污水处理厂生物除臭技术及其应用进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-1168

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

污水处理厂在运营过程中所释放的恶臭污染物影响周围空气的环境质量，对人体健康、社会稳定和经济建设造成连锁危害。本文介绍了最近的污水处理厂恶臭气体净化技术发展，重点阐述了生物法除臭技术的应用现状。首先，阐述了生物过滤法、生物洗涤法、活性污泥扩散法、活性污泥回流法和氨氧化产物回流法的除臭原理、发展历史、主要影响因素和技术特点；然后，介绍了生物法除臭技术在污水处理厂的应用案例，总结了我国污水处理厂生物除臭技术的应用现状；最后，根据生物法除臭技术比较和应用现状，提出污水处理厂除臭工程的发展方向，包括分区治理、首尾结合、密闭处理、工艺组合和生物气溶胶控制等。

关键词: 生物法除臭技术, 污水处理厂, 生物过滤, 应用案例

Abstract:

The odor pollutants released during the operation process of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) affect the environmental quality of the surrounding air, which will lead chain hazards to human health, social stability, and economic construction. This paper introduced the recent development of the odor gases purification technologies in WWTPs, mainly focusing on the current application situation of biological deodorization technologies. Firstly, the deodorization principle, developmental history, main influence factors, and characteristics of biofiltration, bioscrubbing, activated sludge diffusion, activated sludge recycling, and oxidized ammonium recycling were introduced. Then the application cases of biological deodorization technologies in Chinese WWTPs were introduced, and the current application status was summarized. Finally, according to the comparison and current application status of biological deodorization technologies, the developmental trends of deodorization engineering in WWTPs were proposed, which included subarea treatment, combination of terminal treatment technologies and source emission reduction technologies, airtight treatment, and control of bioaerosols. This review could provide technical references for enhancing the environmental quality of Chinese WWTPs.

Key words: biological deodorization technologies, wastewater treatment plant, biofiltration, application cases

中图分类号:

X701.7

吴见平, 靳紫恒, 长英夫, 张进, 江霞. 污水处理厂生物除臭技术及其应用进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(5): 2774-2783.

WU Jianping, JIN Ziheng, CHANG Yingfu, ZHANG Jin, JIANG Xia. Biological deodorization technologies in wastewater treatment plant and their application[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(5): 2774-2783.

图/表 6

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技术	优点	缺点	适用范围
土壤生物法	除臭高效，环境影响小，成本低	占地面积大，易出现土壤板结、床层堵塞和气流短路等问题	恶臭污染物浓度低和气量小的恶臭气体
生物滤池法	反应器易启动，除臭高效，成本较低，运行稳定性好	占地面积较大，床层易堵塞	恶臭污染物浓度低和进气浓度变化小的恶臭气体
生物滴滤池法	操作条件易控制，单位体积填料的微生物量高，除臭高效，运行稳定性好，抗冲击负荷能力强	反应器启动过程复杂，需外加营养物质，成本较高	含中低浓度恶臭污染物的恶臭气体
生物洗涤法	停留时间短，气体压力损失小，占地面积小，不存在床层堵塞问题，操作条件易控制	成本高，操作复杂，对难溶于水的恶臭污染物去除效果差，污泥需处理，单独使用时难以满足排放标准	气量大、其中一种或一类恶臭污染物浓度高和其他恶臭污染物浓度低的恶臭气体
活性污泥扩散法	占地面积小，操作简单，除臭高效，成本低，环境影响小	对曝气装置要求高，恶臭气体气量大于曝气池所需曝气量时应用受限	恶臭污染物浓度低的恶臭气体
活性污泥回流法	基本不占地，操作简单，除臭高效，成本低，有助于避免污泥丝状膨胀	除臭效果受污泥回流比影响较大，曝气沉砂池运行负荷增大	污水处理系统源头减排恶臭气体
氨氧化产物回流法	基本不占地，操作简单，除臭高效，成本低	可能会对后续脱氮有影响	污水处理系统源头减排恶臭气体

技术	优点	缺点	适用范围
土壤生物法	除臭高效，环境影响小，成本低	占地面积大，易出现土壤板结、床层堵塞和气流短路等问题	恶臭污染物浓度低和气量小的恶臭气体
生物滤池法	反应器易启动，除臭高效，成本较低，运行稳定性好	占地面积较大，床层易堵塞	恶臭污染物浓度低和进气浓度变化小的恶臭气体
生物滴滤池法	操作条件易控制，单位体积填料的微生物量高，除臭高效，运行稳定性好，抗冲击负荷能力强	反应器启动过程复杂，需外加营养物质，成本较高	含中低浓度恶臭污染物的恶臭气体
生物洗涤法	停留时间短，气体压力损失小，占地面积小，不存在床层堵塞问题，操作条件易控制	成本高，操作复杂，对难溶于水的恶臭污染物去除效果差，污泥需处理，单独使用时难以满足排放标准	气量大、其中一种或一类恶臭污染物浓度高和其他恶臭污染物浓度低的恶臭气体
活性污泥扩散法	占地面积小，操作简单，除臭高效，成本低，环境影响小	对曝气装置要求高，恶臭气体气量大于曝气池所需曝气量时应用受限	恶臭污染物浓度低的恶臭气体
活性污泥回流法	基本不占地，操作简单，除臭高效，成本低，有助于避免污泥丝状膨胀	除臭效果受污泥回流比影响较大，曝气沉砂池运行负荷增大	污水处理系统源头减排恶臭气体
氨氧化产物回流法	基本不占地，操作简单，除臭高效，成本低	可能会对后续脱氮有影响	污水处理系统源头减排恶臭气体

单位名称	除臭工艺及主要特点	总设计规模 /m³·h^-1	主要恶臭污染物	处理效果	文献年份
广州市大坦沙污水厂^[42]	加盖密闭+土壤生物法	29000	H₂S	设计进气浓度（mg/m³）：H₂S为30；达标排放	2007
集美污水处理厂一期工程^[43]	生物滤池法（火山岩为主的多种级配的有机和无机混合填料）	3600	H₂S、NH₃	进气浓度（mg/m³）：H₂S为10~40，NH₃为5~10，臭气浓度为2000~8000（相对浓度）；达标排放	2011
杭州市七格污水处理厂一期、二期工程^[44]	土壤生物法	—	H₂S、NH₃	去除率（%）：H₂S>99.5，臭气浓度>98.0，NH₃>55.2；达标排放	2012
胜利油田沙营污水处理厂^[45]	加盖密闭+生物洗涤（空心球填充海绵填料）+生物滤池法（有机木料）	39000	H₂S、CH₃SH、CS₂	厂界无明显恶臭气味，达标排放	2012
某炼油污水处理场^[46]	生物洗涤法+两级生物滴滤法	15000	H₂S、NH₃、CH₃SH、VOCs	进气浓度（mg/m³）：H₂S为7.86，NH₃为12.26，CH₃SH为3.20，VOCs为629.80，臭气浓度为3095（相对浓度）；达标排放	2013
宁波市新周污水处理厂一期工程^[47]	加盖密闭+生物滤池法	133000	—	达标排放	2014
河南某畜禽屠宰污水厂^[48]	密闭加盖+生物滤池法（以火山岩为主的复合填料）	20000	—	厂界无明显恶臭气味，达标排放	2015
某化工污水处理车间^[49]	化学洗涤法（碱液）+多级生物滴滤池法+化学洗涤法（含氧化剂的溶液）	—	苯乙烯、H₂S、NH₃	进气浓度（mg/m³）：苯乙烯为6.8~7.2，H₂S为0.8~0.9，NH₃为1.1~1.4，VOCs为629.8，臭气浓度为880~920（相对浓度）；达标排放	2015
温州市中心片污水处理厂^[50]	分区治理：密闭加盖+生物滴滤池法	46000	—	设计进气浓度（mg/m³）：H₂S为20，NH₃为15，臭气浓度为3000（相对浓度）；达标排放	2015
广州市某污水处理厂泵站^[51]	等离子体法+生物滴滤池法（陶粒）	10000	TVOC、H₂S、NH₃、CH₃SH	进气浓度（mg/m³）：TVOC为8.77，H₂S为0.61，CH₃SH为0.09，NH₃为4.49，臭气为1922.33（相对浓度）；达标排放	2016
天津市张贵庄污水处理厂^[52]	分区治理：全过程除臭工艺、离子法、生物滤池法	60000	NH₃	达标排放	2017
常州市某印染园区内的集中式污水处理厂^[53]	密闭加盖+生物滤池法（聚氨酯填料）	95000	H₂S、NH₃	达标排放	2017
某生活污水处理厂^[54]	生物滴滤池法（炭质填料）	16000	H₂S	进气浓度（mg/m³）：H₂S为100~180；出气浓度（mg/m³）：H₂S为0~1.5；达标排放	2019
李村河污水处理厂^[55]	分区治理：全过程除臭工艺、密闭加盖+等离子体法	—	H₂S、NH₃	达标排放	2019
石洞口污水处理厂^[56]	分区治理：密闭加盖+生物滤池法+活性炭吸附法	240000	H₂S、CH₃SH、NH₃	达标排放	2019
杭州市七格污水厂三期工程^[57]	分区治理：生物滴滤法（泡沫填料）+活性炭吸附法+生物滴滤法（椰壳活性炭填料）	236000	H₂S、NH₃	达标排放	2020

单位名称	除臭工艺及主要特点	总设计规模 /m³·h^-1	主要恶臭污染物	处理效果	文献年份
广州市大坦沙污水厂^[42]	加盖密闭+土壤生物法	29000	H₂S	设计进气浓度（mg/m³）：H₂S为30；达标排放	2007
集美污水处理厂一期工程^[43]	生物滤池法（火山岩为主的多种级配的有机和无机混合填料）	3600	H₂S、NH₃	进气浓度（mg/m³）：H₂S为10~40，NH₃为5~10，臭气浓度为2000~8000（相对浓度）；达标排放	2011
杭州市七格污水处理厂一期、二期工程^[44]	土壤生物法	—	H₂S、NH₃	去除率（%）：H₂S>99.5，臭气浓度>98.0，NH₃>55.2；达标排放	2012
胜利油田沙营污水处理厂^[45]	加盖密闭+生物洗涤（空心球填充海绵填料）+生物滤池法（有机木料）	39000	H₂S、CH₃SH、CS₂	厂界无明显恶臭气味，达标排放	2012
某炼油污水处理场^[46]	生物洗涤法+两级生物滴滤法	15000	H₂S、NH₃、CH₃SH、VOCs	进气浓度（mg/m³）：H₂S为7.86，NH₃为12.26，CH₃SH为3.20，VOCs为629.80，臭气浓度为3095（相对浓度）；达标排放	2013
宁波市新周污水处理厂一期工程^[47]	加盖密闭+生物滤池法	133000	—	达标排放	2014
河南某畜禽屠宰污水厂^[48]	密闭加盖+生物滤池法（以火山岩为主的复合填料）	20000	—	厂界无明显恶臭气味，达标排放	2015
某化工污水处理车间^[49]	化学洗涤法（碱液）+多级生物滴滤池法+化学洗涤法（含氧化剂的溶液）	—	苯乙烯、H₂S、NH₃	进气浓度（mg/m³）：苯乙烯为6.8~7.2，H₂S为0.8~0.9，NH₃为1.1~1.4，VOCs为629.8，臭气浓度为880~920（相对浓度）；达标排放	2015
温州市中心片污水处理厂^[50]	分区治理：密闭加盖+生物滴滤池法	46000	—	设计进气浓度（mg/m³）：H₂S为20，NH₃为15，臭气浓度为3000（相对浓度）；达标排放	2015
广州市某污水处理厂泵站^[51]	等离子体法+生物滴滤池法（陶粒）	10000	TVOC、H₂S、NH₃、CH₃SH	进气浓度（mg/m³）：TVOC为8.77，H₂S为0.61，CH₃SH为0.09，NH₃为4.49，臭气为1922.33（相对浓度）；达标排放	2016
天津市张贵庄污水处理厂^[52]	分区治理：全过程除臭工艺、离子法、生物滤池法	60000	NH₃	达标排放	2017
常州市某印染园区内的集中式污水处理厂^[53]	密闭加盖+生物滤池法（聚氨酯填料）	95000	H₂S、NH₃	达标排放	2017
某生活污水处理厂^[54]	生物滴滤池法（炭质填料）	16000	H₂S	进气浓度（mg/m³）：H₂S为100~180；出气浓度（mg/m³）：H₂S为0~1.5；达标排放	2019
李村河污水处理厂^[55]	分区治理：全过程除臭工艺、密闭加盖+等离子体法	—	H₂S、NH₃	达标排放	2019
石洞口污水处理厂^[56]	分区治理：密闭加盖+生物滤池法+活性炭吸附法	240000	H₂S、CH₃SH、NH₃	达标排放	2019
杭州市七格污水厂三期工程^[57]	分区治理：生物滴滤法（泡沫填料）+活性炭吸附法+生物滴滤法（椰壳活性炭填料）	236000	H₂S、NH₃	达标排放	2020

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