	磺胺类	sul，leuO，sul1，sul2，dhfr1
	四环素类	tetA，tetB，tetE，tetG，tetH，tetS，tetT，tetX，
	氨基糖苷类	aadA，aacA4，aadE，strB
	大环内酯类	ermB，ermC，erm43，mphB，ErmS，ereA，mphG，mefC
污水管道及管道壁膜生物反应器	氨基糖苷类	AAC（6’）-Iad，aadA13
	磺胺类	sul1，sul2
	四环素类	tetA，tetG
	万古霉素类	vanA，vanX
	β-内酰胺类	bla，amp
	大环内酯类	erm

工艺	特点	参考文献
生物处理	运行成本低，无需新修或改建。但厌氧反应器可能会增加ARGs丰度。与之相比，例如MBR和活性污泥法有较好的处理相关，其中MBR是最有效的技术。但ARGs会在污泥中进行富集，需要继续处理	[89-90, 97-98]
消毒工艺	消毒工艺具体有紫外消毒、液氯消毒和臭氧消毒等。其中紫外消毒和液氯消毒都可有效降低ARGs丰度，但臭氧消毒只能暂时灭活ARGs，随后促进ARGs的释放	[99-100]
高级氧化	成本较高，产生的羟基自由基（·OH）及光催化中的光辐射损失可使ARB失活，从而对ARGs进行控制和去除	[101]
人工湿地	运行成本低、便于维护。去除ARGs的机制为生物降解、底物吸附和植物吸收，在去除ARGs方面有巨大潜力	[102-104]
组合工艺	将不同工艺相组合，优势互补，以达到对ARGs最好的去除效果	[90, 105]